In this study, we analyze the ‐dimensional stochastic Nizhnik–Novikov–Veselov (SNNV) system subjected to multiplicative noise in Itô sense. This expanded model holds significant relevance in simulating different physical phenomena, including shallow‐water waves, sound propagation, long internal waves in density‐stratified oceans, and ion‐acoustic waves in plasma through crystal lattices. To derive exact and diverse soliton solutions for the stochastic SNNV system, we use three powerful analytical techniques: the generalized Arnous method, the generalized multivariate exponential rational integral function method (gMERIFM), and the enhanced modified extended tanh function method (eMETFM). By employing these techniques, we construct a wide spectrum of stochastic wave structures, including bright solitons, dark solitons, combo solitons, M‐shaped waves, periodic waves, singular solutions, mixed trigonometric forms, and rational wave solutions. These findings demonstrate the model's capacity to accommodate rich and complex wave structures under the influence of stochasticity. In addition to the analytical treatment, we provide an in‐depth qualitative analysis to exhibit the dynamical properties of the system. This includes a comprehensive bifurcation analysis to reveal the critical transitions in system behavior. Moreover, the development and emergence of chaos are comprehensively studied using a suite of diagnostic tools: 2D phase portraits, time series analysis, Poincaré map, return map analysis, power spectral density, multistability analysis, Lyapunov exponent evaluation, fractal dimension estimation, strange attractor visualization, and multistability analysis. The integration of exact analytical solutions with qualitative and chaos analyses not only represents the versatility and robustness of the applied methods but also highlights the practical and theoretical significance of the stochastic SNNV system in modeling intricate physical environments. The findings contribute valuable insights into the nonlinear stochastic wave dynamics and lay a foundation for further studies in applied nonlinear science and mathematical physics.
NbFeSb thermoelectric materials require ultrahigh carrier concentrations (∼1021 cm-3) to optimize their electrical transport properties due to their high density-of-state effective mass, yet the heavy doping-induced atomic radius mismatch disrupts lattice potentials, degrading carrier mobility while simultaneously enhancing point defect and phonon scattering, creating a critical trade-off between electronic and phononic performance optimization. This work optimizes the thermoelectric performance of Ta-doped NbFeSb-based half-Heusler alloys via the lanthanide contraction effect. The Nb0.82-xTaxTi0.06Zr0.06Hf0.06FeSb (x = 0-0.25) alloys, synthesized through levitation melting and spark plasma sintering, exhibit exceptional room-temperature electrical conductivity (5000 S cm-1) and carrier concentrations (2 × 1021 cm-3). Ta doping enhances mass fluctuation scattering, reducing the lattice thermal conductivity by 24% while maintaining high power factors of 40 μW cm-1 K-2 across temperatures. The x = 0.1 composition achieves a peak zT of 0.8 at 973 K while maintaining excellent room-temperature electrical transport properties that are crucial for low-ΔT applications. Leveraging this material, a wearable thermoelectric wristband integrating 40 × 8 p-n modules (NbFeSb/ZrNiSn) was designed. Finite element simulations under ΔT = 16 °C demonstrate a maximum output power of 15.6 μW. Furthermore, the output power shows a positive correlation with the applied temperature gradient, highlighting its adaptability. This work highlights the synergy between lanthanide contraction-driven material optimization and device engineering, offering a robust solution for high-performance wearable thermoelectric applications.
Sehba S. Ahmed, Deepak Kumar Jha, Soham Bhattacharjee
Background: Arthritis, and especially osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, contribute to chronic pain and disability and diminished quality of life on a global scale. Treatment approaches that are used currently seem to be based mainly on treating the symptoms without repairing the structures or modifying the disease, making regenerative approaches important. Aim: This review will synthesize and critically assess regenerative and cellular therapies in arthritis, their mechanisms, clinical trials, limitations, and potential to be used in translation. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive narrative literature review was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review comprised preclinical studies, randomized controlled trials, and clinical studies focusing on cell-based therapies, biological adjuncts, tissue engineering strategies, and gene therapy approaches in arthritis. Relevant articles published between 2010 and 2026 were identified using keywords such as “arthritis,” “mesenchymal stem cells,” “regenerative therapy,” “platelet-rich plasma,” and “extracellular vesicles,” with Boolean operators applied to refine the search. Studies were selected based on relevance, methodological quality, and availability in English, while non-relevant and non-peer-reviewed articles were excluded. Findings: The therapies derived from mesenchymal stem cells, autologous chondrocyte implantation, and induced pluripotent stem cells show promise in terms of cartilage regeneration and immunomodulation. The cell-free strategies, such as platelet-rich plasma, as well as extracellular vesicles, have promising anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties. Better therapeutic outcomes are achieved through the use of biomaterial scaffolds, tissue engineering, and gene therapy. Nevertheless, the clinical evidence is still divided, and some of the shortcomings comprise cell source variations, the absence of standardized protocols, nonuniform outcome measures, and the paucity of long-term data. Conclusion: Regenerative therapies are a promising transition to disease-modifying therapy in arthritis. Nonetheless, successful clinical translation depends on them, and there is a need for standardization of cell characterization, harmonization of clinical endpoints, scalability of production, and effective long-term clinical trials. The development of multimodal and combination interventions can also enhance the efficiency of the therapy process to further develop and become a means of its transfer to clinical practice.
Hira Ashaq, Sheikh Zain Majid, Muhammad Bilal Riaz
et al.
The current study explores the (2+1)-dimensional Chaffee-Infante equation, which holds significant importance in theoretical physics renowned reaction-diffusion equation with widespread applications across multiple disciplines, for example, ion-acoustic waves in optical fibres, fluid dynamics, electromagnetic wave fields, high-energy physics, coastal engineering, fluid mechanics, plasma physics, and various other fields. Furthermore, the Chaffee-Infante equation serves as a model that elucidates the physical processes of mass transport and particle diffusion. We employ an innovative new extended direct algebraic method to enhance the accuracy of the derived exact travelling wave solutions. The obtained soliton solutions span a wide range of travelling waves like bright-bell shape, combined bright-dark, multiple bright-dark, bright, flat-kink, periodic, and singular. These solutions offer valuable insights into wave behaviour in nonlinear media and find applications in diverse fields such as optical fibres, fluid dynamics, electromagnetic wave fields, high-energy physics, coastal engineering, fluid mechanics, and plasma physics. Soliton solutions are visually present by manipulating parameters using Wolfram Mathematica software, graphical representations allow us to study solitary waves as parameters change. Observing the dynamics of the model, this study presents sensitivity in a nonlinear dynamical system. The applied mathematical approaches demonstrate its ability to identify reliable and efficient travelling wave solitary solutions for various nonlinear evolution equations.
Muhammad Bilal Riaz, Adil Jhangeer, Jan Martinovic
et al.
Abstract Shallow water waves represent a significant and extensively employed wave type in coastal regions. The unconventional bidirectional transmission of extended waves across shallow water is elucidated through nonlinear fractional partial differential equations, specifically the space–time fractional-coupled Whitham–Broer–Kaup equation. The application of two distinct analytical methods, namely, the generalized logistic equation approach and unified approach, is employed to construct various solutions such as bright solitons, singular solitary waves, kink solitons, and dark solitons for the proposed equation. The physical behavior of calculated results is graphically represented through density, two- and three-dimensional plots. The obtained solutions could have significant implications across a range of fields including plasma physics, biology, quantum computing, fluid dynamics, optics, communication technology, hydrodynamics, environmental sciences, and ocean engineering. Furthermore, the qualitative assessment of the unperturbed planar system is conducted through the utilization of bifurcation theory. Subsequently, the model undergoes the introduction of an outward force with the aim of inducing disruption, resulting in the emergence of a perturbed dynamical system. The detection of chaotic trajectory in the perturbed system is accomplished through the utilization of a variety of tools designed for chaos detection. The execution of the Runge–Kutta method is employed to assess the sensitivity of the examined model. The results obtained serve to underscore the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methodologies for the assessment of soliton structures within a broad spectrum of nonlinear models.
A first principle molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study on the nonlinear excitations in a quasi‐localized state of a Yukawa system is presented to validate the findings of the nonlinear quasi‐localized charge approximation (QLCA) model. Unlike solids or gases, quasi‐localized states lack certain simplifying features, such as the ability to assume a fixed shape or volume, and they combine large displacements with strong interactions, further complicating the theoretical underpinnings of their behavior. In a recent paper [P. Kumar and D. Sharma, Physics of Plasmas 30 (2023)], the nonlinear QLCA model was applied to characterize the nonlinear excitations in a quasi‐localized state of a Yukawa system, as existing continuum models have shown limited success in this regime. The simulation data presented with the screening and coupling parameters show a close agreement with the QLCA model findings. The MD simulations validate the prediction made by the QLCA model that the properties of a soliton remain unaffected by variations in the coupling parameter. The prediction made by QLCA regarding the formation of multiple solitons at higher screening parameter values has also been confirmed by the MD simulation data. The possibility of the formation of rarefactive solitons at relatively high screening parameter values within the QLCA model is also discussed.
Recent work has shown that ions are strongly coupled in atmospheric pressure plasmas when the ionization fraction is sufficiently large, leading to a temperature increase from disorder-induced heating (DIH) that is not accounted for in standard modelling techniques. Here, we extend this study to molecular plasmas. A main finding is that the energy gained by ions in DIH gets spread over both translational and rotational degrees of freedom on a nanosecond timescale, causing the final ion and neutral gas temperatures to be lower in the molecular case than in the atomic case. A model is developed for the equilibrium temperature that agrees well with molecular dynamics simulations. The model and simulations are also applied to pressures up to ten atmospheres. We conclude that DIH is a significant and predictable phenomena in molecular atmospheric pressure plasmas.
This research is dedicated to uncovering the evolving trends, progressive developments, and principal research themes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for rotator cuff injuries, which spans the past two decades. This article leverages visualization methodology to provide a clear and comprehensive portrayal of the dynamic landscape within the field. We compiled 758 research entries centered on the application of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in treating rotator cuff injuries, drawing from the Web of Science Core Collection database and covering the period from 2003 to 2023. Analytical tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and GraphPad Prism were used. We conducted comprehensive analyses to discern the general characteristics, historical evolution, key literature, and pivotal keywords within this research field. This comprehensive analysis enabled us to identify emerging focal points and current trends in the application of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for addressing rotator cuff injuries. The compilation of 758 articles in this study indicates a consistent upward trajectory in publications concerning tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for rotator cuff injuries. The scholarly contributions from the United States, China, and South Korea have notable influence on the progression of this research area. The analysis delineated ten specific research subdomains, including fatty infiltration, tears, tissue engineering, shoulder pain, tendon repair, extracellular matrix (ECM), and platelet-rich plasma growth factors. Noteworthy is the recurrent mention of keywords such as “mesenchymal stem cells,” “repair,” and “platelet-rich plasma” throughout past two decades, highlighting their critical role in the evolution of the relevant field. This bibliometric analysis meticulously examines 758 publications, offering an in-depth exploration of the developments in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for rotator cuff injuries between 2003 and 2023. The study effectively constructs a knowledge map, delineating the progressive contours of research in this domain. By pinpointing prevailing trends and emerging hotspots, the study furnishes crucial insights, setting a direction for forthcoming explorations and providing guidance for future researchers in this evolving field. Impact Statement This article delineates an unprecedented scholarly endeavor, using comprehensive bibliometric and visualization methodologies to systematically review the corpus of literature on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine pertaining to rotator cuff injuries spanning two decades. It meticulously identifies pivotal contributions from the United States, China, and South Korea, delineates critical research subdomains such as fatty infiltration and the ECM, and prognosticates future investigative trajectories focusing on the development of advanced biomaterials, precision in stem cell applications, innovative scaffold design, and elucidation of microenvironmental dynamics.
Obtaining the plasma transport coefficients of the mixed system of arc-extinguishing medium and erosion product is the precondition of numerical simulation of erosion–diffusion in an arc chamber. In this article, the minimum Gibbs free energy method was used to calculate the composition of the H2–Cu/Al2O3 system, including solid and liquid copper (aluminum oxide), because copper and aluminum oxide are commonly used as electrode and ceramic materials in hydrogen dc contactors, respectively. The transport coefficients of H2–Cu/Al2O3 system and the phase transition of erosion products provide the basis for the subsequent simulation of erosion–diffusion of electrode and arc chamber in the H2 plasma. Results revealed that: 1) in the low-temperature range, copper (aluminum oxide) mainly exists in the form of a solid or a liquid state, resulting in the transport coefficients of the H2–Cu/Al2O3 system consistent with that of the H2 system; 2) as temperature increases, the copper (aluminum oxide) undergoes gasification (sublimation–decomposition) reaction that exists in a gaseous state and begins to affect the transport properties of the H2–Cu/Al2O3 system; in particular, the proportion of copper (aluminum oxide) has the most significant effect on viscosity; and 3) as the temperature continues to rise, atoms and molecules in the H2–Cu/Al2O3 system are completely ionized and the proportion of copper (aluminum oxide) has little effect on the transport properties (except electrical conductivity) of the H2–Cu/Al2O3 system. Finally, the transport coefficients of H2–Cu/Al2O3 plasma mixtures are reliable enough, in engineering application aspect, to be applied for simulation of erosion–diffusion in hydrogen dc contactors.
In the design of negative hydrogen ion sources, a magnetic filter field of tens of Gauss at the expansion region is essential to reduce the electron temperature, which usually results in a magnetic field of around 10 Gauss in the driver region, destabilizing the discharge. The magnetic shield technique is proposed in this work to reduce the magnetic field in the driver region and improve the discharge characteristics. In this paper, a three-dimensional fluid model is developed within COMSOL to study the influence of the magnetic shield on the generation and transport of plasmas in the negative hydrogen ion source. It is found that when the magnetic shield material is applied at the interface of the expansion region and the driver region, the electron density can be effectively increased. For instance, the maximum of the electron density is 6.7×1017 m−3 in the case without the magnetic shield, and the value increases to 9.4×1017 m−3 when the magnetic shield is introduced.
The dynamics of electron-acoustic waves (EAWs) profile and its quasi-elastic head-on collision (i.e., it causes shifts of the postcollision soliton trajectories only) is investigated in a plasma consisting of cold magnetized electrons, background hot electrons obeying nonthermal distribution, and stationary ions. Applying an extended Poincare–Lighthill–Kuo perturbation method, the coupled Korteweg–de Vries equations are derived and solved analytically. The effects of the nonthermal parameter, the angle between the magnetic field direction with the collision line, hot-to-cold electrons number density ratio, hot-to-cold electrons temperature ratio, and electron cyclotron frequency on both the solitary EAW profile and the two solitons collision are investigated. The present model is applied to the plasma in the Earth auroral zone.
Xiaoshuang Chen, Souvik Ghosh, D. T. Buckley
et al.
Non-equilibrium plasmas offer a unique environment for nanoparticle synthesis. Particles are homogeneously nucleated and grow at near room temperature as a result of non-thermal decomposition of vapor precursors by electrons and other plasma-excited species. Despite their widespread use, several features regarding particle growth in these systems remain poorly understood. In particular, particle aggregation (the formation of non-spherical entities composed of primary particles) is assumed to be negligible because of unipolar particle charging and subsequent Coulombic repulsion, which would hinder collisional growth. Here, we apply ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to a non-thermal, atmospheric pressure DC microplasma to study the state of aggregation of as-synthesized nanoparticles. Under all examined synthesis conditions, we find the presence of highly branched, chain-like aggregates at the reactor outlet, with a primary particle radius below 10 nm that is relatively insensitive to synthesis conditions. The aggregates are polydisperse, with mean masses and mobility diameters increasing with both increasing precursor concentration and increasing flow residence time within the system. TEM structural characterization shows that the aggregates can be described by a quasifractal model, with a fractal dimensions in the 1.6–2.0 range. The mass-mobility relationship inferred from IM-MS and TEM agrees well with Langevin dynamics simulations where coulomb interactions are not considered. We suggest that particle aggregation occurs either in the plasma volume due to the scavenging of smaller neutral or positively charged particles by growing aggregates or outside the reactor where the plasma density is lower and electrons are not available to maintain high levels of unipolar charge. The methods applied here additionally demonstrate the potential of IM-MS and TEM structural characterization in analyzing gas-phase nanoparticle production processes.
In recent years, plasma actuators have become an important tool in flow control applications. The plasma actuators basically maintain a surface discharge that starts with delaying flow separation on airplane wings. In flow control application, the performance of the plasma actuators appears to be far more effective than that of the base airfoil model. It is well-known that the generated plasma contributes to the flow around the bodies. In terms of flow control effectiveness, parameters such as thickness of the dielectric material, dielectric constant of the dielectric material, the distance between electrodes, the electrode lengths, applied voltage level, applied voltage signal properties, electrode geometry and the number of electrodes appear to play an important role in the process. Erfani et al. [1] conducted a study in which the plasma structures formed by placing a plasma actuator having a multiple encapsulated electrode structure with an electrode in contact with air on a flat plate. The induced flow velocity is increased and more momentum is provided by using multipleencapsulated electrodes. Also, the most effective electrode structure is identified in their study. Hale et al. [2] reported that the multiple encapsulate electrode structure affects the induced jet structure. Their results revealed that the generated induced jet positions have an influence on the jet length. Also, the jet velocity appears to increase linearly along the embedded electrodes. In their experiments, all multipleencapsuled electrode geometries provide higher velocity values than the classical models. Akansu et al. [3] placed plasma actuators at different positions (x/C = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9) in order to control flow around a NACA0015 airfoil. The plasma actuators led to reattach flow over the airfoil and also the lift coefficients were increased. In their numerical study, Zhang et al. [4] reported that the lift effect is increased when the plasma actuators are placed on the Gurney flaps. Wang et al. [5] placed four electrode geometries on a flat plate and produced three dimensional (3D) vortex structures in their numerical study. 3D effects such as compression and expansion were observed by using square and serpentine plasma actuators in the flow over the electrode. Numerical results have shown that the linear actuator is less effective in creating the vortex structure in the flow direction than the other designed models. Roy and Wang [6] used serpentine and horseshoe shaped plasma actuators in order to change boundary layer’s thickness. They observed that the serpentine and horseshoe shaped plasma actuators lead to 3D flow structures. Not only these actuators help to reattach the flow on model surfaces but also with momentum transfer they A Study on the Plasma Actuator Electrode Geometry Configurations for Improvement of the Aerodynamic Performance of an Airfoil Akbıyık, H. – Yavuz, H. – Akansu, Y.E. Hürrem Akbıyık1 – Hakan Yavuz1,* – Yahya Erkan Akansu2 1 Çukurova University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Turkey 2 Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkey