Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Yu. M. Alyunina, A. A. Rogovets

This study aims to identify and describe the structural components involved in the representation of Russian male and female characters in American films, taking into account the intermedial nature of cinematic works — specifically their verbal (speech) and visual (video) elements within the narrative structure. The analysis is based on a corpus of 24 films produced from the mid-1980s to 2021, all of which are connected to Russia and feature characters associated with the country. The analysis was conducted in two stages: (1) a corpus-based examination of English-language subtitles to identify concordances containing the root -russ-; (2) a qualitative analysis of the visual content corresponding to the identified concordances using subtitle timecodes. The results indicate that the construction of the Russian character involves several components: verbal (Russian spoken and written dialogue, voiceovers, isolated words in Russian, tattoos in Russian), visual (stereotypical elements of Russianness such as fur, vodka, samovar, accordion, military uniforms, Soviet symbols, the color red, etc.), and narrative (the conflict between Russians and Americans, their unity only against a common enemy; nuclear military conflict, espionage intrigues, secret agents and government structures, criminal organizations).

Elena M. Kudryavtseva

The article analyses the image of homo legens in Poor Liza by Nikolay Karamzin and Notes from Underground by Fyodor Dostoevsky. The novelist considers Karamzin’s short story as a part of the process of the knowledge of the human being in the 19th century. In contrast to positivist philosophical knowledge, which, according to Dostoevsky, simplifies the phenomenon of the person, the writer, with the help of Karamzin’s artistic discoveries in the short story Poor Liza, creates the image of the Underground Man as a person who both reads and writes. Typologically, the encounter of the dreamer with a girl in Notes from Underground repeats the situation in Poor Liza. Erast dreams of an idyll and “invents” his future life with Liza according to the laws of the genre, while the peasant woman, unlike the reading hero, understands that dreams cannot be realized. In Dostoevsky’s novella the situation is more complicated. Following literary models, the Underground Man creates two stories in an idyllic and anti-idyllic key, in order to manipulate the soul of another person and to affirm himself. At first, Liza does not believe the words of the visitor or the possibility of leaving the brothel. The Underground Man prefaces his stories with two biblical quotations: “the image and likeness of God” and “lay down your life for the sake of friends.” He introduces the sacred as a means of manipulation of the heroine’s feelings. Having identified these quotations, Liza sincerely believes in the possibility of leaving the brothel and offers her love to the dreamer, which the author sees as an opportunity for him to come out of “the underground.” The hero cannot accept this chance. By creating the image of homo legens in Notes from Underground Dostoevsky shows that a chaotic and blind adherence to literary genres, situations, and gestures together with the manipulation of both literary and sacred texts places man in a position of insoluble conflict with “living life.”

Maciej Bandur, Robert Borges

New Speakers of minority languages are a special case which gives us a unique glimpse into variation and change. In such cases, language change at an accelerated pace tends to lead to profound changes in the structure of the language. Such developments are observable in Kashubian, a minority Slavic language spoken in East Pomerania. For the purpose of this study, spoken data consisting of responses to video stimuli was collected from a group of Kashubian speakers. Chosen morphophonological developments were analysed, especially repatterning and vowel substitution in nouns and verbs, as well as phonemic mergers and their consequences for the morphological structure.

Maciej Czerwiński

The aim of this article is to deal with the disputable role Dalmatia played in the Croatian-Italian-Serbian borderlands, referring to the foremost Croatian and Yugoslav writer Miroslav Krleža. Although he is mostly associated with the Croatian North, i.e., historical Croatia-Slavonia, called sometimes the Panonian cultural complex, his engagement in the discourse of Dalmatia after World War Two cannot be underestimated. In the period 1950-1951 Krleža prepared two exhibitions of medieval art (one staged in Paris as L’art médiéval Yougoslave and the other in Zagreb as Zlato i srebro Zadra) and wrote two introductions to their catalogues. In them, he builds a concept of a separate “South Slavic civilisation” that “negates” the bipolarism of Roman-Byzantine competing cultural models (Slavia Romana vs. Slavia Orthodoxa, according to Picchio). Referring to the spatial approach to literature, I attempt to situate the post-war Yugoslav discourse, radically confrontational and militaristic, within historical antagonistic discourses (Croatian-Italian-Serbian).

Emily Clement, Enzo Erlich, Jérémy Ledent

Temporal logics are a powerful tool to specify properties of computational systems. For concurrent programs, Higher Dimensional Automata (HDA) are a very expressive model of non-interleaving concurrency. HDA recognize languages of partially ordered multisets, or pomsets. Recent work has shown that Monadic Second Order (MSO) logic is as expressive as HDA for pomset languages. In the case of words, Kamp's theorem states that First Order (FO) logic is as expressive as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). In this paper, we extend this result to pomsets. To do so, we first investigate the class of pomset languages that are definable in FO. As expected, this is a strict subclass of MSO-definable languages. Then, we define a Linear Temporal Logic for pomsets, and show that it is equivalent to FO.

V. A. Mishlanov

The article clarifies the ideas about the linguistic situation that has developed during the evolution of the communicative space (semiosphere) of the Russian World. It is shown that a special role in this space is played by the Church Slavonic language, which to this day remains the most important component of the semiosphere of the Russian culture thanks to the secondary semiotic systems contained in the Slavic Bible. The opinion is substantiated that the liturgical language of Russian Orthodoxy can be considered as the highest communicative register, organically, “in spirit and letter,” connected with the church-religious style of the Russian language and, consequently, with all its other varieties.

Tatyana Kravchenko

This congratulatory message refers to the lead researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of the History of Slavic Literatures, Doctor of Philology Elena N. Kovtun. Since 1991, after defending her PhD thesis “The functions of convention in the artistic system of Karel Chapek. The traditions of H. G. Wells”, E. N. Kovtun began to work at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. Since 2003, she has been a professor at the Department of Slavic Philology, lectured on the history and culture of the Czech Republic, the history of Czech literature, conducted special courses for bachelors, undergraduates and postgraduates. In 2000, E. N. Kovtun defended her doctoral thesis “Types and functions of artistic conventions in European literature of the first half of the twentieth century”. She has published five books and is the author of many articles on fiction and secondary artistic conventions in Slavic and Western European, as well as in Russian and North American literatures. In 2007, E. N. Kovtun established the Department of Slavic Studies and Central European Studies at the Russian State University for the Humanities and directs this department to this day. In addition, she worked on reforming and modernizing Russian higher education. Since 1991, E. N. Kovtun has been the Academic Secretary of the Council for Philology of the Educational and Methodological Association for Classical University Education. Since 2015, she headed the Educational and Methodological Council for Philology of the Federal Educational and Methodological Association “Linguistics and Literary Studies” and developed the federal state educational standards in philology. In 2016–2021, she served as Director of the Institute of Russian Language and Culture at Lomonosov Moscow State University. E. N. Kovtun is a member of the Union of Writers of Russia and president of the Association of Science Fiction Researchers, winner of the I. A. Efremov Prize (2009). At the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, E. N. Kovtun has been heading the Department of the History of Slavic Literatures since 2022, preserving the traditions of the former head of this department, L. N. Budagova.

Elena Stepanenko

On March 11, 2023 would have marked the 90th anniversary of the birth of Rina Pavlovna Usikova, Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, an outstanding Russian Slavic scholar, Balkanist, lecturer, translator, the world's largest specialist in the field of Macedonian language.

Đorđe Božović

That language use and geographical space interact manifoldly with each other, is a well-known truism both in linguistics and in anthropogeography. However, the exact nature of this relationship is still largely underresearched and poorly understood. Such interdisciplinary endeavours like linguistic geography/geolinguistics or areal/spatial linguistics have remained somewhat marginal and often contested, despite wealth of research topics and innovative methodologies they bring, with a highly interdisciplinary potential. The aim of this paper is therefore to present a methodological discussion, including an historical survey, of the main research topics, trends, and perspectives in linguistic geography understood as an inter-discipline, broadly construed at the intersection of linguistics and anthropogeography, while taking the South Slavic dialect space as the main source of data. Topics covered include toponomastics and geographical terminology, issues in dialect geography, linguistic areas, and linguistic landscapes. In particular, the paper examines the interdisciplinary perspective of geolinguistic research and its intersections with related disciplines such as historical, regional, and population geography. In addition, possible methodological innovations, such as the use of GIS, are discussed in the context of South Slavic data.

M. Dronov

As you know, discussions about one’s own identity and literary language do not stop in the Carpatho–Rusyn society – first of all, between Rusynophiles and Ukrainophiles. At the same time, until the beginning of the twentieth century, there were practically no supporters of the Ukrainian national idea among the Carpatho-Rusyns. Russophiles played a significant role. The influential politician Adolf Dobryansky (1817–1901) and the Greek Catholic priest, the talented writer Yuliy Stavrovsky (1850–1899) belong to the pantheon of Carpatho-Rusyn “awakeners” (enlighteners) of 20th century, who considered all the Rusyns of the Habsburg monarchy to be part of a single Russian (East Slavic, not Great Russian or “Rus’-Ukrainian”) people. Published letters stored in the Scientific Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library (Moscow), date back to 1879, when the issue of appointing Stavrovsky dean of the church in the village Chertezh – estate of Dobryansky was being decided.

Alla Sheshken

The Macedonian writer Venko Andonovski (1964) in his works of recent decades (novels “The ABC for the Naughty,” “The Navel of the Earth,” “The Navel of the World,” etc.) and essays (“Dostoevsky and McDonald’s”) raises the issues of the axiology of modern literature, the integration of its value meanings into the worldview of contemporaries. The value dominants of fiction and their interpretation in the works of modern authors have become an important problem in the 21st century for Slavic countries, especially acute for authors of “small literatures”. Against the backdrop of major socio-political changes in recent decades, the commercialization of literature has become intensive and has seriously affected Slavic literatures. A modern writer often must choose between genuine creativity (a serious and deep understanding of the fate of his people, important events of our time, improving language and style, etc.) and the commercial success that a bestseller provides. Reflecting on the phenomenon of the bestseller, V. Andonovski sees in it a manifestation of globalization in art and calls it literary fast food. The writer figuratively calls the choice between genuine and imaginary artistic values a choice between Dostoevsky and McDonald’s. In essays and novels, V. Andonovski explores the importance of preserving national tradition and orientation towards the achievements of world literature, containing values of the highest spiritual order.

Roman Tashlitskyy, Lana Soglasnova

ABSTRACT This is a practical reflection on how a library cataloger can learn to create Wikidata items based on Slavic language publications, and to maintain the practice as part of the workflow. We describe our experience at the University of Toronto Robarts Library, and the path to adopting a working model for regularly contributing Wikidata items based on the cataloger’s original authority work for NACO.

A. Izotov

The article considers the Slavic micro-language formed by the dialects of the inhabitants of Czech Silesia, which is able to form something like the diglossia with the Standard Czech language on the territory of the region. In most of the territory of the Czech Republic (the western two-thirds of its area), the Standard Czech language forms a diglossia-like relations with the so-called Common Czech language. The language of the works of the modern Ostrava blogger and writer L. Větvička represents a successful symbiosis of the southern dialects of Czech Silesia, the Standard Czech language and partly the Common Czech language. The analysis of the language of his travelogue published in 2019 led us to the conclusion, that the so-called Ostrava micro-language is a dynamically developing phenomenon, the functioning of which is by no means limited to oral speech. The appearance in print and on-line form of such literary texts destroys the diglossia that has historically developed in the region, since the non-literary idiom penetrates into the position of the literary one. On the other hand, such texts strengthen the position of the Ostrava micro-language, which sounds in the reader’s mind whenever the texts are read.

Ken Ird

In the 19th century, the return of the German-language university played a crucial role in the education, science, and cultural history of the Russian Empire’s Baltic provinces. The newly established German-language university enjoyed significant autonomy, attracting professors primarily from Germany. Following the German university model, students began forming corporate associations in the early decades of the 19th century. Despite being officially prohibited at the start of the century, the legalisation of student organisations in Tartu in 1855 led to their flourishing over the next few decades. Nineteenth-century societal developments in Europe brought significant changes in communication. Print graphics primarily drove visual aspects during the first half of the century. Technological advancements allowed for more extensive and affordable print runs, facilitating wider distribution of images and enabling authors as well as publishers to respond swiftly to public needs and expectations. These images depicted local life and prominent buildings, contributing to developing national identities in 19th-century Europe by fostering patriotic sentiments and regional self-awareness. Tartu emerged as a local centre for print graphics in the second quarter of the 19th century. Initially, engravers and artists focused on portraying new university buildings, but from the 1850s onwards, they also began depicting colourful student traditions. Given that Baltic-German fraternities played a significant role in Tartu student life, the customs and lifestyle of Tartu students were portrayed. These printed images of student life in Tartu were created for broader audiences in elegant albums, or for circulation within the narrower circle of fraternity members and alumni. An exciting and little-known example of this is Ludwig Ulmann’s picture series from 1873, created for the 50th anniversary of the Tartu Baltic-German student fraternity Fraternitas Rigensis. The series provides a rare glimpse into the self-reflection of 19th-century Tartu fraternities. Although Ulmann, an amateur artist, approached the theme with satirical and comical ease, a closer analysis reveals the rich traditions within the Baltic-German fraternities. Most selected scenes are based on historical student practices, local personalities, or events. However, Ulmann also drew inspiration from the famous programmatic Wilhelm von Kaulbach mural in Berlin’s Neues Museum, cleverly incorporating elements from classical art into his work. In the local visual culture of the 19th Century, Tartu University quickly found its place as a distinct theme. The dissemination of these images among educated German minorities in all three Baltic provinces reinforced Tartu University's image as a unifying force in Baltic-German society. The Imperial University of Tartu served as a natural and efficient platform for the local German-educated intelligentsia, and its students and alumni quickly developed a shared mentality. More specifically, the Baltic-German student fraternities operating at Tartu University actively supported local German cultural and intellectual self-awareness, particularly the more conservative and preservative wing. In this way, the printed graphics depicting student life in Tartu are now primarily significant and poignant testimonies of the former glory days of the Baltic-German fraternities.

Mërgim H. Hoti, Jaumin Ajdari

Abstract The provision of services by companies in specific domains requires continuous commitment and a constructive approach to meet customer requirements, however, it is often challenging to determine the level of customer satisfaction without their feedback. Therefore, this paper attempts to provide a solution to this problem by using comments from social networks and evaluating their sentiment using the VADER model. In order to accomplish the aim of our research, a lexicon has been built with more than 9500 adjectives and verbs from the Albanian language based on VADER which is just in the initial form and the sentiments are evaluated as positive, neutral, or negative. The lexicon was constructed for the Albanian language and two companies of the Republic of Kosovo were researched as case studies. Furthermore, the sentiment estimation, using the VADER model, in case of our datasets, we obtained a high accuracy, approximately between 89% and 95%. This level of accuracy has been primarily attributed to the application of all preprocessing steps within the dataset, which significantly enhances the model’s performance.

E. I. Zinovyeva

The relevance of the article is determined by the insufficient study of stable verbal complexes in the language of the XVI—XVII centuries — the initial stage of the formation of the Russian national language. The novelty of the study can be seen in the systematization of a separate category of data stable units — formulas that function in texts of this period that differ in genre. The term stereotypic formulas is introduced, and its definition is offered. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive description of the material for further presentation in the historical differentiated phraseological dictionary. The classification of the analyzed stereotypical formulas is given according to various criteria: the degree of prevalence in business and everyday language texts of the period under study, in accordance with the form of the document, from the point of view of structure. Particular attention is paid to the linguistic and sociocultural aspect of the analyzed units consideration: the identification of their linguistic and cultural potential, historical and social conditioning in the considered period, the ability to act as a symbol, the need for decoding for modern speakers of the language. It is concluded that stereotyped formulas represent a systematic dictionary association of units of different degrees of stability and different structure. Problems that require solutions in the lexicographic description of stereotyped formulas are defined.

Ömer Eğecioğlu, Benedek Nagy

We consider languages defined by signed grammars which are similar to context-free grammars except productions with signs associated to them are allowed. As a consequence, the words generated also have signs. We use the structure of the formal series of yields of all derivation trees over such a grammar as a method of specifying a formal language and study properties of the resulting family of languages.

Matteo Cimini

Rule formats can quickly establish meta-theoretic properties of process algebras. It is then desirable to identify domain-specific languages (DSLs) that can easily express rule formats. In prior work, we have developed Lang-n-Change, a DSL that includes convenient features for browsing language definitions and retrieving information from them. In this paper, we use Lang-n-Change to write a validator for the GSOS rule format, and we augment Lang-n-Change with suitable macros on our way to do so. Our GSOS validator is concise, and amounts to a few lines of code. We have used it to validate several concurrency operators as adhering to the GSOS format. Moreover, our code expresses the restrictions of the format declaratively.

Yudai Tanabe, Luthfan Anshar Lubis, Tomoyuki Aotani et al.

Programming with versions is a paradigm that allows a program to use multiple versions of a module so that the programmer can selectively use functions from both older and newer versions of a single module. Previous work formalized $λ_{\mathrm{VL}}$, a core calculus for programming with versions, but it has not been integrated into practical programming languages. In this paper, we propose VL, a Haskell-subset surface language for $λ_{\mathrm{VL}}$ along with its compilation method. We formally describe the core part of the VL compiler, which translates from the surface language to the core language by leveraging Girard's translation, soundly infers the consistent version of expressions along with their types, and generates a multi-version interface by bundling specific-version interfaces. We conduct a case study to show how VL supports practical software evolution scenarios and discuss the method's scalability.

Jonas Schmidt, Thomas Schwentick, Jennifer Todtenhoefer

Previous work on Dynamic Complexity has established that there exist dynamic constant-time parallel algorithms for regular tree languages and context-free languages under label or symbol changes. However, these algorithms were not developed with the goal to minimise work (or, equivalently, the number of processors). In fact, their inspection yields the work bounds $O(n^2)$ and $O(n^7)$ per change operation, respectively. In this paper, dynamic algorithms for regular tree languages are proposed that generalise the previous algorithms in that they allow unbounded node rank and leaf insertions, while improving the work bound from $O(n^2)$ to $O(n^ε)$, for arbitrary $ε> 0$. For context-free languages, algorithms with better work bounds (compared with $O(n^7)$) for restricted classes are proposed: for every $ε> 0$ there are such algorithms for deterministic context-free languages with work bound $O(n^{3+ε})$ and for visibly pushdown languages with work bound $O(n^{2+ε})$.