Optimistic rollups provide scalable smart-contract execution but remain unsuitable for regulated financial applications due to three structural gaps: semantic legitimacy, cross-layer state consistency, and ordering fairness. We introduce RegGuard, a unified framework that enhances optimistic rollups with comprehensive legitimacy guarantees. RegGuard integrates three coordinated mechanisms: a decidable semantic validator powered by the RegSpec rule language for encoding regulatory constraints; a cross-layer state pre-synchronization validator that detects inconsistent L1-L2 dependencies with probabilistic reliability bounds; and a cryptographically verifiable fair-ordering service that ensures transaction sequencing fairness with negligible violation probability. We implement a 15,000-line prototype integrated into an Optimism-based rollup and evaluate it under adversarial conditions. RegGuard reduces settlement failures by over 90%, prevents detectable ordering manipulation, and maintains 85% of baseline throughput.
Gadis Suci Lestari, Herlina Fitrihidajati, Adi Candra
et al.
Catfish farming still faces the problem of high feed costs, so economical and sustainable alternative feeds are needed. Lemna minor has the potential to be used as an alternative feed due to its high nutritional content, but its growth productivity is relatively low without added nutrients. The use of eco-enzymes made from household organic waste as organic liquid fertilizer is a solution to increase the productivity of Lemna minor while supporting sustainable waste management. This study aims to describe the content of eco-enzymes from organic waste, describe the effect and determine the most effective concentration of eco-enzymes in increasing the cover area (LCA) and biomass of Lemna minor, as well as assess its impact as an alternative feed supporting SDG 2. The research was conducted from September to November 2025 at Kampoeng Pintar Oase and consisted of two stages, namely observation of the eco-enzyme production process and experimentation with its implementation in Lemna minor cultivation. The parameters observed included the macro nutrient content of eco-enzymes, cover area (LCA), Lemna minor biomass, and cultivation media quality. Nutrient content analysis was conducted at the Surabaya Laboratory of the Agency for Standardization and Industrial Services (BSPJI) based on the 2011 standard for liquid organic fertilizer quality. The data were analyzed descriptively quantitatively, followed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test at a 5% level. The results showed that eco-enzyme met the standards for liquid organic fertilizer and had a significant effect on the growth of Lemna minor. A concentration of 20 ml of eco-enzyme produced the highest LCA and biomass values, while a concentration of 60 ml showed the lowest growth. These findings indicate that eco-enzyme at the optimal concentration effectively increases Lemna minor production and supports sustainable food security in line with SDG 2.
Case management by judges is increasingly determining the outcome of litigation, particularly in the multidistrict litigation (MDL) process. One concern is that the MDL process pressures defendants to settle, regardless of the merits, and provides insufficient information on the value of individual cases within the MDL. Critics of the MDL system have suggested two management orders as solutions to these problems. The first is Lone Pine orders, which require plaintiffs in an MDL to produce evidence of injury and causation. The second is bellwether trials, in which the court selects certain cases for trial to provide information on the value of claims and encourage settlement. We examine the impact of Lone Pine orders and bellwether trial processes on the outcomes of cases in multidistrict litigation (MDLs). Using data on MDLs from 1992 to 2017, we find that Lone Pine orders are associated with an increase in the number of cases resolved in the MDL process.
Marko Vukolić, Orestis Alpos, Jakov Mitrovski
et al.
We introduce Bitcoin-IPC, a software stack and protocol that scales Bitcoin towards helping it become the universal Medium of Exchange (MoE) by enabling the permissionless creation of fully programmable Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Layer-2 chains, called subnets, whose stake is denominated in L1 BTC. Bitcoin-IPC subnets rely on Bitcoin L1 for the communication of critical information, settlement, and security. Our design, inspired by SWIFT messaging and embedded within Bitcoin's SegWit mechanism, enables seamless value transfer across L2 subnets, routed through Bitcoin L1. Uniquely, this mechanism reduces the virtual-byte cost per transaction (vB per tx) by up to 23x, compared to transacting natively on Bitcoin L1, effectively increasing monetary transaction throughput from 7 tps to over 160 tps, without requiring any modifications to Bitcoin L1.
The coupled and coordinated interaction between digital economy and cultivated land use efficiency (CLUE) is of great practical significance for guaranteeing national food security. Therefore, this study constructed the evaluation index system from two aspects of digital economy and CLUE, and used the coupling coordination degree (CCD) model to measure the level of their coordination and interaction, and then analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of the CCD. At the same time, the Tobit model is introduced to explore the driving factors and make recommendations accordingly. The study shows that: (1) Both the CLUE and the digital economy show an upward trend during the study period, but there are obvious spatial differences, and the development level of CLUE is better than that of the digital economy. (2) The CCD has steadily risen, regional differences have been narrowing, and the overall level has risen from mild disorder to benign coordination over the study period. Spatially, high value areas are mainly clustered in the eastern region and part of the central region. (3) The CCD has the stability of maintaining the original level state, and the dynamic evolution is a gradual process. There is a positive synergy effect when the level of neighboring regions is the same as its own level. (4) The Tobit model shows that economic, technical innovation and urbanization promote the CCD, while the urban–rural development gap and industrial structure inhibit the CCD.
Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food processing and manufacture
Abstract In the information age, digital information technology has gradually become a new quality of productivity to improve international competitiveness, and the status and importance of the pseudo human settlements(PHS) constructed by digital and information has been increasing in the human settlements(HS) system. In this context, exploring the coupling coordination of the internal systems of the PHS provides a theoretical basis for promoting the comprehensive improvement of the quality of the HS in the urban agglomerations, provides a theoretical reference for rationally interpreting the new type of human-land relationship in the information age, and provide a new perspective for the study of the human settlements geography. Currently, research on PHS is in its nascent stages, therefore, we construct a theoretical framework for the coupling coordination of the “three states” of the HS, takes the internal system of PHS as the entry point, empirically analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the PHS coupling coordination degree within urban agglomerations in eastern China and the driving factors by using the coupling coordination degree, spatial autocorrelation, the center of gravity and the ellipse of the standard deviation, and geo-detector models. Research shows: (1) Time course: exhibits an upward “inverted L” trend. (2) Spatial pattern: exhibits a general spatial pattern of “high in the north and low in the south”. (3) Spatial correlation: shows a spatially positively correlated clustering trend. (4) Spatial evolution: demonstrates a decentralized pattern of migration from the northeast to the southwest, indicating that the coupling coordination grows faster in the southwest than in the northeast. (5) Driving factor: the development of coupling coordination degree of PHS results from multiple factors and systems. This research provides theoretical support for promoting the comprehensive improvement of the quality of PHS in the urban agglomerations in eastern China, and offers scientific reference for the construction of PHS in other regions of China.
Quebin Bosbely Casiá-Ajché, Natalia Escobedo-Kenefic, Denisse Escobar-González
et al.
Land use, local management, and seasonal variation significantly impact the ecological dynamics of bee–plant communities and their ecological interactions. These variables negatively affect diversity and ecological interaction networks within human-dominated landscapes. Additionally, seasonal variables such as temperature, rainfall, and resource availability across different seasons play essential roles in shaping bee communities and their interactions with flowering plants. However, little is known about how diversity and ecological interaction networks of non-crop plants in agricultural landscapes respond to intra-seasonal variations, specifically within the rainy season. In this study, we assessed how land use types, coffee crop management, and intra-seasonal variation within the rainy season influenced the composition and diversity of bee and plant communities, and their interaction networks in semi-natural habitats surrounding coffee plantations. We recorded the diversity of bees and plants and analysed their interactions networks metrics, such as specialisation, nestedness, modularity, connectance and bee/plant generality, in 8 pairs of sites. Our findings indicate that human settlements negatively influence bee generality, suggesting that human-dominated land and the introduction of exotic plants reduce floral resources for bees, which may decrease bee visitation. In contrast, extensive semi-natural and forested areas seemed to support bee generality. Additionally, we observed higher visit frequency and richness of bees and plant generality during the second period of the rainy season (July to October), leading to more robust bee–plant interaction networks in the same period. This study enhances our understanding of how land-use types and intra-seasonal climatic variation shape structure of bee floral visitor communities and their interactions with flowering plants. Furthermore, our findings underline the negative impact of human-dominated landscapes on the ecological dynamics of plants visited by bees and their interaction networks.
Yuli Astutik, Sheila Agustina, Fika Megawati
et al.
In order to achieve quality learning in accordance with the aspirations and the fourth goal of SDGs, teachers need to create learning that is complete and in accordance with the needs of students. This complete and appropriate learning can be demonstrated by the teaching modules used by the teacher. In fact, teachers still encounter problems in compiling teaching modules that suit the needs of students in the current era of digital technology. This obstacle is also experienced by high school English teachers in Sidoarjo. One of the challenges is the lack of innovation in using and implementing information and technology-based English learning media. Therefore, with this community service, the authors aim to increase the high school English teachers' innovation through training on teaching module development with EdPuzzle integration. The success of this program was measured from a questionnaire filled out by the teachers. As a result, teachers who previously did not know what EdPuzzle was were finally able to create and implement it in class. They argue that digital media such as EdPuzzle is very useful for teaching and learning English. Thus, this community service has been carried out properly and succeeded in achieving the planned goals.
Nada Samir Farag, Gehan Elsayed Abd eldayem, Ahmed Saleh Abd Elfatah
Cities confront massive issues like Disasters, climate change, urbanization, population growth, and economic growth; it is necessary to reduce their impact to the minimum possible. To accomplish this, A smart, resilient society intended to manage cities using Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and intelligent information technologies to improve the ability to resist, absorb, and adapt to external changes resulting in urban resilience. Beyond that, constructing a smart, resilient city is a more advanced strategy for reducing vulnerabilities to emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic and natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis. This study proposes a conceptual design for smart resilience cities and explores how a system can improve risk reduction and adaptation approaches and natural disaster recovery. Using various examples, the various states how smart cities' characteristics help cities be more resilient to disasters. The paper explains the differences and similarities between a smart city and a resilient city.
Cities. Urban geography, Urbanization. City and country
Tohid Moghtader, Ahmad Sharafati, Hosein Naderpour
et al.
To control tunneling risk, the prediction of the surface settlement rate induced by shield tunneling using earth pressure balance plays a crucial role. To achieve this, ten independent variables were identified that can affect the amount of settlement. The nonlinear relationship between maximum ground surface settlements and ten influential independent variables was considered in artificial neural network (ANN) models. A total of 150 genuine datasets derived from the Southern Development Section of the Tehran Metro Line 6 project were used to train, validate, and test ANN techniques. Hence, the ground surface settlements of the mentioned project were predicted by the most accurate back propagation ANN technique. Ultimately, the importance level of different influential parameters on ground settlement at tunneling is relatively determined based on the results of the optimal neural network. The results used in this paper to evaluate the relative importance of each variable involved in the rate of ground surface settlement demonstrate that the parameters of grout injection and permeability equivalent to the proportions of approximately 16.91% and 5.07% have the highest and lowest impact, successively.
The high-quality interaction of urban reality human settlements (RHSs), pseudo-human settlements (PHSs) and image human settlements (IHSs) can better explain the constantly updated human settlements phenomena under the human–land-relationship regional system. At present, the basic connotation, empirical exploration and optimized path of high-quality and coordinated development of “three states” of human settlements are not clear. In this paper, we take 14 prefecture-level cities in Liaoning Province as case areas and empirically explore their spatial patterns, coupling and coordination spatial relationships, driving mechanisms and development paths by using a coupling and coordination model, the entropy weight method and the geographic detector method. The results indicate that: (1) The spatial pattern of high-quality development of “three states” of human settlements varies significantly in different regions, forming a “dual-core” and “hump” spatial structure. (2) RHSs, PHSs and IHSs are not completely coordinated, forming “high–high–high” and “low–low–low” types, represented by Shenyang and Fuxin. (3) The high-quality coordinated development of “three states” of human settlements is driven by economic conditions, population conditions, entertainment systems and other factors. The population system, the social communication system and the support system, respectively, lead the high-quality coordinated development of RHSs, PHSs and IHSs.
In recent years, the high development of high-speed railway lines cross through areas with poor geological conditions, such as soft soil, offshore and low-lying marsh areas, resulting geotechnical problems, such as large settlements and reduction of bearing capacity. As a new soil reinforcement method in high speed railway lines, the piled raft structure has been used to improve soil conditions and control excess settlement. In order to study the dynamic behavior of piled raft supported ballastless track system in soft soil, an experimental study on vibration velocities of piled raft supported embankment and foundations is presented in soft soil with different underground water levels. Vibration velocities at specified positions of the piled raft supported embankment and foundations are obtained and discussed. The vibration velocity curves on various testing locations of piled raft foundations are clearly visible and have sharp impulse and relaxation pattern, corresponding to loading from train wheels, bogies, and passages. Vibration velocity distribution in the horizontal direction at three train speeds clearly follows an exponential curves. Most of the power spectrums of vibration velocity at various locations are mainly concentrated at harmonic frequencies. The change in water level has slight impaction on the peak spectrum of vibration velocity at harmonic frequencies. The vibration power induced by train loads are transmitted, absorbed, and weakened to a certain extent through embankment and piled raft structure. The dynamic response character of embankments are affected by their self-vibration characteristics and the dynamic bearing capacity of the piled raft structure.
Michelle Escobar Carias, David Johnston, Rachel Knott
et al.
Billions of people live in urban poverty, with many forced to reside in disaster-prone areas. Research suggests that such disasters harm child nutrition and increase adult morbidity. However, little is known about impacts on mental health, particularly of people living in slums. In this paper we estimate the effects of flood disasters on the mental and physical health of poor adults and children in urban Indonesia. Our data come from the Indonesia Family Life Survey and new surveys of informal settlement residents. We find that urban poor populations experience increases in acute morbidities and depressive symptoms following floods, that the negative mental health effects last longer, and that the urban wealthy show no health effects from flood exposure. Further analysis suggests that worse economic outcomes may be partly responsible. Overall, the results provide a more nuanced understanding of the morbidities experienced by populations most vulnerable to increased disaster occurrence.
Due to the specificity of China's dualistic household registration system and the differences in the rights and interests attached to it, household registration is prevalent as a control variable in the empirical evidence. In the context of family planning policies, this paper proposes to use family size and number of children as instrumental variables for household registration, and discusses qualitatively and statistically verifies their relevance and exogeneity, while empirically analyzing the impact of the household registration system on citizenship of the mobile population. After controlling for city, individual control variables and fixed effects, the following conclusions are drawn: family size and number of children pass the over-identification test when used as instrumental variables for household registration; non-agricultural households have about 20.2% lower settlement intentions and 7.28% lower employment levels in inflow cities than agricultural households; the mechanism of the effect of the nature of household registration on employment still holds for the non-mobile population group.
Kavya Govindarajan, Dhinakaran Vinayagamurthy, Praveen Jayachandran
et al.
Decentralized exchange markets leveraging blockchain have been proposed recently to provide open and equal access to traders, improve transparency and reduce systemic risk of centralized exchanges. However, they compromise on the privacy of traders with respect to their asset ownership, account balance, order details and their identity. In this paper, we present Rialto, a fully decentralized privacy-preserving exchange marketplace with support for matching trade orders, on-chain settlement and market price discovery. Rialto provides confidentiality of order rates and account balances and unlinkability between traders and their trade orders, while retaining the desirable properties of a traditional marketplace like front-running resilience and market fairness. We define formal security notions and present a security analysis of the marketplace. We perform a detailed evaluation of our solution, demonstrate that it scales well and is suitable for a large class of goods and financial instruments traded in modern exchange markets.
Valdemar Vicente Graciano Neto, Bruno Gabriel Araújo Lebtag, Paulo Gabriel Teixeira
et al.
System-of-Systems (SoS) has consolidated itself as a special type of software-intensive systems. As such, subtypes of SoS have also emerged, such as Cyber-Physical SoS (CPSoS) that are formed essentially of cyber-physical constituent systems and Systems-of-Information Systems (SoIS) that contain information systems as their constituents. In contrast to CPSoS that have been investigated and covered in the specialized literature, SoIS still lack critical discussion about their fundamentals. The main contribution of this paper is to present those fundamentals to set an understanding of SoIS. By offering a discussion and examining literature cases, we draw an essential settlement on SoIS definition, basics, and practical implications. The discussion herein presented results from research conducted on SoIS over the past years in interinstitutional and multinational research collaborations. The knowledge gathered in this paper arises from several scientific discussion meetings among the authors. As a result, we aim to contribute to the state of the art of SoIS besides paving the research avenues for the forthcoming years.
This paper builds on the methodology for assessing the transformation of Roman villas in Late Antiquity. Previous studies have moved from simple identification towards a more holistic way of spatially visualizing transformation (for example, Chavarría 2007; Dodd 2019), however, none of these previous attempts have led to a spatially comparable approach to site transformation across different regions and individual settlements. This paper will lay out the problematic nature of spatially illustrating villa transformation and address the development processes of prior studies. It will lay out the conceptual framework for a new approach to addressing villa transformation based on three spatial layers and demonstrate their applicability on two important villa settlements in Northern Britain and the Saarland.