Hasil untuk "Public law"

Vitor Calandrini, Paulo Santos de Almeida

Relations between human beings and non-human fauna have assumed increasing centrality in contemporary legal and political agendas, driven by the intensification of global ecological crises, the accelerated loss of biodiversity and the expansion of ethical debates concerning the protection of sentient beings. In this context, this article undertakes a comparative analysis of the normative models and public policies aimed at the protection of fauna and nature developed in South America and in the European Union, seeking to identify convergences, divergences and structural limits within these experiences. The study adopts a functional comparative law approach, combining normative, jurisprudential and institutional analysis. On the one hand, it examines the consolidation, within the European Union, of a highly institutionalised regulatory model centred on animal welfare and the legal recognition of animal sentience, structured through supranational legislation and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. On the other hand, it analyses the emergence, in South American countries, of constitutional and jurisprudential innovations incorporating ecocentric perspectives, particularly through the recognition of the rights of nature and the expansion of legal protection for fauna as an integral component of ecological systems. The findings indicate that, although the European model presents greater normative uniformity and institutional capacity for implementation, it remains constrained by a predominantly instrumental and anthropocentric logic. By contrast, South American experiences offer significant conceptual advances by extending legal protection beyond the human sphere yet face substantial challenges of practical effectiveness. It is concluded that these distinct normative trajectories may be understood as complementary in the construction of more coherent and effective public policies capable of addressing contemporary global socio-environmental challenges.

Qihua Zhang, Maria Hilse, Stephanie Law

The growth of wafer-scale van der Waals (vdW) thin films and heterostructures by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is important for future applications in quantum technologies, next generation optoelectronic devices, and fundamental physics investigations. When grown using co-deposition methods that are typically used for compound semiconductor MBE, vdW materials typically show a high density of structural defects including twin or antiphase domains, spiral growth, and pyramidal growth. These defects are caused by the relatively weak film/substrate interaction and/or the poor wettability of typical substrates by many vdW materials. These difficulties can be mitigated using a multi-step growth procedure in which growth stages including nucleation and coalescence can be rigorously controlled, resulting in high-quality deposition of vdW thin films. This article will describe a general recipe for the growth of highly-crystalline wafer-scale vdW thin films by MBE.

Filip Bialy, Mark Elliot, Robert Meckin

This paper offers a domain-mediated comparative review of 251 studies on public attitudes toward AI, published between 2011 and 2025. Drawing on a systematic literature review, we analyse how different factors including perceived benefits and concerns (or risks) shape public acceptance of - or resistance to - artificial intelligence across domains and use-cases, including healthcare, education, security, public administration, generative AI, and autonomous vehicles. The analysis highlights recurring patterns in individual, contextual, and technical factors influencing perception, while also tracing variations in institutional trust, perceived fairness, and ethical concerns. We show that the public perception in AI is shaped not only by technical design or performance but also by sector-specific considerations as well as imaginaries, cultural narratives, and historical legacies. This comparative approach offers a foundation for developing more tailored and context-sensitive strategies for responsible AI governance.

Fanjun Bu, Kerstin Fischer, Wendy Ju

In this work, we analyze video data and interviews from a public deployment of two trash barrel robots in a large public space to better understand the sensemaking activities people perform when they encounter robots in public spaces. Based on an analysis of 274 human-robot interactions and interviews with N=65 individuals or groups, we discovered that people were responding not only to the robots or their behavior, but also to the general idea of deploying robots as trashcans, and the larger social implications of that idea. They wanted to understand details about the deployment because having that knowledge would change how they interact with the robot. Based on our data and analysis, we have provided implications for design that may be topics for future human-robot design researchers who are exploring robots for public space deployment. Furthermore, our work offers a practical example of analyzing field data to make sense of robots in public spaces.

Matilde Cittadini, Adriana Offredi R.

This article examines the interplay between decommodification and defamilisation within minimum income schemes (MIS) in two Southern European countries: Spain and Italy. While decommodification highlights the degree to which individuals can sustain a socially acceptable standard of living independently of market participation, defamilisation emphasises the extent to which individuals can achieve autonomy and well‐being independently of support from their families. Both concepts are critical in understanding youth transitions to adulthood in societies where living with one’s parents until one’s thirties and delayed family formation are prevalent. In Southern Europe, where the average age of leaving the parental household is significantly higher than the European average, the family functions as a filter of conditionality, mediating access to social protection and reinforcing intergenerational dependencies. Our research investigates how the design and implementation of MIS shape the ability of young people to achieve financial independence and self‐sufficiency, particularly during critical life transitions. Young individuals in these contexts face heightened exposure to socioeconomic risks, delayed independence, and limited access to adequate social protection. Using a qualitative approach, we analyse 21 biographical interviews with young people across the two countries who are beneficiaries of the benefit, have applied for it, or have been refused it. This enables us to examine how MIS frameworks influence young people’s independence, perpetuate intergenerational imbalances, and exacerbate age‐related vulnerabilities. Using defamilisation as a lens, we provide new insights into how social policy interacts with familial structures, shaping the trajectories and experiences of Southern European youth.

Changyue Kang

The relationship between law and morality remains a subject of debate. In contemporary China, the ideal of the rule of law coexists alongside the enduring tradition of moral governance. While the principle of public order and cultivated customs are recognized as a moral-legal norm, its unclear boundaries render its practical application complex. Scholars have engaged in extensive debates regarding its definition, scope and legal applications, but philosophical exploration of its deeper meaning remains limited. Therefore, this paper traces the historical evolution of the principle, outlines its current areas of application, and elucidates its ethical significance and core values. This paper argues that public order and good morals align with the value orientation of the law, manifested through four ethical dimensions: respect, freedom, responsibility and harmony. When collective interests conflict with individual rights, these fundamental values should take precedence. Additionally, this paper offers an important research perspective for the development of modern legal ethics. Submission: 11/7/2025 – Decision: 8/8/2025 - Revision: 30/8/2025 – Publication: 19/9/2025

Lena Zelmanowicz

13 grudnia 2024 roku odbyła się II Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa „Dziecko w rodzinie – dawniej i dziś”, zorganizowana przez Koło Naukowe Obrony Praw Człowieka i Obywatela Uniwersytetu Opolskiego we współpracy z Katedrą Historii Ustroju i Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Kołem Naukowym „Inter-Lex” przy Uniwersytecie Opolskim, Sekcją Historii Prawa Koła Naukowego Studentów Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego oraz Studenckim Kołem Naukowym Studentów Prawa Lwowskiego Uniwersytetu Narodowego im. Iwana Franki. Konferencja odbyła się w formie hybrydowej, umożliwiając uczestnictwo stacjonarne w Opolu, Lublinie i Lwowie oraz zdalne za pośrednictwem platform Google Meet i MS Teams. Wydarzenie skupiło się na analizie pozycji prawnej dziecka na przestrzeni dziejów, uwzględniając aspekty cywilne, karne, oświatowe oraz międzynarodowe. W ramach obrad wygłoszono 42 referaty, które wzbudziły ożywione dyskusje uczestników i podkreśliły znaczenie interdyscyplinarnego podejścia oraz współpracy międzynarodowej w ochronie praw dziecka.

Battulga Gankhuu

In this paper, we developed the Merton's structural model for public companies under an assumption that liabilities of the companies are observed. Using Campbell and Shiller's approximation method, we obtain formulas of risk-neutral equity and liability values and default probabilities for the public companies. Also, the paper provides ML estimators of suggested model's parameters.

Ergon Cugler de Moraes Silva, Jose Carlos Vaz

This study investigates the impact of disinformation on public policies. Using 28 sets of keywords in eight databases, a systematic review was carried out following the Prisma 2020 model (Page et al., 2021). After applying filters and inclusion and exclusion criteria to 4,128 articles and materials found, 46 publications were analyzed, resulting in 23 disinformation impact categories. These categories were organized into two main axes: State and Society and Actors and Dynamics, covering impacts on State actors, society actors, State dynamics and society dynamics. The results indicate that disinformation affects public decisions, adherence to policies, prestige of institutions, perception of reality, consumption, public health and other aspects. Furthermore, this study suggests that disinformation should be treated as a public problem and incorporated into the public policy research agenda, contributing to the development of strategies to mitigate its effects on government actions.

Daiki Miyagawa, Koki Miyabara, Genki Ichinose

Cooperation in human society is sustained by reputation. In general, the reputation of an individual is determined by others who observe his behavior, but this rarely happens in private situations. This may cause people to behave inconsistently, cooperating in public and not cooperating in private. A previous experiment showed that people gave a lower reputation to an individual who cooperated in public but defected in private rather than a consistently uncooperative individual regardless of public and private situations. However, the reason behind this is unclear. Here, we study how cooperation and the reputational mechanism co-evolve on the condition that two types of interaction (public and private) exist. The simulation results show that the evolved social norm is characterized by at least one of the following: preference for consistent or aversion of inconsistent behavior in both interactions when the risk that behaviors in private interactions are observed exceeds a certain threshold. We also find that such social norms promote cooperation in private situations as well as in public ones.

Jaime Gerónimo De La Cruz

La presente investigación surge ante la necesidad de frenar el crecimiento de la corrupción que ocurre dentro de las instituciones públicas, específicamente, en las contrataciones del Estado. En la actualidad, es evidente que la corrupción se ha expandido a todos los rincones del sector estatal, llegando incluso a consolidarse en los aparatos más complejos del Estado como son las contrataciones públicas, donde se destina una gran cantidad de dinero para alcanzar un fin colectivo; sin embargo, tal fin social queda truncado por los actos de corrupción que se llevan a cabo dentro de la entidad pública al momento de ejecutarse las contrataciones. En tal sentido, a fin de frenar dichos actos ilícitos en las contrataciones públicas, cabe la necesidad de supervisar las actuaciones de los agentes que llevan a cabo la contratación, surge así la figura del compliance penal como una solución para frenar este problema social, configurándose como un programa de cumplimiento normativo que reduce el riesgo de actos de corrupción.

Israilova Luisa U., Israilova Larisa U., Akaeva H. A.

This study is dedicated to the peculiarities of the functioning and adaptation of borrowings from foreign languages as a result of interaction with the Chechen language in the processes of globalization. The authors noted the importance of this problem in connection with the growing importance of the Chechen language in society, which, in turn, promotes the activation of its use as one of the state languages of the Republic in all organizations and institutions. It is noted that at the nowadays Anglicisms from the sphere of finance, law and information technology are the most popular among borrowings in the Chechen language, since these groups of terminological systems were most often used in the spheres of public administration, economics of administrative activity – that is, in the spheres of functioning of the official business style. The official business style, like other functional styles of the modern Chechen language, reflects socio-political changes in society that causes dynamic processes in the vocabulary of the Chechen language.

Anette Storgaard

Anik Pramanik, Pan Xu, Yifan Xu

There are many news articles reporting the obstacles confronting poverty-stricken households in access to public transits. These barriers create a great deal of inconveniences for these impoverished families and more importantly, they contribute a lot of social inequalities. A typical approach addressing the issue is to build more transport infrastructure to offer more opportunities to access the public transits especially for those deprived communities. Examples include adding more bus lines connecting needy residents to railways systems and extending existing bus lines to areas with low socioeconomic status. Recently, a new strategy is proposed, which is to harness the ubiquitous ride-hailing services to connect disadvantaged households with the nearest public transportations. Compared with the former infrastructure-based solution, the ride-hailing-based strategy enjoys a few exclusive benefits such as higher effectiveness and more flexibility. In this paper, we propose an optimization model to study how to integrate the two approaches together for equity-promotion purposes. Specifically, we aim to design a strategy of allocating a given limited budget to different candidate programs such that the overall social equity is maximized, which is defined as the minimum covering ratio among all pre-specified protected groups of households (based on race, income, etc.). We have designed a linear-programming (LP) based rounding algorithm, which proves to achieve an optimal approximation ratio of 1-1/e. Additionally, we test our algorithm against a few baselines on real data assembled by outsourcing multiple public datasets collected in the city of Chicago. Experimental results confirm our theoretical predictions and demonstrate the effectiveness of our LP-based strategy in promoting social equity, especially when the budget is insufficient.

Robert K. D. McLean, Fred Carden, Ian D. Graham et al.

Abstract Background Research co-production is an umbrella term used to describe research users and researchers working together to generate knowledge. Research co-production is used to create knowledge that is relevant to current challenges and to increase uptake of that knowledge into practice, programs, products, and/or policy. Yet, rigorous theories and methods to assess the quality of co-production are limited. Here we describe a framework for assessing the quality of research co-production—Research Quality Plus for Co-Production (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro)—and outline our field test of this approach. Methods Using a co-production approach, we aim to field test the relevance and utility of the RQ+ 4 Co-Pro framework. To do so, we will recruit participants who have led research co-production projects from the international Integrated Knowledge Translation Research Network. We aim to sample 16 to 20 co-production project leads, assign these participants to dyadic groups (8 to 10 dyads), train each participant in the RQ+ 4 Co-Pro framework using deliberative workshops and oversee a simulation assessment exercise using RQ+ 4 Co-Pro within dyadic groups. To study this experience, we use a qualitative design to collect participant demographic information and project demographic information and will use in-depth semi-structured interviews to collect data related to the experience each participant has using the RQ+ 4 Co-Pro framework. Discussion This study will yield knowledge about a new way to assess research co-production. Specifically, it will address the relevance and utility of using RQ+ 4 Co-Pro, a framework that includes context as an inseparable component of research, identifies dimensions of quality matched to the aims of co-production, and applies a systematic and transferable evaluative method for reaching conclusions. This is a needed area of innovation for research co-production to reach its full potential. The findings may benefit co-producers interested in understanding the quality of their work, but also other stewards of research co-production. Accordingly, we undertake this study as a co-production team representing multiple perspectives from across the research enterprise, such as funders, journal editors, university administrators, and government and health organization leaders.

Adrián Fábián, Petra Stankovics

The purpose of (public) administrative activity is to take decisions and, within this framework, to produce certain legal effects. In order to take effective decisions, public administrations, whether they are governmental or public authorities, need information first and foremost. Today, technological progress enables public administrations to take decisions quickly, with the support of electronic tools, and to process large amounts of data at a high level. However, the impact of the use of advanced ICT tools and technology goes beyond the boundaries of public administration and raises a number of questions that need to be answered. The complexity of the problem is illustrated by the fact that legal (strategic), technological, social and financial aspects and challenges are all at stake.

Javad Doliskani

Our main result is a quantum public-key encryption scheme based on the Extrapolated Dihedral Coset problem (EDCP) which is equivalent, under quantum polynomial-time reductions, to the Learning With Errors (LWE) problem. For limited number of public keys (roughly linear in the security parameter), the proposed scheme is information-theoretically secure. For polynomial number of public keys, breaking the scheme is as hard as solving the LWE problem. The public keys in our scheme are quantum states of size $\tilde{O}(n)$ qubits. The key generation and decryption algorithms require $\tilde{O}(n)$ qubit operations while the encryption algorithm takes $O(1)$ qubit operations.

Bran Knowles, John T. Richards

Trusted AI literature to date has focused on the trust needs of users who knowingly interact with discrete AIs. Conspicuously absent from the literature is a rigorous treatment of public trust in AI. We argue that public distrust of AI originates from the under-development of a regulatory ecosystem that would guarantee the trustworthiness of the AIs that pervade society. Drawing from structuration theory and literature on institutional trust, we offer a model of public trust in AI that differs starkly from models driving Trusted AI efforts. This model provides a theoretical scaffolding for Trusted AI research which underscores the need to develop nothing less than a comprehensive and visibly functioning regulatory ecosystem. We elaborate the pivotal role of externally auditable AI documentation within this model and the work to be done to ensure it is effective, and outline a number of actions that would promote public trust in AI. We discuss how existing efforts to develop AI documentation within organizations -- both to inform potential adopters of AI components and support the deliberations of risk and ethics review boards -- is necessary but insufficient assurance of the trustworthiness of AI. We argue that being accountable to the public in ways that earn their trust, through elaborating rules for AI and developing resources for enforcing these rules, is what will ultimately make AI trustworthy enough to be woven into the fabric of our society.

Zhiqiang Qi, Adrián Lahuerta-Lavieja, Jingya Li et al.

Deployable networks are foreseen to be one of the key technologies for public safety in fifth generation (5G) mobile communications and beyond. They can be used to complement the existing public cellular networks to provide temporary and on-demand connectivity in emergency situations. However, operating deployable networks in coexistence with public cellular networks can be challenging from an interference perspective. To gain insights on the deployment strategy for deployable networks, in this article, we present an extensive numerical study of coverage and interference analysis, considering four different co-existence scenarios and different types of deployable base stations (BSs), i.e., BS on a truck and BS on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Our simulation results show that deploying deployable BSs in rural scenarios can provide good coverage to meet the service requirement for mission critical (MC) users. In addition, the interference impact is only substantial when the deployable and public networks are close to each other. Finally, allowing the MC users to access the public network can be of vital importance to guarantee their service when the interference level between public and deployable network is very high.

Sixie Yu, David Kempe, Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

Many collective decision-making settings feature a strategic tension between agents acting out of individual self-interest and promoting a common good. These include wearing face masks during a pandemic, voting, and vaccination. Networked public goods games capture this tension, with networks encoding strategic interdependence among agents. Conventional models of public goods games posit solely individual self-interest as a motivation, even though altruistic motivations have long been known to play a significant role in agents' decisions. We introduce a novel extension of public goods games to account for altruistic motivations by adding a term in the utility function that incorporates the perceived benefits an agent obtains from the welfare of others, mediated by an altruism graph. Most importantly, we view altruism not as immutable, but rather as a lever for promoting the common good. Our central algorithmic question then revolves around the computational complexity of modifying the altruism network to achieve desired public goods game investment profiles. We first show that the problem can be solved using linear programming when a principal can fractionally modify the altruism network. While the problem becomes in general intractable if the principal's actions are all-or-nothing, we exhibit several tractable special cases.