Essa obra apresenta a Teologia do Povo, suas características e relação com as demais vertentes da teologia latino-americana e o como ela se faz presente no magistério do Papa Francisco.
تتحدد النظرية المقاصدية في نوعين: نوع أول غائي يتضمن ثلاثة مستويات، ونوع آخر خطابي يتمثَّل في الدلالات المقصودة من خطاب القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية. والحجة الرئيسة التي يسوقها هذا البحث هي أنَّ النظرية بصفة عامَّة، النظرية المقاصدية بصفة خاصة، يجب أنْ تظلَّ دائماً مَحلَّ فحص ونقد؛ لأنَّ الاعتقاد بكمال النظرية المقاصدية من زاوية بنائها المنهجي وزاوية محتواها العِلْمي، والتوقُّف عن تحقيقها عِلْمياً؛ سيُحوِّلها إلى مذهب أو عقيدة، وهو ما يتناقض مع خصيصة العِلْم التي تتمثَّل في قابليته للتصحيح والتسديد والمراجعة والتقويم والتقييم. ولتعضيد هذه الحجة، يتناول هذا البحث منهجية التدبُّر في مفهوم العلواني لتفسير القرآن بالقرآن، ويوضح أنه صياغة منهجية وتدبُّر تطبيقي قائم على عمادي المبادئ والأدوات؛ ما يعني أنَّه يُمثِّل ممارسة اجتهادية، وهو ما يتطلَّب مزيداً من البحث المستفيض عند النظر في جهود مُفسِّري القرآن الكريم قديماً وحديثاً.
Education, Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
Our work begins by providing a derived characterization of rational singularities for pairs in the sense of Schwede--Takagi. This characterization both generalizes and independently obtains a result of Lank--Venkatesh in the special case of varieties with rational singularities. As an application, we introduce a categorical invariant that measures the failure of rationality for pairs on affine varieties which are locally complete intersections.
We study the connectedness of the real locus of smooth geometrically rational Fano threefolds and prove a sufficient criterion of $\mathbb{R}$-rationality.
Juan Juan Gerardo Alcázar, Carlos Hermoso, Hüsnü Anıl Çoban
et al.
In this paper we provide, first, a general symbolic algorithm for computing the symmetries of a given rational surface, based on the classical differential invariants of surfaces, i.e. Gauss curvature and mean curvature. In practice, the algorithm works well for sparse parametrizations (e.g. toric surfaces) and PN surfaces. Additionally, we provide a specific, also symbolic algorithm for computing the symmetries of ruled surfaces; this algorithm works extremely well in practice, since the problem is reduced to that of rational space curves, which can be efficiently solved by using existing methods. The algorithm for ruled surfaces is based on the fact, proven in the paper, that every symmetry of a rational surface must also be a symmetry of its line of striction, which is a rational space curve. The algorithms have been implemented in the computer algebra system Maple, and the implementations have been made public; evidence of their performance is given in the paper.
In projective space over fields of characteristic different from 2, the normal bundle of a general nondegenerate rational curve is balanced. The corresponding statement for rational curves in other Grassmannians can fail. Nevertheless, we prove that the normal bundle of a general rational curve in a Grassmannian decomposes into a direct sum of line bundles whose degrees are at most 2 apart.
Hebraic written stones represent the primary surviving physical testimony to the Jewish past in Portugal, apart from a Medieval synagogue in the city of Tomar. As it is true for other religious objects, medieval Hebraic epigraphic stones have become a heritage asset, opening the way to specific recognition of the Jewish materiality of Portugal. Long after the forced conversion of Portuguese Jews to Catholicism or their exodus, a few epigraphic testimonials were collected, maintained, and displayed. A group of 20th century Jewish and non-Jewish amateur archaeologists and historians assembled manuscripts, books and stones and attempted to establish a museum in the medieval synagogue of Tomar. They dedicated themselves to the study and preservation of this written religious legacy and proposed to focus on the letter as the principal material heritage to represent the Portuguese Jewish past. Drawing on the concept of religious heritage complex, this article describes how letters, as material remains, lead to the cultural renewal of a religious minority’s past. The study also sheds light on the cultural and religious consequences of this attention to letters on the heritage-making process itself. Through a combination of archival study, ethnographic fieldwork and comparison, the study sought to better understand the late destiny of the written remains of Judaism in Portugal.
Is more information always better? Or are there some situations in which more information can make us worse off? Good (1967) argues that expected utility maximizers should always accept more information if the information is cost-free and relevant. But Good's argument presupposes that you are certain you will update by conditionalization. If we relax this assumption and allow agents to be uncertain about updating, these agents can be rationally required to reject free and relevant information. Since there are good reasons to be uncertain about updating, rationality can require you to prefer ignorance.
A new method is introduced to construct approximations to Skyrmions that are explicit rational functions of the spatial Cartesian coordinates. The scheme uses ADHM data of a Yang-Mills instanton to produce a Skyrmion with a baryon number that is equal to the instanton number. The formula for the Skyrmion involves only the evaluation of the ADHM data, in contrast to the Atiyah-Manton construction that requires the solution of a differential equation that can only be solved explicitly in the case of a spherically symmetric Skyrmion. Examples with baryon numbers one and two are studied in detail. The energy of the rational Skyrmion with baryon number one is lower than that of the Atiyah-Manton Skyrmion, which is already within one percent of the energy of the true numerically computed Skyrmion. A family of baryon number two Skyrmions is presented, which includes an axially symmetric Skyrmion that smoothly transforms to a pair of well-separated single Skyrmions as the parameter is varied.
I prove closed-form identities that I discovered for the first and second derivatives of the $q$-rationals at $q = 1$, in which the $q$-rationals are defined as they are in arXiv:1812.00170.
This study identified the relationship between preoccupation with devotional songs and spiritual well-being of religious individuals, and examined the mediating effect of intrinsic religiosity on preoccupation with devotional songs and spiritual well-being, moderated by the emotionally adaptive functions of music. The participants were 427 male and female Korean religious individuals. PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 7 was used to analyze the moderated mediating effects. The results revealed that preoccupation with devotional songs was positively correlated with the emotionally adaptive functions of music, religiosity, and spiritual well-being, whereas emotionally adaptive functions of music were not significantly correlated with intrinsic religiosity. Intrinsic religiosity was positively correlated with spiritual well-being, whereas extrinsic social religiosity was not. In a moderated mediating model, there was a significant interaction effect of preoccupation with devotional songs and the emotionally adaptive functions of music; however, intrinsic religiosity could mediate the relationship between preoccupation with devotional songs and spiritual well-being, regardless of the level of emotionally adaptive functions of music. These findings suggest that, although there may be a slight difference depending on the level of use of emotionally adaptive functions of music, preoccupation with devotional songs can promote intrinsic religiosity and lead to the spiritual well-being of religious individuals.
This article examines how religious freedom has been implemented and interpreted in Finland over the last hundred years. Moving chronologically, I explore the most crucial developmental phases in religious freedom legislation and public discussion. The Act on the Freedom of Religion was only introduced after Finland’s independence in 1917 and entered into force at the beginning of 1923. The article shows themes that provoked much discussion in the 1920s and were interestingly repeated in the debate in the 1960s. The question of the relationship between the church and state was at the core of the Finnish public debate on freedom of religion from the outset. A similar discussion again became visible at the turn of the twenty-first century in connection with the basic rights reform and processing of the new Act on the Freedom of Religion. The strength of the Finnish state church system in society is still illustrated by the fact that the Act on the Freedom of Religion of 2003 did not really change the basic premise regarding the Lutheran and Orthodox churches, which hold a special position. Opinion remains divided on whether such a system is problematic for the realization of religious freedom.
The <i>Da fangdeng rulaizang jing</i>大方等如來藏經 (Skt. <i>Tathāgatagarbha-sūtra</i>), translated by Buddhabhadra佛陀跋陀羅 (358–429) is one of the early Chinese Buddhist canon texts where the term <i>foxing</i>佛性 (Jp. <i>busshō</i>; Buddha-nature) is clearly used to express Buddha-nature. However, the term <i>foxing</i> cannot be confirmed in other extant translations of the <i>Tathāgatagarbha-sūtra</i>. Another early text in the Chinese Buddhist canon, the <i>Da banniepan jing</i>大般涅槃經 (Skt. <i>Mahāparinirvā</i><i>ṇa-mah</i><i>ās</i><i>ūtra</i>), translated by Dharmakṣema曇無讖 (385?–433), also used the term <i>foxing</i>, which cannot be correspondingly confirmed in the surviving Sanskrit fragments of this scripture. Some significant differences in <i>foxing</i> between the Sanskrit fragments and Dharmakṣema’s translation of this sutra belong to the first twelve fascicles of Dharmakṣema’s translation completed under his collaborators’ support when he had not mastered the Chinese language. It is very likely that Faxian法顯 (337–422) translated a version of the <i>Mahāparinirvā</i><i>ṇa-mah</i><i>ās</i><i>ūtra</i> that featured <i>buddhadhātu</i> as <i>foxing</i>. Buddhabhadra, in the same period, translated a version of the <i>Tathāgatagarbha-sūtra</i>, in which he favoured the term <i>foxing</i> over a literal translation of the Sanskrit. As another contemporary monk with these two, Dharmakṣema translated the <i>Mahāparinirvā</i><i>ṇa-mahāsūtra</i>, going further than Faxian by using the term <i>foxing</i> regularly. These texts influenced the Dilun monastic tradition地論宗. Among these, the term <i>foxing</i> and its Sinicism explanations played the most significant role, influencing the whole of the Chinese and even East Asian Buddhist thought.
We define an extension of parity from the integers to the rational numbers. Three parity classes are found -- even, odd and `none'. Using the 2-adic valuation, we partition the rationals into subgroups with a rich algebraic structure. The natural density provides a means of distinguishing the sizes of countably infinite sets. The Calkin-Wilf tree has a remarkably simple parity pattern, with the sequence `odd/none/even' repeating indefinitely. This pattern means that the three parity classes have equal natural density in the rationals. A similar result holds for the Stern-Brocot tree.
We study combinatorial properties of a rational Dyck path by decomposing it into a tuple of Dyck paths. The combinatorial models such as $b$-Stirling permutations, $(b+1)$-ary trees, parenthesis presentations, and binary trees play central roles to establish a correspondence between the rational Dyck path and the tuple of Dyck paths. We reinterpret two orders, the Young and the rotation orders, on rational Dyck paths in terms of the tuple of Dyck paths by use of the decomposition. As an application, we show a duality between $(a,b)$-Dyck paths and $(b,a)$-Dyck paths in terms of binary trees.
Building on work by Alishahi-Dowlin, we extract a new knot invariant $λ\ge 0$ from universal Khovanov homology. While $λ$ is a lower bound for the unknotting number, in fact more is true: $λ$ is a lower bound for the proper rational unknotting number (the minimal number of rational tangle replacements preserving connectivity necessary to relate a knot to the unknot). Moreover, we show that for all $n \ge 0$, there exists a knot K with $λ(K) = n$. Along the way, following Thompson, we compute the Bar-Natan complexes of rational tangles.
This article introduces a new analytical model for researching vernacular religion, which aims to capture and describe everyday religiosity as an interplay between knowing, being, and doing religion. It suggests three processes that tie this triad together: continuity; change; and context. The model is envisaged as a tool for tracing vernacular religion in ethnographic data in a multidimensional yet structured framework that is sensitive to historical data and cultural context, but also to individual narratives and nuances. It highlights the relationship between self-motivated modes of religiosity and institutional structures, as well as influences from secular sources and various traditions and worldviews.
The article is based on an ongoing research project focusing on everyday Judaism in Finland. The ethnographic examples illustrate how differently these dynamics play out in different life narratives, depending on varying emphases, experiences, and situations. By bringing together major themes recognized as relevant in previous research and offering an analytical tool for detecting them in ethnographic materials, the model has the potential to create new openings for comparative research, because it facilitates the interlinking of datasets across contexts and cultures. The article concludes that the model can be developed into a more generally applicable analytical tool for structuring and elucidating contemporary ethnographies, mirroring a world of rapid cultural and religious change.