Hasil untuk "Socialism. Communism. Anarchism"

Harald Espeli

I mellomkrigstiden var arveavgiften et perifert spørsmål i Arbeiderpartiets skattepolitikk både statsfinansielt og politisk/ideologisk. I denne artikkelen blir partiets holdning til arveavgiften fra 1945 og frem til arveavgiften ble avviklet av Solberg-regjeringen (2013–2021) med virkning fra 2014 belyst. Avviklingen skjedde etter at den rødgrønne Stoltenberg-regjeringen hadde tapt stortingsvalget høsten 2013. Etter 2013 har Arbeiderpartiet avvist forslag fra blant annet Sosialistisk Venstreparti om å utrede en gjeninnføring av arveavgiften. Sett på bakgrunn av Arbeiderpartiets synkende interesse for arveavgiften som et skattepolitisk utjevningstiltak og som statlig inntektskilde etter 1945 er dette lite overraskende. Arveavgiften ble en enda mer perifer beskatningsform for Arbeiderpartiet i etterkrigstiden enn den hadde vært i mellomkrigstiden.

Bhaavanaa Thumu, Leena Mathur, Youssouf Kebe et al.

Social understanding abilities are crucial for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to interpret human social interactions. We introduce Social Caption, a framework grounded in interaction theory to evaluate social understanding abilities of MLLMs along three dimensions: Social Inference (SI), the ability to make accurate inferences about interactions; Holistic Social Analysis (HSA), the ability to generate comprehensive descriptions of interactions; Directed Social Analysis (DSA), the ability to extract relevant social information from interactions. We analyze factors influencing model performance in social understanding, such as scale, architectural design, and spoken context. Experiments with MLLM judges contribute insights about scaling automated evaluation of multimodal social understanding.

Guido Ivetta, Marcos J. Gomez, Sofía Martinelli et al.

Most resources for evaluating social biases in Large Language Models are developed without co-design from the communities affected by these biases, and rarely involve participatory approaches. We introduce HESEIA, a dataset of 46,499 sentences created in a professional development course. The course involved 370 high-school teachers and 5,370 students from 189 Latin-American schools. Unlike existing benchmarks, HESEIA captures intersectional biases across multiple demographic axes and school subjects. It reflects local contexts through the lived experience and pedagogical expertise of educators. Teachers used minimal pairs to create sentences that express stereotypes relevant to their school subjects and communities. We show the dataset diversity in term of demographic axes represented and also in terms of the knowledge areas included. We demonstrate that the dataset contains more stereotypes unrecognized by current LLMs than previous datasets. HESEIA is available to support bias assessments grounded in educational communities.

Yusen Wu, Junwu Xiong, Xiaotie Deng

Expanding the application of large language models (LLMs) to societal life, instead of primary function only as auxiliary assistants to communicate with only one person at a time, necessitates LLMs' capabilities to independently play roles in multi-user, multi-turn social agent tasks within complex social settings. However, currently the capability has not been systematically measured with available benchmarks. To address this gap, we first introduce an agent task leveling framework grounded in sociological principles. Concurrently, we propose a novel benchmark, How Social Is It (we call it HSII below), designed to assess LLM's social capabilities in comprehensive social agents tasks and benchmark representative models. HSII comprises four stages: format parsing, target selection, target switching conversation, and stable conversation, which collectively evaluate the communication and task completion capabilities of LLMs within realistic social interaction scenarios dataset, HSII-Dataset. The dataset is derived step by step from news dataset. We perform an ablation study by doing clustering to the dataset. Additionally, we investigate the impact of chain of thought (COT) method on enhancing LLMs' social performance. Since COT cost more computation, we further introduce a new statistical metric, COT-complexity, to quantify the efficiency of certain LLMs with COTs for specific social tasks and strike a better trade-off between measurement of correctness and efficiency. Various results of our experiments demonstrate that our benchmark is well-suited for evaluating social skills in LLMs.

Hernán Camarero

Presentación

Leandro Molinaro

El artículo indaga sobre el devenir en el movimiento obrero de cuatro corrientes de izquierda en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires entre 1982 y 1985. En la primera parte se releva la implantación de estas organizaciones en sindicatos y lugares de trabajo en los meses finales de la última dictadura. El segundo apartado se centra en las formas en que estos partidos intentaron aumentar su inserción a partir del proceso de normalización gremial. La última sección refiere a los nexos entre la participación de las izquierdas en la conflictividad laboral y la resignificación de los consensos vinculados al orden democrático por un sector de la clase obrera.

Rita Frieske, Xiaoyu Mo, Yini Fang et al.

The demand for social robots in fields like healthcare, education, and entertainment increases due to their emotional adaptation features. These robots leverage multimodal communication, incorporating speech, facial expressions, and gestures to enhance user engagement and emotional support. The understanding of design paradigms of social robots is obstructed by the complexity of the system and the necessity to tune it to a specific task. This article provides a structured review of social robot design paradigms, categorizing them into cognitive architectures, role design models, linguistic models, communication flow, activity system models, and integrated design models. By breaking down the articles on social robot design and application based on these paradigms, we highlight the strengths and areas for improvement in current approaches. We further propose our original integrated design model that combines the most important aspects of the design of social robots. Our approach shows the importance of integrating operational, communicational, and emotional dimensions to create more adaptive and empathetic interactions between robots and humans.

Athina Bikaki, Ioannis A. Kakadiaris

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in common-sense reasoning tasks. This ability is fundamental to understanding social dynamics, interactions, and communication. However, the potential of integrating computers with these social capabilities is still relatively unexplored. However, the potential of integrating computers with these social capabilities is still relatively unexplored. This paper introduces MuSA, a multimodal LLM-based agent that analyzes text-rich social content tailored to address selected human-centric content analysis tasks, such as question answering, visual question answering, title generation, and categorization. It uses planning, reasoning, acting, optimizing, criticizing, and refining strategies to complete a task. Our approach demonstrates that MuSA can automate and improve social content analysis, helping decision-making processes across various applications. We have evaluated our agent's capabilities in question answering, title generation, and content categorization tasks. MuSA performs substantially better than our baselines.

Christine Myrvang

AAVV

Número completo

Ole Martin Rønning

I 2023 er det hundre år siden Norges Kommunistiske Parti (NKP) ble stiftet. Det finnes mye litteratur som tematiserer trekk ved partiets virksomhet og historie i løpet av disse hundre årene. En god del er også forskningsbasert. Denne historiografiske artikkelen går igjennom eksisterende forskningslitteratur om NKP. Formålet er å knytte forskningen sammen med ulike overordnede tolknings- og forklaringsmodeller anvendt på Moskva-kommunistiske partier og plassere litteraturen om NKP inn i en generell utvikling av trender innenfor historiefaget. Spesielt behandles det som er skrevet om NKP under andre verdenskrig og den interne partikonflikten i 1949–50. Avslutningsvis utdypes behovet for et helhetlig perspektiv i studiet av kommunistpartier, der både nasjonale og internasjonale aspekter er integrert. I tillegg antydes det hvordan et slikt perspektiv kan operasjonaliseres i en framtidig analyse av NKPs historie.

Sebastián Stavisky

En el período de entresiglos, distintos países sancionaron leyes de vacunación obligatoria en respuesta a la resistencia de sectores de la población a recibir la linfa. Varios anarquistas se encontraron entre estos últimos, aunque sus posiciones al respecto no fueron unánimes. El artículo analiza el modo en que anarquistas de Buenos Aires y Montevideo reaccionaron a las políticas de vacunación de inicios del novecientos. Se busca, así, aportar al estudio de las relaciones del anarquismo con ciertas formas del cuidado de la salud; y destacar la importancia de revisar experiencias de distintas localidades a fin de indagar en las heterogeneidades que atravesaron al movimiento libertario.

Ehud Shapiro

Offering an architecture for social networking in which people have agency over their personal information and social graph is an open challenge. Here we present a grassroots architecture for serverless, permissionless, peer-to-peer social networks termed Grassroots Social Networking that aims to address this challenge. The architecture is geared for people with networked smartphones -- roaming (address-changing) computing devices communicating over an unreliable network (e.g., using UDP). The architecture incorporates (i) a decentralized social graph, where each person controls, maintains and stores only their local neighborhood in the graph; (iii) personal feeds, with authors and followers who create and store the feeds; and (ii) a grassroots dissemination protocol, in which communication among people occurs only along the edges of their social graph. The architecture realizes these components using the blocklace data structure -- a partially-ordered conflict-free counterpart of the totally-ordered conflict-based blockchain. We provide two example Grassroots Social Networking protocols -- Twitter-like and WhatsApp-like -- and address their security (safety, liveness and privacy), spam/bot/deep-fake resistance, and implementation, demonstrating how server-based social networks could be supplanted by a grassroots architecture.

Siyu Li, Jin Yang, Kui Zhao

As the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) emerge, they not only assist in accomplishing traditional tasks within more efficient paradigms but also stimulate the evolution of social bots. Researchers have begun exploring the implementation of LLMs as the driving core of social bots, enabling more efficient and user-friendly completion of tasks like profile completion, social behavior decision-making, and social content generation. However, there is currently a lack of systematic research on the behavioral characteristics of LLMs-driven social bots and their impact on social networks. We have curated data from Chirper, a Twitter-like social network populated by LLMs-driven social bots and embarked on an exploratory study. Our findings indicate that: (1) LLMs-driven social bots possess enhanced individual-level camouflage while exhibiting certain collective characteristics; (2) these bots have the ability to exert influence on online communities through toxic behaviors; (3) existing detection methods are applicable to the activity environment of LLMs-driven social bots but may be subject to certain limitations in effectiveness. Moreover, we have organized the data collected in our study into the Masquerade-23 dataset, which we have publicly released, thus addressing the data void in the subfield of LLMs-driven social bots behavior datasets. Our research outcomes provide primary insights for the research and governance of LLMs-driven social bots within the research community.

Edoardo Bellando

This article examines Karl Marx’s distributive justice principle “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs,” contained in the Critique of the Gotha Program (1875). It argues that Marx advocates for “unequal equality,” since the end result of his principle is unequal contribution (due to the contributors’ different abilities) and unequal distribution (due to recipients’ different needs); that Marx’s principle avoids many pitfalls of contemporary desert theories; that while Marx is critical of formal, abstract right (Recht), he maintains that right will be enhanced in the future communist society; that Marx’s attitude toward work is contradictory, since for him work is both “life’s prime want” and a hindrance to the intellectual and social flourishing possible only in leisure time; that the widespread interpretation of the communist society as one of abundance where all needs can be satisfied has scant textual basis; and that Marx’s principle continues to inspire theories of distributive justice and efforts to expand welfare and social services, and endeavors to establish a classless, cooperative society.

Dennis Bartels

During the 1980s, Soviet fishing vessels from Murmansk , USSR, regularly visited Corner Brook, Newfoundland. Project Ploughshares, a peace group in Corner Brook, organized visits of members of Soviet fishing crews to schools and homes in Corner Brook. Students and residents in Corner Brook were, in turn, invited aboard Soviet fishing vessels. Corner Brook Project Ploughshares was, perhaps, the most active, community-based peace group in Canada during the final years of the Cold War.

Derek Weber, Frank Neumann

Political misinformation, astroturfing and organised trolling are online malicious behaviours with significant real-world effects. Many previous approaches examining these phenomena have focused on broad campaigns rather than the small groups responsible for instigating or sustaining them. To reveal latent (i.e., hidden) networks of cooperating accounts, we propose a novel temporal window approach that relies on account interactions and metadata alone. It detects groups of accounts engaging in various behaviours that, in concert, come to execute different goal-based strategies, a number of which we describe. The approach relies upon a pipeline that extracts relevant elements from social media posts, infers connections between accounts based on criteria matching the coordination strategies to build an undirected weighted network of accounts, which is then mined for communities exhibiting high levels of evidence of coordination using a novel community extraction method. We address the temporal aspect of the data by using a windowing mechanism, which may be suitable for near real-time application. We further highlight consistent coordination with a sliding frame across multiple windows and application of a decay factor. Our approach is compared with other recent similar processing approaches and community detection methods and is validated against two relevant datasets with ground truth data, using content, temporal, and network analyses, as well as with the design, training and application of three one-class classifiers built using the ground truth; its utility is furthermore demonstrated in two case studies of contentious online discussions.

Luis E C Rocha, Jan Ryckebusch, Koen Schoors et al.

Social animals self-organise to create groups to increase protection against predators and productivity. One-to-one interactions are the building blocks of these emergent social structures and may correspond to friendship, grooming, communication, among other social relations. These structures should be robust to failures and provide efficient communication to compensate the costs of forming and maintaining the social contacts but the specific purpose of each social interaction regulates the evolution of the respective social networks. We collate 611 animal social networks and show that the number of social contacts $E$ scales with group size $N$ as a super-linear power-law $E=CN^β$ for various species of animals, including humans, other mammals and non-mammals. We identify that the power-law exponent $β$ varies according to the social function of the interactions as $β= 1+a/4$, with $a \approx {1,2,3,4}$. By fitting a multi-layer model to our data, we observe that the cost to cross social groups also varies according to social function. Relatively low costs are observed for physical contact, grooming and group membership which lead to small groups with high and constant social clustering. Offline friendship has similar patterns while online friendship shows weak social structures. The intermediate case of spatial proximity ($β=1.5$ and clustering dependency on network size quantitatively similar to friendship) suggests that proximity interactions may be as relevant for the spread of infectious diseases as for social processes like friendship.

Gabriel Cid, Camilo Fernández

This article examines the uses and semantic variations of the concepts of socialism and communism during the nineteenth century in Chile. Based on a systematic review of the controversies in the Chilean public sphere over these terms, this research analyses the conceptual shift from predominantly negative notions in the 1840s to a positive assessment of them by the end of the century. As a result of a variety of social and political transformations, both locally and transnationally, the concepts of socialism and communism were commonly defined as an exacerbation of the democratic ideology which led to radical projects of social equalization and disruption of the property regime, or as irreligious doctrines that undermined the established social order. Only at the end of the nineteenth century it is possible to observe an effort of conceptual resignification when the first movements that openly adopt socialism as an ideology appear and identify partisanly with it.