Hasil untuk "Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects"

Yago de la Cierva

In December 2023, in the midst of a harsh controversy that had been dragging on for years, the Spanish Episcopal Conference published the report Para dar luz, in which it showed the results of the investigations carried out to find out the real dimensions of sexual abuse of minors committed by Catholic clergy in Spain. This crisis management and communications’ case study analyzes the genesis of this report, explains its methodology, and summarizes its main results in order to answer the following questions: what moved the bishops to make that decision and in which circumstances; what were the main clauses of the agreement with the law firm; and what impact the report had on public opinion. From this analysis, some conclusions can be drawn from the communication’s point of view, useful for Church authorities considering the opportunity of commissioning a similar report and for their communication teams.

Akash Kundu, Rishika Goswami

We investigate whether Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit human-like cognitive patterns under four established frameworks from psychology: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Framing Bias, Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), and Cognitive Dissonance. We evaluated several proprietary and open-source models using structured prompts and automated scoring. Our findings reveal that these models often produce coherent narratives, show susceptibility to positive framing, exhibit moral judgments aligned with Liberty/Oppression concerns, and demonstrate self-contradictions tempered by extensive rationalization. Such behaviors mirror human cognitive tendencies yet are shaped by their training data and alignment methods. We discuss the implications for AI transparency, ethical deployment, and future work that bridges cognitive psychology and AI safety

Xiyu Liu, Zhengxiao Liu, Naibin Gu et al.

Knowledge editing aims to alternate the target knowledge predicted by large language models while ensuring the least side effects on unrelated knowledge. An effective way to achieve knowledge editing is to identify pivotal parameters for predicting factual associations and modify them with an optimization process to update the predictions. However, these locate-then-edit methods are uncontrollable since they tend to modify most unrelated relations connected to the subject of target editing. We unveil that this failure of controllable editing is due to a shortcut learning issue during the optimization process. Specifically, we discover two crucial features that are the subject feature and the relation feature for models to learn during optimization, but the current optimization process tends to over-learning the subject feature while neglecting the relation feature. To eliminate this shortcut learning of the subject feature, we propose a novel two-stage optimization process that balances the learning of the subject feature and the relation feature. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach successfully prevents knowledge editing from shortcut learning and achieves the optimal overall performance, contributing to controllable knowledge editing.

Zhicheng Lin

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly being integrated into psychological research as research tools, evaluation targets, human simulators, and cognitive models. However, recent evidence reveals severe measurement unreliability: Personality assessments collapse under factor analysis, moral preferences reverse with punctuation changes, and theory-of-mind accuracy varies widely with trivial rephrasing. These "measurement phantoms"--statistical artifacts masquerading as psychological phenomena--threaten the validity of a growing body of research. Guided by the dual-validity framework that integrates psychometrics with causal inference, we present a six-stage workflow that scales validity requirements to research ambition--using LLMs to code text requires basic reliability and accuracy, while claims about psychological properties demand comprehensive construct validation. Researchers must (1) explicitly define their research goal and corresponding validity requirements, (2) develop and validate computational instruments through psychometric testing, (3) design experiments that control for computational confounds, (4) execute protocols with transparency, (5) analyze data using methods appropriate for non-independent observations, and (6) report findings within demonstrated boundaries and use results to refine theory. We illustrate the workflow through an example of model evaluation--"LLM selfhood"--showing how systematic validation can distinguish genuine computational phenomena from measurement artifacts. By establishing validated computational instruments and transparent practices, this workflow provides a path toward building a robust empirical foundation for AI psychology research.

Bevan Koopman, Guido Zuccon

Despite widespread debunking, many psychological myths remain deeply entrenched. This paper investigates whether Large Language Models (LLMs) mimic human behaviour of myth belief and explores methods to mitigate such tendencies. Using 50 popular psychological myths, we evaluate myth belief across multiple LLMs under different prompting strategies, including retrieval-augmented generation and swaying prompts. Results show that LLMs exhibit significantly lower myth belief rates than humans, though user prompting can influence responses. RAG proves effective in reducing myth belief and reveals latent debiasing potential within LLMs. Our findings contribute to the emerging field of Machine Psychology and highlight how cognitive science methods can inform the evaluation and development of LLM-based systems.

Jan Iluk, Wojciech Gajewski, Grzegorz Szamocki

mahdi sepehri, amirhosein aqhayee

According to Avicennayan and Sadrayan's readings, despite all their differences, the "substance" is a quiddity that either exists outside without the subject, or if it exists in the subject, the subject also needs it for its existence. In contrast to " accident", it is a quiddity that is always found in a subject that does not need it. This division is based on the existence or non-existence of quiddities. Sheikh Ishraq's starting point for the discussion of truth is "I" and the awareness of "I", not existence. In this view, "I" is a self-emerging truth that has knowledge of itself, and knowledge of others is created by paying attention to others. Therefore, what attracts the attention of "I" in the first step of the emergence of objects is the conscience and self-discovery of objects.Then, in the second step, through the lens of intuition, the way things arise is brought to the attention of "I" in such a way that if the luminous facts, which are full of presence and light and perceive themselves, are found to be true to themselves and become conscience. They are "luminous substance" and if they are found to be existentially dependent on the other and conscience, they are "luminous accident". Also, on the other hand, if the facts that are found absent from themselves, are found and realized independently of others, they are called " dark substance " and if they are found and realized independent of others, they are called "dark accident".

Zuyuan Zhang, Mahdi Imani, Tian Lan

Bayesian games model interactive decision-making where players have incomplete information -- e.g., regarding payoffs and private data on players' strategies and preferences -- and must actively reason and update their belief models (with regard to such information) using observation and interaction history. Existing work on counterfactual regret minimization have shown great success for games with complete or imperfect information, but not for Bayesian games. To this end, we introduced a new CFR algorithm: Bayesian-CFR and analyze its regret bound with respect to Bayesian Nash Equilibria in Bayesian games. First, we present a method for updating the posterior distribution of beliefs about the game and other players' types. The method uses a kernel-density estimate and is shown to converge to the true distribution. Second, we define Bayesian regret and present a Bayesian-CFR minimization algorithm for computing the Bayesian Nash equilibrium. Finally, we extend this new approach to other existing algorithms, such as Bayesian-CFR+ and Deep Bayesian CFR. Experimental results show that our proposed solutions significantly outperform existing methods in classical Texas Hold'em games.

Xueyan Li, Xinyan Chen, Yazhe Niu et al.

In the field of psychology, traditional assessment methods, such as standardized scales, are frequently critiqued for their static nature, lack of personalization, and reduced participant engagement, while comprehensive counseling evaluations are often inaccessible. The complexity of quantifying psychological traits further limits these methods. Despite advances with large language models (LLMs), many still depend on single-round Question-and-Answer interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PsyDI, a personalized and progressively in-depth chatbot designed for psychological measurements, exemplified by its application in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) framework. PsyDI leverages user-related multi-modal information and engages in customized, multi-turn interactions to provide personalized, easily accessible measurements, while ensuring precise MBTI type determination. To address the challenge of unquantifiable psychological traits, we introduce a novel training paradigm that involves learning the ranking of proxy variables associated with these traits, culminating in a robust score model for MBTI measurements. The score model enables PsyDI to conduct comprehensive and precise measurements through multi-turn interactions within a unified estimation context. Through various experiments, we validate the efficacy of both the score model and the PsyDI pipeline, demonstrating its potential to serve as a general framework for psychological measurements. Furthermore, the online deployment of PsyDI has garnered substantial user engagement, with over 3,000 visits, resulting in the collection of numerous multi-turn dialogues annotated with MBTI types, which facilitates further research. The source code for the training and web service components is publicly available as a part of OpenDILab at: https://github.com/opendilab/PsyDI

Zaibin Zhang, Yongting Zhang, Lijun Li et al.

Multi-agent systems, when enhanced with Large Language Models (LLMs), exhibit profound capabilities in collective intelligence. However, the potential misuse of this intelligence for malicious purposes presents significant risks. To date, comprehensive research on the safety issues associated with multi-agent systems remains limited. In this paper, we explore these concerns through the innovative lens of agent psychology, revealing that the dark psychological states of agents constitute a significant threat to safety. To tackle these concerns, we propose a comprehensive framework (PsySafe) grounded in agent psychology, focusing on three key areas: firstly, identifying how dark personality traits in agents can lead to risky behaviors; secondly, evaluating the safety of multi-agent systems from the psychological and behavioral perspectives, and thirdly, devising effective strategies to mitigate these risks. Our experiments reveal several intriguing phenomena, such as the collective dangerous behaviors among agents, agents' self-reflection when engaging in dangerous behavior, and the correlation between agents' psychological assessments and dangerous behaviors. We anticipate that our framework and observations will provide valuable insights for further research into the safety of multi-agent systems. We will make our data and code publicly accessible at https://github.com/AI4Good24/PsySafe.

Michael J. Mazza

Udin Supriadi, Mohammad Rindu Islamy, Ahmad Fuadin et al.

This study aims to compare the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Natural Disasters on the Hajj and Umrah industries. This pilgrimage substantially contributes to foreign exchange earnings; therefore, the negative potential caused by disasters must be a significant concern for policymakers in this sector. In recent years, religious-based tourism, especially the hajj and umrah (the out-of-season pilgrimage to Mecca), has experienced significant rise of demand worldwide. To explore the impact of various disasters on this industry, using the purposive sampling method, semi-structured interviews were conducted with travel agents in Bandung over the course of two months. The findings from this research are that there is a sharp difference in the destructive impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic when compared to natural disasters. In both instances, the companies suffered from external and internal pressures. The internal problems are the loss of revenue while they still need to pay employee salaries, customers’ demands for refunds, and the uncertainty whether they could re-open their business. Meanwhile, externally, they have been faced with strict regulations on health protocols, the weakening global economy, increased operational costs, and ever-changing policies made by the governments of Indonesia and Saudi Arabia.

Vahid Safa

The "forgiveness" is one of the important meanings in the Holy Qur'an, and it refers to the five roots in the Holy Quran. However, for the reader of the present era, there is no difference between these words. The mission of this study is to carefully study these five roots using different methods of historical linguistics. For this purpose, with the "etymology" of the relevant words and the discovery of the " Formulas process of Meaning-Formation " in each word, the semantic distinction between these words is known based on the Arab perception in the age of revelation. In the next step, by typology of other formulations process of this meaning in other languages and comparing it with the types in the Qur'anic Arabic, we will provide the fields for cultural translation of Quranic words in this semantic field.

Matteo Tuveri, Daniela Fadda, Viviana Fanti et al.

Gravity is, by far, one of the scientific themes that have most piqued the curiosity of scientists and philosophers over the centuries. The history of science tells us that when the creative effort of physicists and philosophers to solve the main puzzles of the understanding of our universe met, a new conceptual revolution has started. However, since Einstein's relativistic theories and the subsequent advent of quantum mechanics, physicists and philosophers have taken different paths, both kidnapped by the intrinsic conceptual and mathematical difficulties inherited by their studies. Is it possible to restore a unitary vision of knowledge, overcoming the scientific-humanistic dichotomy that has established itself over time? The answer is certainly not trivial, but we can start from school to experience a new vision of a unified knowledge. From this need, the Gravitas project has born. Gravitas is a multidisciplinary outreach and educational program devoted to high school students (17-19 years old) that mixes contemporary physics and the philosophy of science. Coordinated by the Cagliari Section of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics, in Italy, Gravitas has started on December 2021 with an unconventional online format: two researchers coming from different fields of research meet a moderator and informally discuss about gravity and related phenomena. The public can chat and indirectly interact with them during the YouTube live. The project involved about 250 students from 16 high schools in Sardinia, Italy. Students should also create posts thought for social media whose content is based on the seminars they attended during the project. We present the project and discuss its possible outcomings concerning the introduction of a multidisciplinary approach in teaching physics, philosophy, and the history of contemporary physics in high schools.

Muhammad Iqbal

This paper examines the theological thoughts of Sheikh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari in Tuhfat al-Râghibîn. Although it is a treatise on theology that actually deals with theoretical aspects (nazharî), it discusses extensively practical aspects (‘amalî). With Arsyad al-Banjari's background as an expert in Islamic law, these practical aspects are described using some notions developed in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). As a result, the nuances of fiqh are so evident in this treatise. This can be observed from the use of deontic modalities and argumentation models of fiqh to explain issues related to theology. Moreover, this treatise follows the deep structure of the so-called al-hukm al-wadh‘î in Islamic law to describe the concept of faith. Paper ini menganalisa pemikiran teologi Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari dalam Tuhfat al-Râghibîn. Walaupun ini risalah tentang akidah yang sebenarnya membahas aspek-aspek teoritis (nazharî), tapi ia banyak mendiskusikan aspek-aspek praktis (‘amalî). Dengan latar belakang Arsyad al-Banjari sebagai seorang ahli fiqih, maka aspek-aspek praktis ini diuraikan dengan menuggunakan beberapa ide yang dikembangkan dalam yurisprudensi Islam (fiqih). Alhasil, nuansa fiqih sangat kentara dalam risalah ini. Ini terlihat dari penggunaan modalitas deontik dan model argumentasi fiqih untuk menguraikan persoalan-persoalan yang terkait dengan aqidah. Lebih dari itu, risalah ini mengikuti struktur dalam (deep structure) hukum wadh‘î dalam fiqih untuk menjelaskan konsep keimanan.

Badis Ydri

In this essay a quantum-dualistic, perspectival and synchronistic interpretation of quantum mechanics is further developed in which the classical world-from-decoherence which is perceived (decoherence) and the perceived world-in-consciousness which is classical (collapse) are not necessarily identified. Thus, Quantum Reality or "{\it unus mundus}" is seen as both i) a physical non-perspectival causal Reality where the quantum-to-classical transition is operated by decoherence, and as ii) a quantum linear superposition of all classical psycho-physical perspectival Realities which are governed by synchronicity as well as causality (corresponding to classical first-person observes who actually populate the world). This interpretation is termed the Nietzsche-Jung-Pauli interpretation and is a re-imagining of the Wigner-von Neumann interpretation which is also consistent with some reading of Bohr's quantum philosophy.

Benedykt XVI

nie dotyczy

Hamid Reza Erfanifar, Hassan Ghanbari

Max Scheler’s philosophy of religion is, in fact, the essential phenomenology of religion. The core of his discussion of religion is the concept of "Religious Act," which Scheler introduced as a "givenness" in which the divine/holy is given. He believes that "Person" communicates with God in the religious act, and the experience of this communication is unique and irreducible. This action is self-evident, but its self-evidence differs from self-evidence in logic and derives from the phenomenological intuition. According to Scheler, the religious act is fundamental to human existential dimensions. He describes three intrinsic specific features of religious act, which we review in this article. At first, we look at the intuitive understanding and the role of emotion in it. Then, after explaining the concept of the religious act and its characteristics, we examine and evaluate Scheler’s formulation of these characteristics. We argue that the relationship between Scheler’s conception of the religious act and the Divine (whether understood monotheistically or not) is not clear. Besides, speaking of “transcendence” implies an a priori “trans-world.” Finally, Scheler’s method in recognizing the fundamental dimension of the human being is in contrast with the task of phenomenology.