Hasil untuk "Shipment of goods. Delivery of goods"

Faris Nofandi, Muhammad R.B. Janaputra, Rizki A. Pratama

Background: This research aims to design an agromaritime supply chain system as a development of blockchain technology in Industry 4.0. Objectives: The study has three main objectives: (1) to analyse supply chain structures and processes, focusing on coordination, scheduling and resource control; (2) to explore the application of blockchain as an innovative solution in Industry 4.0; and (3) to design and evaluate a blockchain-based supply chain system that enhances transparency, traceability and data integrity through distributed ledger technology. Method: Primary data were collected via observations and interviews with stakeholders involved in the supply chain obtaining information on production data, selling prices and orders for agromaritime products. Secondary data were collected from the previous studies in published journal articles, and the internet during research preparation. Results: Using the prototyping method, the study showed that adopting blockchain in a supply chain significantly impacts companies, suppliers, farmers, and processors. It enables real-time, transparent transactions, reducing errors in buying and selling. Conclusion: Blockchain benefits all supply chain actors, from to consumers by improving efficiency and providing a tracking system for events in the supply chain. Contribution: This study contributes by developing a blockchain-based agromaritime supply chain web system to address trust issues such as corruption and misinformation, presenting data in real time.

Sang-A Park, Deuk-Jin Park, Jeong-Bin Yim et al.

Marine accidents can result in severe economic losses and casualties, underscoring the critical need for effective risk assessment.. In this study, quantitative marine accident reports from Korea that objectively describe accident variables were collected and classified to analyze marine accidents of fishing ships To analyze the causes of accidents involving different types of fishing ships, a survey with subject matter experts (SMEs) was conducted. A fishing ship accident Bayesian network (FABN) scenario was then developed by integrating fishing ship accident data with SME insights. The FABN was comprehensively modeled based on the scenario, with marine accidents being modeled based on causal variables each marine accident. Changes in the output value of the FABN were verified via a sensitivity analysis, and the independence and statistical significance of the model were confirmed using a statistical analysis of the collected data. FABN allows for the immediate assessment of the probability of marine accidents related to fishing ships by utilizing network structures, and provides the advantage of structurally assessing ship accident risks

Hesam Naghash, Dingena Schott, Jeroen Pruyn

Abstract As climate change continues to pose a significant threat to our planet, international maritime shipping plays a crucial role in mitigation efforts. Recognizing the urgency, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has revised its targets, now aiming for full decarbonization by 2050. However, there is no established pathway to get to the target. To achieve this, there is a need for models depicting possible futures of the maritime sector, and finding feasible pathways. This research aims to find the most suitable way to develop models to find pathways toward decarbonization targets. This involves evaluating existing ranges and scenarios to understand current estimations and their underlying assumptions and assessing the most suitable modeling methods based on defined criteria. Considering the context, the most suitable models for this objective should perform on a global scale. They should include dynamics between shipping demand & supply as well as the derived fuel demand and supply and emissions; integrate the sector with other parts of the economy; incorporate various technologies into the framework; and span multiple scenarios. The study has two main parts. First, existing scenarios on the future of maritime shipping are analyzed to identify current estimations and assumptions impacting these estimations. Second, various modeling frameworks are assessed against the defined criteria to identify the most suitable modeling structure for achieving the decarbonization targets. Many projections do not meet the IMO’s updated targets, highlighting the need for a paradigm shift in setting targets and finding feasible pathways rather than focusing solely on individual measures. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) have been identified as suitable for such projections and policy analysis, although international shipping is often underrepresented in current models. Future research should combine the insights of sectoral models in integrated frameworks such as IAMs to develop integrated strategies to investigate pathways to achieve zero-emission targets. The ultimate goal is to understand how to effectively reduce the sector’s emissions and achieve more environmentally friendly international maritime shipping.

Wenqiang Zhu, Xin Wang, Chaoqian Wang et al.

Understanding the evolution of cooperation in multiplayer games is of vital significance for natural and social systems. An important challenge is that group interactions often leads to nonlinear synergistic effects. However, previous models mainly focus on deterministic nonlinearity where the arise of synergy or discounting effect is determined by certain conditions, ignoring uncertainty and stochasticity in real-world systems. Here, we develop a probabilistic framework to study the cooperative behavior in stochastic nonlinear public goods games. Through both analytical treatment and Monte Carlo simulations, we provide comprehensive understanding of social dilemmas with stochastic nonlinearity in both well-mixed and structured populations. We find that increasing the degree of nonlinearity makes synergy more advantageous when competing with discounting, thereby promoting cooperation. Interestingly, we show that network reciprocity loses effectiveness when the probability of synergy is small. Moreover, group size exhibits nonlinear effects on group cooperation regardless of the underlying structure. Our findings thus provide novel insights into how stochastic nonlinearity influences the emergence of prosocial behavior.

Hongyu Wang, Ying Li, Ronghong Huang et al.

In this study, we reveal, for the first time, popular online social networks (especially Twitter) are being extensively abused by miscreants to promote illicit goods and services of diverse categories. This study is made possible by multiple machine learning tools that are designed to detect and analyze Posts of Illicit Promotion (PIPs) as well as revealing their underlying promotion campaigns. Particularly, we observe that PIPs are prevalent on Twitter, along with extensive visibility on other three popular OSNs including YouTube, Facebook, and TikTok. For instance, applying our PIP hunter to the Twitter platform for 6 months has led to the discovery of 12 million distinct PIPs which are widely distributed in 5 major natural languages and 10 illicit categories, e.g., drugs, data leakage, gambling, and weapon sales. Along the discovery of PIPs are 580K Twitter accounts publishing PIPs as well as 37K distinct instant messaging accounts that are embedded in PIPs and serve as next hops of communication with prospective customers. Also, an arms race between Twitter and illicit promotion operators is also observed. Especially, 90% PIPs can survice the first two months since getting published on Twitter, which is likely due to the diverse evasion tactics adopted by miscreants to masquerade PIPs.

Carsten Lemmen, Philipp Sebastian Sommer

Frequently in socio-environmental sciences, models are used as tools to represent, understand, project and predict the behaviour of these complex systems. Along the modelling chain, Good Modelling Practices have been evolving that ensure - amongst others - that models are transparent and their results replicable. Whenever such models are represented in software, Good Modelling meet Good Software Practices, such as a tractable development workflow, good code, collaborative development and governance, continuous integration and deployment; and they meet Good Scientific Practices, such as attribution of copyrights and acknowledgement of intellectual property, publication of a software paper and archiving. Too often in existing socio-environmental model software, these practices have been regarded as an add-on to be considered at a later stage only; modellers have shied away from publishing their model as open source out of fear that having to add good practices is too demanding. We here argue for making a habit of following a list of simple and not so simple practices early on in the implementation of the model life cycle. We contextualise cherry-picked and hands-on practices for supporting Good Modelling Practice, and we demonstrate their application in the example context of the Viable North Sea fisheries socio-ecological systems model.

Guozhong Zheng, Jiqiang Zhang, Shengfeng Deng et al.

Recent paradigm shifts from imitation learning to reinforcement learning (RL) is shown to be productive in understanding human behaviors. In the RL paradigm, individuals search for optimal strategies through interaction with the environment to make decisions. This implies that gathering, processing, and utilizing information from their surroundings are crucial. However, existing studies typically study pairwise games such as the prisoners' dilemma and employ a self-regarding setup, where individuals play against one opponent based solely on their own strategies, neglecting the environmental information. In this work, we investigate the evolution of cooperation with the multiplayer game -- the public goods game using the Q-learning algorithm by leveraging the environmental information. Specifically, the decision-making of players is based upon the cooperation information in their neighborhood. Our results show that cooperation is more likely to emerge compared to the case of imitation learning by using Fermi rule. Of particular interest is the observation of an anomalous non-monotonic dependence which is revealed when voluntary participation is further introduced. The analysis of the Q-table explains the mechanisms behind the cooperation evolution. Our findings indicate the fundamental role of environment information in the RL paradigm to understand the evolution of cooperation, and human behaviors in general.

Stephen Kruger

No abstract available.

Yu-Na Kim, Niurgustana Krasilnikova, Young-Seo Choi et al.

Currently, inland water transport is the main mode of transport in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The Lena remains the main river connecting Yakutia with the federal transport infrastructure. However, the state of the Republic’s transport infrastructure does not meet the needs of its economy The infrastructure limits the effective realization of the industrial and resource potential and use of the geographical position of the Republic of Sakha. Therefore, to provide an insightful analysis of the factors affecting the logistics of the Lena River, we conducted a detailed analysis of the current problems of the inland waters of the Republic. This article analyzes the logistics of the Lena River and presents an assessment of the problems hindering the process of modernizing the inland water transport of the Republic of Sakha. Analyzing the factors for revitalizing the Lena River logistics through the Interpretative Structural Modeling method revealed the region’s main water transport logistics problems. Through the literature review, 12 key factors affecting the logistics of the Lena River were identified, and interrelationships among them were represented. The results illustrate that inland water transport of the Republic requires the development of transport infrastructure and financial support from the state to implement republican targeted programs. Therefore, this study is important in both academic and practical aspects.

Lucas S. Flores, Mendeli H. Vainstein, Heitor C. M. Fernandes et al.

When studying social dilemma games, a crucial question arises regarding the impact of general heterogeneity on cooperation, which has been shown to have positive effects in numerous studies. Here, we demonstrate that heterogeneity in the contribution value for the focal Public Goods Game can jeopardize cooperation. We show that there is an optimal contribution value in the homogeneous case that most benefits cooperation depending on the lattice. In a heterogeneous scenario, where strategy and contribution coevolve, cooperators making contributions higher than the optimal value end up harming those who contribute lower. This effect is notably detrimental to cooperation in the square lattice with von Neumann neighborhood, while it can have no impact in others lattices. Furthermore, in parameter regions where a higher-contributing cooperator cannot normally survive alone, the exploitation of lower value contribution cooperators allows their survival, resembling a parasitic behavior. To obtain these results, we employed various distributions for the contribution values in the initial condition and conducted Monte Carlo simulations.

Max Klimm, Maximilian J. Stahlberg

We study the complexity of computing equilibria in binary public goods games on undirected graphs. In such a game, players correspond to vertices in a graph and face a binary choice of performing an action, or not. Each player's decision depends only on the number of neighbors in the graph who perform the action and is encoded by a per-player binary pattern. We show that games with decreasing patterns (where players only want to act up to a threshold number of adjacent players doing so) always have a pure Nash equilibrium and that one is reached from any starting profile by following a polynomially bounded sequence of best responses. For non-monotonic patterns of the form $10^k10^*$ (where players want to act alone or alongside $k + 1$ neighbors), we show that it is $\mathsf{NP}$-hard to decide whether a pure Nash equilibrium exists. We further investigate a generalization of the model that permits ties of varying strength: an edge with integral weight $w$ behaves as $w$ parallel edges. While, in this model, a pure Nash equilibrium still exists for decreasing patters, we show that the task of computing one is $\mathsf{PLS}$-complete.

Shijia Hua, Linjie Liu

In social dilemmas, individuals face a conflict between their own self-interest and the collective interest of the group. The provision of reward has been shown to be an effective means to drive cooperation in such situations. However, previous research has often made the idealized assumption that rewards are constant and do not change in response to changes in the game environment. In this paper, we introduce reward into the public goods game and develop a coevolutionary game model in which the strength of reward is adaptively adjusted according to the population state. Specifically, we assume that decreasing levels of cooperation lead to an increase in reward strength, while increasing levels of cooperation result in a decrease in reward strength. By investigating coevolutionary dynamics between population state and reward systems, we find that interior stable coexistence state can emerge in our model, where the levels of cooperation and reward strength remain at constant levels. In addition, we also reveal that the emergence of a full cooperation state only requires a minimal level of reward strength. Our study highlights the potential of adaptive feedback reward as a tool for achieving long-term stability and sustainability in social dilemmas.

Christos Sigalas

The effectiveness of the IMO's sulfur cap regulation in January 2020 disrupted the established business paradigm in some maritime shipping sectors. In the absence of a protection scheme by policymakers, the business paradigm in dry bulk shipping sector shifted, because the additional cost associated with the more expensive IMO sulfur compliant fuel had been passed to ship-owners, instead of charterers. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the business paradigm disruption that was caused by the IMO 2020, by examining the covariance between the freight rates and their Time Charter Equivalent (TCE) rates around the IMO 2020 effectiveness date, as well as to quantify the financial impact of the IMO 2020 regulation to ship-owners, by modeling TCE, maximizing TCE function, and running TCE sensitivity analyses under various scenarios of price spread between the high sulfur and IMO compliant fuel oils before and after the introduction of the IMO 2020. The results of this study indicate that increased price of IMO compliant fuel oils and charterers’ bargaining power, had curtailed ship-owners’ gross profit margins. Although not a silver bullet, slow steaming can alleviate shrunken profit margins. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in calibrating future emission-related regulations to be equitable for all stakeholders engaged in seaborne transportation.

Editorial Office

No abstract available.

Eliane Maria Octaviano Martins, Paulo Henrique Alves da Silva Filho, Pedro Henrique Marques da Silva

Este artigo tem por objetivo a análise da aplicabilidade do Código de Defesa do Consumidor (CDC) nas ações que visam a satisfação do débito da sobre-estadia (“demurrage”) de contêiner. Para o alcance da premissa mencionada, é realizada exposição dos elementos inerentes à atividade de transporte marítimo de cargas, como contrato de transporte marítimo, conhecimento de embarque e com isso, entender a aplicação da sobre-estadia de contêiner), assim como conceitos acerca da legislação consumerista e os reflexos de sua incidência nas ações de cobrança dos débitos de sobre-estadia. No caso, a partir de análise do que estabelece a jurisprudência, pôde ser observado que haverá a possibilidade do influxo do CDC nas ações de cobrança da sobre-estadia de contêiner a partir do critério da Teoria Finalista Mitigada, parâmetro utilizado pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça para a verificação do influxo do CDC de maneira geral.

Seyedvahid Vakili, Alessandro Schönborn, Aykut I. Ölçer

Abstract Shipbuilding is an energy-intensive industrial sector that produces a significant amount of waste, pollution and air emissions. However, the International Maritime Organization concentrates only on reducing emissions during the operational phase. In order to completely phase out emissions from the shipping industry, a life-cycle approach must be taken. The study implemented the proposed transdisciplinary energy management framework in a Bangladeshi shipyard. The framework aims to support shipyard decision makers in making rational and optimized decisions to make shipyards sustainable, while maintaining good product quality and reducing relative cost. This is achieved by applying the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution methods to identify optimal solutions. In addition to making shipyards more sustainable, the framework can enhance both the business and socio-economic prospects of the shipyard and promote the reputation of the shipyard and improve its competitiveness and, in line with this, lead to the promotion of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement for States. The implementation of the framework shows that the political and legal discipline, the social criteria and the implementation of ISO 14001 and cyber security were the most important criteria and options for the yard's decision makers.

Dániel Gerbner

Given graphs $H$ and $F$ with $χ(H)<χ(F)$, we say that $H$ is weakly $F$-Turán-good if among $n$-vertex $F$-free graphs, a $(χ(F)-1)$-partite graph contains the most copies of $H$. Let $H$ be a bipartite graph that contains a complete bipartite subgraph $K$ such that each vertex of $H$ is adjacent to a vertex of $K$. We show that $H$ is weakly $K_3$-Turán-good, improving a very recent asymptotic bound due to Grzesik, Gy\H ori, Salia and Tompkins. They also showed that for any $r$ there exist graphs that are not weakly $K_r$-Turán-good. We show that for any non-bipartite $F$ there exists graphs that are not weakly $F$-Turán-good. We also show examples of graphs that are $C_{2k+1}$-Turán-good but not $C_{2\ell+1}$-Turán-good for every $k>\ell$.

Konstantinos D. Melas, Nektarios A. Michail

We examine for the existence of threshold relationships in the commodity price – charter rate nexus. Using the first lag of the commodity price change as the threshold variable, we find that in the case of large drops in commodity prices, the magnitude of the relationship can strongly change. In such cases, the impact is more passed on to freight rates than under normal conditions, while the prevalence of oil prices becomes less significant. Furthermore, in such occurrences, the relationship of freight rates with their lags is statistically significant suggesting that the shock is maintained in the system for longer. Intuitively, the empirical findings suggest that as commodity prices fall sharply, the freight rate needs to adjust more dynamically to such changes in order to maintain a more or less constant ratio of the transport cost to the end price of the commodity. Finally, the results are also supportive of the existence of a lead-lag relationship between commodity prices and charter rates, in accordance with the literature.

Theodore Pelagidis, Ioannis Karaoulanis

It is widely accepted that the highly volatile capesize market has many peculiarities. Its importance has been recently highlighted by an increase in contribution of the Baltic Capesize Index (BCI) to the Baltic Dry Index (BDI), affecting the progress of the BDI more than any other dry bulk index. This paper investigates the behavior of the capesize market focusing on expectations and time lags. Expectations play a critical role in the freight market both for the short-term and the long-term decision making. In particular, we investigate the relation between time lags and time-charter, trip and spot market rates as well as the average earnings of the capesize vessels of various ages. Time series analysis is used to reach our conclusions. The Hannan – Quinn criterion has been selected to identify the important lags of the capesize freight market for the period 1977–2018 and an Autoregressive (AR) model has been constructed to perform the statistical analysis. The findings indicate that there is a strong correlation between time lags and capesize freight market, forecasting indeed the behavior of the market. At a practical level, better understanding of the behavior of the capesize market can improve the planning decision of ship-owners and charterers alike.