Majedreza Dahmardehkemmak, Vahid Pourshahabi, Amin Reza Kamalian
et al.
Abstract The issue of maintaining expert human resources in less developed areas is of high sensitivity and it is necessary for managers to identify and solve the current and future problems of organizations in the field of maintaining elites with a comprehensive view and architecture of critical points, the present research aims to present The pattern of maintenance and sustainability of expert human resources has been done with a hybrid method. Using this method, 125 articles, scientific content (reputable internal and external databases) and organizational documents in the field of human resource management, human resource development, talent management, human resource maintenance in organizations, summarized and reviewed, which are analyzed with content analysis technique and method. Shannon's entropy, 140 codes in 4 structural, behavioral, contextual and attitudinal/normative levels of statistics, in which the components of service compensation system, performance evaluation system, criticism and suggestion system, organizational culture, providing realistic information, learning and growth, leadership style And management, effective communication, security and security space, technical, communication and information infrastructures have been assigned the highest coefficient of importance. Finally, after going through the steps of the research, a suitable model for the maintenance and sustainability of expert human resources was presented in three layers of feasibility and implementation structure and support layer.Introduction Human capital is considered as the basic pillar of real wealth of organizations and the most vital part of intellectual capital. Due to the intense market competition and the lack of experienced and skilled employees, finding and maintaining expert and skilled employees is vital for today's organizations, which in turn leads to creating competitive advantages and is the most valuable source of success in any organization. Basically, it is necessary to consider appropriate solutions to maintain them, because the valuable employees of an organization are always in demand by other organizations. In many jobs, retaining employees has become a major concern. The longer a person stays in the organization, the more skills they acquire, so ideally, employees should stay for a long time for the organization to achieve consistent success. Employee retention strategies are one of the most important factors needed to retain experienced and expert employees, so knowledge and expertise do not migrate from the organization and reduce the costs of attracting and training new employees, as well as the high rate of movement and departure and their movement towards competitors. gives Therefore, maintaining competent employees in organizations is an important parameter for evaluating the success rate of any organization. The creation of human capital, its accumulation and re-creation should be the main concern for the organization. In this process, human resource management plays a key role and provides very valuable tools that are essential for managing, developing and transferring human resources to human capital. In today's work environment, the displacement of skilled labor is becoming an important issue and threatens many organizations, and replacing skilled workers can be a problem for organizations. Organizations that cannot design appropriate mechanisms and measures for the perpetuation of their talents must inevitably watch their departure. Organizations always spend high costs in attracting the best forces.Case study In the government organizationsMaterials and MethodsThis research was conducted with the meta-composite method, which is a type of qualitative study and one of the types of meta-study methods.All scientific documents, research reports, databases, domestic and foreign publications regarding the maintenance and sustainability of expert human resources that were published during the years 2000 to 2023 formed the statistical population of the research. Research keywords were searched in Scopus, Science Direct, SID (Scientific information database), Google Scholar and Emerald databases. Regarding the maintenance and stabilization of expert human resources, various words are used, and this variety of words was taken into account in the systematic search. A variety of keywords, including: the field of human resources management; sustainability of human resources; Human resource development, talent management; Human resource maintenance in organizations was used to search for research articles. The result of the search was a significant list of various documents including 315 articles, theses/dissertations, books and reports of institutions related to this field.Discussion and ResultsThe decline and migration of a significant number of organizational experts and elites in the executive field, the necessity of the pathology of the plan and the central issue in the field of operational research and the subsequent comprehensive and intelligent planning in the field of lack of specialized human resources. It has already been proven, therefore, this research, which aimed to design a model for the maintenance and sustainability of expert human resources in the government organization was carried out with a meta-composite methodConclusionIt was found that contextual, behavioral and structural dimensions as three important categories and components of service compensation system, performance evaluation system, criticism and suggestions system, organizational culture, providing realistic information, learning and growth, leadership and management style and effective communication, security and The security environment, technical, communication and informational infrastructures are considered to have the greatest importance and importance in drawing a strategic map for the maintenance and sustainability of expert human resources in the country's organizations. Therefore, according to the research findings, what is considered as The result and solution can be stated, special attention of organizations to elites in the field of organizational welfare, continuous evaluation of the performance of elites and reflection of the importance of their activities in the organization, structured design of the system of suggestions and creative ideas and ensuring their application in organizational decisions, strengthening positive attitude and thinking and value orientation to expert human resources and explaining the organization's need for their effectiveness in realizing the organization's goals, clarifying the discussion of the goals, missions, responsibilities, duties and payments of the organization, creating the necessary platform for learning and Improving the skills and specialized and general knowledge of elites and the existence of comprehensive managers with special styles who think strategically about all aspects of work, work environment and workforce together and act in a practical way, so that elites' perception of organizational support increases and at the end, creating a sense of identity and good altruism can become the basis for the persistence of valuable forces in the target areas.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Goal: The aim of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of pseudonymity from linguistic, cultural, historical, and practical perspectives, with a particular emphasis on the role of pseudonyms in literature, science, and library and information disciplines. The paper seeks to shed light on the mechanisms and motives behind pseudonymity, as well as the challenges it poses within cataloging and bibliographic processing.
Approach/Methodology: The work relies on an interdisciplinary approach, combining theoretical knowledge from the fields of linguistics, literary studies, bibliography and history, with a comparative analysis of historical examples and classifications of pseudonyms. Special emphasis is placed on the role of pseudonyms in the modern digital environment and their importance for author identification in library systems.
Results: The paper identifies key types of pseudonyms, the ways in which they are formed, and the reasons for their use throughout history. Pseudonyms are analyzed according to a number of criteria, including motives, duration, number, and recognizability. The role of pseudonyms as a complex library challenge in the cataloguing process is also highlighted.
Limitations: The paper is theoretical in nature and primarily relies on existing literature and historical examples, while a lack of systematic studies on pseudonymity across various disciplines has been identified, leaving room for further research.
Practical application: The findings of the paper are of particular importance to the library community, as they facilitate the understanding and classification of pseudonyms in the library catalog, thereby improving the accuracy and consistency of bibliographic processing.
Social Significance: Knowledge of pseudonyms and their meanings contributes to the preservation of cultural and scientific heritage, and understanding this phenomenon has broader implications in the context of digital identity and freedom of expression in modern society.
Originality/value: The paper presents a comprehensive theoretical overview of pseudonymity and pseudonomastics, supplemented by an analysis of contemporary and historical examples, thereby contributing to an under-researched field and encouraging further scientific research into this complex phenomenon.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
The article proves that the creation of a mechanism for ensuring stability in the implementation of innovative strategies, according to the authors, should be based on the use of such a systemic characteristic of the enterprise as risk resistance, which depends on special disturbing influences caused by a high level of environmental instability and the specificity of cyclical innovation processes; in the context of enterprise or situation management, it characterizes the ability of the management apparatus to adequately respond to the threats of risk factors in view of internal vulnerabilities, using reserved resources for the purpose of normal business operations; creates for the enterprise conditions for purposeful functioning and implementation of innovative projects under the conditions of emergency situations. The definition of sustainable innovative development was given, a comparative analysis of the categories "economic risk" and "economic risk resistance" was carried out. The dual role of risk resistance in the enterprise management system consists in the fact that, on the one hand, risk resistance creates conditions for purposeful functioning and development, affects integral performance results, and on the other hand, it is determined by the complex of interactions of the enterprise with higher-level systems, internal and external factors that can become risk factors in conditions of an economic crisis and an unstable environment. It is proposed to consider the concept of risk tolerance as a system characteristic of the enterprise in the context of interrelationships between the categories of risk, sustainability and development. The role of economic risk tolerance in the system of managing the development of a manufacturing enterprise is determined. It is proved that the category "economic risk" is inextricably linked with the goals of the enterprise, linking the goals of activity and the economic resources used to achieve these goals (resource losses) of various types and actual results. It was determined that the development of the innovative development management mechanism is related to the determination of the parameters of the controlled system and the standardization of their levels. Of course, the main controlled parameter can be the level of risk tolerance, which indirectly characterizes the value of system negentropy. Therefore, the sustainability of the enterprise during the implementation of innovative strategies is related to maintaining the level of risk tolerance. Its value in relation to certain types of resources and potential components is the basis of managing the economic situation, as it affects the choice of managerial influences.
The article discusses the correlation of the general concept of “theft” with special types of theft. At present, at the doctrinal and, moreover, the normative level, the question of how to identify a “special type of theft” has not been resolved. The authors attempted to answer the question of how justified the interpretation of the definition of a special type of theft as an independent phenomenon is.It is concluded that special types of theft deserve a separate definition.
Daniel Kreatsoulas, Chelsea Bolyard, Bill X. Wu
et al.
Abstract Despite recent advances in cancer therapeutics, glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most difficult cancers to treat in both the primary and recurrent settings. GBM presents a unique therapeutic challenge given the immune-privileged environment of the brain and the aggressive nature of the disease. Furthermore, it can change phenotypes throughout the course of disease—switching between mesenchymal, neural, and classic gene signatures, each with specific markers and mechanisms of resistance. Recent advancements in the field of immunotherapy—which utilizes strategies to reenergize or alter the immune system to target cancer—have shown striking results in patients with many types of malignancy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cellular therapy, cellular and peptide vaccines, and other technologies provide clinicians with a vast array of tools to design highly individualized treatment and potential for combination strategies. There are currently over 80 active clinical trials evaluating immunotherapies for GBM, often in combination with standard secondary treatment options including re-resection and anti-angiogenic agents, such as bevacizumab. This review will provide a clinically focused overview of the immune environment present in GBM, which is frequently immunosuppressive and characterized by M2 macrophages, T cell exhaustion, enhanced transforming growth factor-β signaling, and others. We will also outline existing immunotherapeutic strategies, with a special focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor therapy, and dendritic cell vaccines. Finally, we will summarize key discoveries in the field and discuss currently active clinical trials, including combination strategies, burgeoning technology like nucleic acid and nanoparticle therapy, and novel anticancer vaccines. This review aims to provide the most updated summary of the field of immunotherapy for GBM and offer both historical perspective and future directions to help inform clinical practice.
Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens
The paper highlights the ongoing challenges and barriers of training teachers to implement inclusive education in various types of schools. The study has identified theoretical aspects and the importance of professional training of future elementary school teachers to organize an inclusive educational environment. It has produced an analysis of the international and national legislative and normative documents that regulate and support inclusion in educational institutions of Ukraine. The author has performed a substantial analysis of scholarly texts and publications on the researched topic and defined the present challenges in psychological and pedagogical theory in historical and pedagogical context. Considerable attention is paid to the study of research of Ukrainian scholars on organization of education activities and use of innovative pedagogical technologies in the context of including persons with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). Various aspects of training pre-service teachers for effective implementation of inclusive education have been outlined: individualization of instructing in an inclusive classroom, use of information and communication technologies, application of art and music therapy tools for special needs services and speech therapy activities for development of language and speech skills in preschoolers and elementary school students, organizational and methodological foundations of special education and rehabilitation settings of universities, teacher training institutes and colleges. It has been proved that the prerequisite for effective socialization and inclusion of students with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) is the development and sustainability of a proper nurturing inclusive environment, and hence the multidisciplinary psychological and pedagogical support for students with SEND is vital. The emphasis is placed on the use of effective innovation strategies and practices, the development of a coordinated program of pre-service and in-service teacher training, mutual interaction and cooperation (local and international) in an inclusive educational community. It has been found that the creation of an effective inclusive educational environment in modern elementary schools is determined by the level of professional capacity and motivation of teachers to implement relevant tasks in practice.
Savić Kristina, Stojanović Olga, Savić-Pojužina Marija
et al.
Special purpose fibers were found only in the middle of the last century and since then the possibility of their application has been studied. These fibers are used in the production of clothing that requires specific protective functions such as: protection against fi re and heat, ballistic protection, protection against various types of radiation, protection against nuclear, biological and chemical effects, sportswear etc...The new generation of textiles, intelligent textiles, no longer serves only as protection, but it can receive and recognize stimuli from the environment and respond to them.
Accurate crop planting structure (CPS) information and its relationship with the surrounding special environment can provide strong support for the adjustment of agricultural structure in areas with limited cultivated land resources, and it will help regional food security, social economy, and ecological balance adjustment. However, due to the perennial cloudy, rainy, and scattered arable land in Karst mountainous areas, the monitoring of planting structure by traditional remote sensing methods is greatly limited. In this regard, we focus on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing, which can penetrate clouds and rain, without light constraints to image. In this article, based on parcel-based temporal sequence SAR, the CPS in South China karst area was extracted by deep learning technology, and the spatial coupling relationship between CPS and karst rocky desertification (KRD) was analyzed. The results showed that: (a) The overall accuracy of CPS classification was 75.98%, which proved that the geo-parcel-based time series SAR has a good effect for the CPS mapping in the karst mountainous areas; (b) Through the analysis of the spatial relationship between the planting structure and KRD, we found that the lower KRD level caused the simpler CPS and the higher KRD grade caused more complex CPS and more richer landscape types. The spatial variation trend of CPS landscape indicates the process of water shortage and the deepening of KRD in farmland; (c) The landscape has higher connectivity (Contagion Index, CI 0.52–1.73) in lower KRD level and lower connectivity (CI 0.83–2.05) in higher KRD level, which shows that the degree of fragmentation and connection of CPS landscape is positively proportional to the degree of KRD. In this study, the planting structure extraction of crops under complex imaging environment was realized by using the farmland geo-parcels-based time series Sentinel-1 data, and the relationship between planting structure and KRD was analyzed. This study provides a new idea and method for the extraction of agricultural planting structure in the cloudy and rainy karst mountainous areas of Southwest China. The results of this study have certain guiding significance for the adjustment of regional agricultural planting structure and the balance of regional development.
Various studies have shown the important roles of spatial environment in shaping behavior and cognitive processes. However educational buildings are often not well designed for this specific purpose. This is especially the case with school dormitory for special need schools. The unavailability of school dormitory planning standards has an impact on variations in the building’s diverse physical settings. The daily activities carried out in the dormitory still found the use of one space for several types of activities. This has an impact on the density level, which further requires spatial adaptation that will be implemented by the residents. This study aims to find out spatial adaptation in three different physical settings of special needs school dormitories with the focus of observation being children with intellectual disabilities. The research method is based on a behavior mapping - place centered mapping approach. As the result, this research shows that there are variations in different spatial adaptations in responding to each of the physical setting conditions of the dormitory. The form of spatial adaptation involves changes in the physical setting and behavior, namely adjustment, reaction, and withdrawal. Furthermore, this type of spatial adaptation has different ways in achieving the ideal conditions of activities carried out in the physical setting of the dormitory.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
Language was a means of communication between members of a single community, so that some of them would express to each other their ideas and thoughts, and a common characteristic of that society was defined, and the origin of the word was derived from (rhetoric, idle), if he repealed the matter and spoke about it, and the ancients knew it that language: (It is what expresses It contains all the people for their belongings). The ancients went in their definition of a language to the characteristics of their language with which they communicate, without referring to the Arabic language as a language among the living languages that are circulating among them. Arabs and Arabs (whoever inhabited the country and its island, or uttered the language of its people), and to it returns the percentage of the Arabic language, which is one of the Semitic languages. Which spread in the Arabian Peninsula, and the writing came to denote what is in the minds of notables.
This research presents a computer application that depends on human input to pronounce the Arabic letters
The system consists of two phases, the first stage is the axis of creating a database for Arabic language characters and their storage locations, as well as the type of formulas for those letters when the initial processing was performed.
The second stage is the process of comparing the entered letter from the text with the corresponding sound and placing it in a storage so that we can then process it. In the practical part of the research, we used a comparison between the results of four methods to obtain the least possible execution time with the least pauses in speech, which are the combinative method, the smoothing method, the method of nesting speech, and a hybrid method between smoothing and interfering together.
We start by entering in the input text box and using the SpellLetter function, which we use for the purpose of processing and pronunciation, where the input is of three types, either it is a char, or it is an array of characters (String), or it is numbers between zero and nine Num), and in the case that the entry was not For these three types, the entry is wrong, for example, non-Arabic letters or special symbols, for example.,And if the entry was correct, each letter is taken with its accent. This means that we take two positions each time.
Using Matlab (R 2018a) to build the proposed system and it was implemented using a computer. Portable running under the environment of the operating system (Microsoft Windows 10).
In order to understand the relationship between speech disorders and aggressive behaviour, the dependence of aggressive behaviour in young school-age children on their speech disorders was studied experimentally. The study had 286 children (6 to 10 years old), 57% of them with typical psychophysical development and 43% with speech disorders in Ukrainian schools. According to the results of the summary of the scientific methods, there have been discoveries of three types of aggression and six subtypes of aggression and also their features: the self-regulating type of aggression incorporates the controlled and the competitive subtypes; covert type – defensive and depressive; behavioural type – demonstrative and physical. The findings indicate that the more complex the speech disorder is, the greater the manifestation of depressive, demonstrative and physical aggression is. The more complex the state of aggression is, the harder it is to realize it. A child cannot always overcome such states on his/her own; therefore, he/she needs co-education, adult assistance.
Risk-oriented management is defined as the scientific and methodological concept of banking management, aimed at identifying and assessing the totality of bank risks through special techniques and methods in order to create conditions for reliable and stable functioning of the bank, maximizing its own capital, meeting the needs of clients and partners of the bank, ensuring profitability of banking activity. The introduction of new principles for building a risk management system aims at increasing the level of corporate governance in banks, strengthening and more detailed requirements for the risk management process, strengthening the responsibility of the bank’s management bodies for the risks taken and the financial stability of the bank. Creating an effective risk culture requires Boards and senior management to focus on the bank’s written rules that clearly define risk management objectives and priorities and by taking a hard, honest look at any informal rules, protocols, the way workflows are performed, how decisions are made, and the link to the bank’s compensation practices. The risk management system in the bank covers all its structural levels — from the top management of the bank (board and board) to the level at which the risk is directly taken or generated. A feature of the risk-oriented management of the bank is the creation of three lines of protection against risks. The degree of complexity of the banking risk management system should correspond to the degree of riskiness of the environment in which the bank operates. The policy on operational risk management also involves the development of technological schemes (maps) of products and services of the bank, which are maintained in a constantly updated state. Accordingly, the requirements for management of the main types of bank risks are defined. Improving banking risk management systems requires a transitional period for the implementation of specific requirements, as well as the need for additional staff costs and IT technology.
Arsham Haghighi Bardineh, Ghasem Nabatian, Hossein Kouhestani
et al.
Introduction
According to Hitzman et al. (2005) and Hayes et al. (2015), the sediment-hosted copper deposits (SHC) are stratiform disseminated to veinlet copper mineralization within the reduced black shale, sandstone, and carbonate rocks. These deposits have formed during the middle-late Paleoproterozoic (e.g., Udokan, Russia: Volodin et al. 1994, Yinmin, South China: Zhao et al. 2013) to Tertiary (e.g., Corocoro, Bolivia: Flint 1989). The SHC deposits, frequently labeled as “stratiform” or “stratabound” and/or “diagenetic” deposits have been subdivided into three types (Cox 1986, Cox et al. 2003, Hitzman et al. 2005): 1- reduced-facies (RF), 2- Redbed (RB) and 3- Revett (RV).
There are several SHC deposits in the Zanjan region hosted by the Upper Red Formation. The Chehrabad, Cherlangoush, Ghezeljeh, Halab, Ortasou and Sarikand deposits are the most important ones and are well-developed in this district. These deposits consist predominantly of bedding-parallel replacement and disseminated Cu-Pb-Zn sulfides, roughly concordant with stratification. The average Cu and Pb values of these deposits are ~3 and 2 wt.%, respectively. These deposits are small but they are actively mined at present.
The aim of this work is to expand knowledge on the geological framework, mineralization features, geochemistry and genesis of the Ortasu Pb-Zn deposit. The study of the Ortasu deposit can be used as an exploration model for similar deposits in the Zanjan district and other places.
Materials and methods
Detailed field studies have been done at different scales in the Ortasou area. Polished thin and thin sections from mineralized zones and host rocks were studied by conventional petrographic and mineralogic methods at the University of Zanjan. Furthermore, a total of six samples from mineralized host rocks were analyzed by ICP-MS for major and trace elements and Rare Earth Elements (REE) at Lab West Co., Australia.
Results and Discussion
The Ortasu Pb-Zn deposit is located in the northwest of Zanjan and Central Iran zone. The outcrop formations in this region involve Lower Red, Qom and Upper Red Formations from which the Upper Red Formation hosts the mineralized zones. In this region, the Upper Red Formation consists of alternation of red to brown and grey to greenish marl associated with interbedded sandstone sequences. Based on petrographic studies, composition of the mineralized host rocks are litharenite which consist of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous fragments, quartz and feldspar. In the Ortasu Pb-Zn deposit, mineralization has occurred within two horizons of reduced-grey sandstone with about five to six m thickness and about 100 m length. These horizons contain both red oxidized zone and bleached zone with a mineralized reduced subzone which is located within the bleached zone.
The red oxidized zone consists of red marl and sandstone layers containing iron oxides which is located adjacent to the reduced horizons. The red color of this zone is caused by the presence of iron oxides around the grains. The oxidized pyrite crystals are the main important minerals in this zone. The bleached zone is part of sandstone sequences whose color has changed by the alteration processes. Grey and green colors in the bleached zone have occurred due to the presence of organic materials and diagenetic pyrites. The mineralization subzone has occurred within the organic materials-bearing bleached zones. Plant debris, plant fossils, diagenetic pyrites and permeability of host rock have the main important role for Pb-Zn mineralization.
Galena, sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite are the main important minerals in the Ortasu Pb-Zn deposit in some parts. They have been replaced by secondary minerals such as cerussite, chalcocite, covellite and iron oxides due to the supergene and weathering processes. The most important textures in this deposit are disseminated and cemented textures. It should be mentioned that the laminated-like, framboidal pyrite, replacement and relict textures are also observed in this deposit.
The presence of fining-upward sequences is due to the sediment cycles of channels, layered structures, abundant organic materials in paleochannels and debris of plant fossil all of which indicate that the Ortasu Pb-Zn deposit is formed in a continental to tidal environment. Geochemical studies show that the sandstones were deposited in an active continental margin. These sandstones originated from felsic magmatic rock and were deposited in an arid climate condition.
According to host rock, geometry, structure and texture, and mineralogy it can be concluded that the Ortasu Pb-Zn deposit has more similarity with the distal parts of Redbed type of sediment-hosted copper deposits.
Acknowledgements
All logistical supports during field studies came from the University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
References
Cox, D.P., 1986. Descriptive model of sediment-hosted Cu. In: D.P. Cox and D.A. Singer (Editors), Mineral deposit models. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. Canada, Pp. 101–104.
Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C. and Diggles, M.F., 2003. Sediment-hosted copper deposits of the world-deposit models and database. U.S. Geological Survey, Canada, open-file report 03-107, 53 pp.
Flint, S.S., 1989. Sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits of the Central Andes. In: R.W. Boyle, A.C. Brown, C.W. Jefferson, E.C., Jowett and R.V. Kirkham (Editors), Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, Canada. pp. 371–400.
Hayes, T.S., Cox, D.P., Piatak, N.M. and Seal, R.R., 2015. Sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit model. U.S. Geological Survey, Canada, Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070-M, 147 pp.
Hitzman, M., Kirkham, R., Broughton, D., Thorson, J. and Selley, D., 2005. The sediment-hosted stratiform copper ore system. In: J.W. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb and J.P. Richards (Editors), One Hundredth Anniversary volume of Economic Geology. Society of Economic Geologists, Colorado, pp. 609–612.
Volodin, R.N., Chechetkin, V.S., Bogdanov, Y.V., Narkelyun, L.F. and Trubachev, A.I., 1994. The Udokan cupriferous sandstones deposit (eastern Siberia). Geology of Ore Deposits, 36(1): 1–25.
Zhao, X.F., Zhou, M.F., Li, J.W. and Qi, L., 2013. Late Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rock-hosted stratiform copper deposits in South China: their possible link to the supercontinent cycle. Mineralium Deposita, 48(1): 129–136.
Introduction
The Poshtebadam Bafq Zarand district in central Iran is a world class iron oxide province. This region contains over two billion tons of iron ore reserves within more than 34 major magnetic anomalies and deposits in an area of 7,500 km2 (Stosch et al., 2011). The Jalal-Abad iron ore deposit (200Mt at 45% Fe, 1.18% S and 0.08% P) is located 38 km northwest of Zarand, 16 km southeast of the Rizu town in the Kerman province, Iran. Iron ore deposits are hosted by the Early Cambrian Rizu Series, composed mainly of sedimentary, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks which are dominated by dolomite, sandstone, shale, siltstone, tuff, ignimbrite and rhyodacite. The origin of the iron oxide deposits is controversial and various genetic models have been suggested. Some researchers believe in magmatic origins or Kiruna type, while others suggest metasomatic replacement from pre-existing rocks (Stosch et al., 2011). LA-ICP-MS has been used to characterize the multi element chemistry of the diverse fluid inclusions found in the Jalal–Abad iron oxide deposit. The aim of this investigation was to understand the genesis of the ore body and identify possible hydrothermal fluid sources in the Jalal-Abad district.
Sampling and method of study
About 100 samples from different types of ore were collected from surface outcrops and a drill core whose association with mineralization are well established. Thin sections, polished thin sections and polished sections were prepared. SEM studies (FEI 5900LV) and LA-ICP-MS analyses of fluid inclusions were carried out in the School of Earth and Environment, the University of Leeds, UK. Fluid inclusions were studied using a Linkam THM-600 heating-freezing stage mounted on Zeiss petrography microscope at the Iranian Mineral Processing Research Center.
Result and discussion
Jalal Abad deposit is hosted by the early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Rizu series. Stratabound mineralization occurs in a variety of forms being massive, disseminated, replacement, open space filling, veins and breccias. Immediate host rocks include sandy siltstone, acidic volcanic rocks and dolomite. The Jalal Abad deposit mainly consists of iron oxides (magnetite, hematite and goethite), pyrite, chalcopyrite, and malachite that occur in massive, brecciated, open space filling, disseminated and vein forms. Hematite mostly occurs close to the surface and along fractured zones, formed as a secondary mineral due to magnetite oxidation and it is rare at depth. Pyrite is the most important sulphide mineral and is associated with magnetite, calcite, quartz, talc, dolomite, actinolite and chlorite. Copper mineralization at shallow levels is mainly in oxides formed from sulphide oxidation and at deeper levels primary chalcopyrite is also associated with magnetite. Cu mineralization is formed as disseminated or in veins form. Native gold was detected as inclusions smaller than 50 µm in chalcopyrite. Common alteration minerals are goethite, pyrite, talc, actinolite, chlorite, tremolite, dolomite, quartz, calcite, albite and sericite. The earliest hydrothermal alteration includes Na-Ca alteration which is associated with actinolite, magnetite and pyrite. Multiphase fluid inclusions (L+V+S) in quartz are abundant and homogenization temperatures are in the range of 260 to 440◦C. Salinities vary between 30 to 52 wt% NaCl equivalents.
The concentrations of Na and K are in the range 26906 to 140716 ppm and 2372 to 70484 ppm, respectively. Fe content varies from 576 to16076 ppm with an average of 6914 ppm and Cu contents vary from 51 to 3204 ppm with a mean of 792 ppm. The Na/Ca values for fluid inclusions vary from 0.38 to 37.51 with a mean of 3.79. The average content of Na is 61511 ppm which is in agreement with salinity of fluid inclusions measured by microthermometry techniques. Magmatic fluids normally yield K > Ca, with Ca/K ratios between 0.01 to 1, whereas non magmatic fluids are often richer in Ca with Ca/K between 1 to 100 (Yardley, 2005). The amounts of Fe and Cu in magmatic fluids are commonly above 10000 and 1000 ppm, respectively. However, it depends on chlorinity (Fisher and Kendrick, 2008; Gillen, 2010; Appold and Wenz, 2011). Mn concentrations are 424 to 3645 ppm, with an average concentration of 7581 ppm. Mn/Fe ratio is varied from 0.21 to 1.87 with an average of 0.60.The wide range of homogenization temperature (170 -450 °C) and salinity (31- 52 wt % NaCl equiv) of the fluid inclusions and ratios of K/Ca in fluid inclusions indicate different fluid sources with magmatic and basinal type fluids (Yardley, 2005). Mn/Fe ratios in fluid inclusions are in wide ranges (0.21 -1.87) which indicate the presence of both reduced type and oxidized type fluids (Fisher and Kendrick, 2008).
Results
In addition to iron oxide, economical Cu mineralization occurs in the Jalal Abad deposit with Au, Bi and As mineralzation with insignificant apatite. The K, Fe, Ca, Na and Cu concentrations in fluid inclusions are most probably related to the mixing of magmatic and basinal fluids. The mineralogical, microthermometry and chemistry of fluid inclusions data show that magmatic-hydrothermal metal bearing fluids, nonmagmatic hydrothermal fluids and mixing of them are responsible for iron-Cu-Au mineralization (IOCG) in the Jalal- Abad deposit.
References
Appold, M.S. and Wenz, Z.J., 2011. Composition of Ore Fluid Inclusions from the Viburnum Trend, Southeast Missouri District, United States: Implications for Transport and Precipitation Mechanisms. Economic Geology, 106(1): 55-78.
Fisher, L.A. and Kendrick, M.A., 2008. Metamorphic fluid origins in the Osborne Fe oxide–Cu–Au deposit, Australia: Evidence from noble gases and halogens. Mineralium Deposita, 43(5): 483–497.
Gillen, D., 2010. A study of IOCG-related hydrothermal fluid in the Wernecke Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada. Ph.D. thesis, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia, 562 pp.
S Stosch, H.G., Romer, R.L. and Daliran, F., 2011. Uranium–lead ages of apatite from iron oxide ores of the Bafq District, East-Central Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 46(1): 9–21.
Yardley, B.W.D., 2005. 100th Anniversary Special Paper: metal concentrations in crustal fluids and their relationship to ore formation. Economic Geology, 100(4): 613–632.
The new culture of networked systems that offer everywhere accessible services has given rise to various types of security tradeoffs. In fact, with the evolution of physical systems that keep getting integrated with cyber frameworks, cyber threats have far more critical effects as they get reflected on the physical environment. As a result, the issue of security of cyber physical systems requires a special holistic treatment. In this paper, we study the tradeoff between security, safety, and availability in such systems and demonstrate these concepts on implantable medical devices as a case study. We discuss the challenges and constraints associated with securing such systems and focus on the tradeoff between security measures required for blocking unauthorized access to the device and the safety of the patient in emergency situations where such measures must be dropped to allow access. We analyze the up to date proposed solutions and discuss their strengths and limitations.
<span class="abs_content">In the current economic crisis of industrialized society, social movements face two types of challenges: firstly, they are confronting institutions that are less capable of and have no propensity for mediating new socio-economic demands; secondly, they are experiencing difficulties in building strong and lasting bonds of solidarity and cooperation among people. The latter are fundamental resources for the emergence of collective action; however, the highly individualized structure of contemporary society makes the creation of social ties ever the more difficult. As a consequence, contemporary waves of protest are often short-lived. Nonetheless, in response to the multidimensional crises, the consolidation of grassroots mutualistic and cooperative experiences, within which new affiliations for collective action are experienced, is on the rise. Indeed, it is a fact that even though conditions are not favorable, social movements have continued to ex-pand and promote community-led initiatives for social and economic sustainability. In some cases, these initiatives play a decisive role in the fight against poverty and in guaranteeing human livelihood. Solidarity-based exchanges and networks, such as barter groups, urban gardening, new consumer-producer networks and cooperatives, time banks, local savings groups, urban squatting, and others similar experiences are typical examples of continuous reactivation of people's desire to be agents of their own destiny. This combination of formal and informal networks are a testimony to an ability and an aspiration. Indeed, on one hand, they are indicative of citizens' capacity to self-organize in order to tolerate, absorb, cope with and adjust to the environmental and social threats posed by neoliberal policies. On the other hand, they are attempting to change an economic system, increasingly perceived as unfair and ecological disruptive, by building an alternative in the cracks of the former, based on greater mutual solidarity between individuals and more sustainable connections with the environment. This special issue is a reflection, among the many that have being proposed of late, on some of these self-organized collective actions that have pass through and/or emerged from the aftermath of the crisis. It is the result of an attempt to cross various disciplinary fields, in order to explore the redundancy of their respective explanations as to why and how some grassroots activities last and succeed, and turn this redundancy into the powerhouse for relaunching more robust and less aleatory initiatives.</span><br />
E-learning, as a form of distance education, is being increasingly integrated into higher education institutions. Successful distance education programs, require a well-balanced functional basis with different components including the support system. The goal of such support systems is to help instructors teach effectively in E-learning courses in a relatively unique educational environment. If virtual education teachers are not adequately supported the quality of distance education will decline. The support system of virtual educations instructors includes different instructional, mental-emotional support, and technical support. In this review, we aimed to describe the basic outlines of these three types of support. The basic elements of instructional support include content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge technological knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, technological content knowledge, technological pedagogical knowledge, technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). With respect to mental-emotional support in an academic environment, the inner motivations of the instructors are more influential than external factors. However, incentives can help the motivational consistency. Technical support includes a special unit to assist faculties and support staff for instructional design, video production/ graphics, help desk and access to software tools.
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics