Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Xinyu H. Zhang

How to contain, to simultaneously host and hold (con-tinere) two thinkers––two irreducible figures of thought––with their two unexchangeable physical bodies? What will emerge out of it, and what will have already emerged out of it, by virtue of this sheer juxtaposition of the two, a parataxis itself initiated by a certain historical contingency, namely their contemporality or contemporariness, their having-found-themselves-together as mortal beings within discretely concrete time and space that is nevertheless structurally, experientially, and therefore differently shared, in which their paths overlay, intersect, reflect, emulate, traverse, subtend each other, sometimes confessedly so, yet more often unacknowledged: The “Long Twentieth Century,” the longue durée of colonialism, capitalism, and geopolitics; Algeria, Martinique, France, a concurrent Africa(n past) of which they were both dispossessed; an ever-globalizing earth, an unprecedentedly planetarized world? But, moreover, how do we think their contemporaneity––biographical, factual––when each of them is so remarkably a thinker of dis-continuity and dis-location, of anachrony and dis-placement, of the impossibility as well as undesirability of “identity,” of being self-identical?

Ruward Mulder

Weatherall and Manchak (2014) show that, under reasonable assumptions, Reichenbachean universal effects, constrained to a rank-2 tensor field representation in the geodesic equation, always exist in non-relativistic gravity but not so for relativistic spacetimes. Thus general relativity is less susceptible to underdetermination than its Newtonian predecessor. Dürr and Ben-Menahem (2022) argue these assumptions are exploitable as loopholes, effectively establishing a (rich) no-go theorem. I disambiguate between two targets of the proof, which have previously been conflated: the existence claim of at least one alternative geometry to a given one and Reichenbach's (in)famous ``theorem theta", which amounts to a universality claim that any geometry can function as an alternative to any other. I show there is no (rich) no-go theorem to save theorem theta. I illustrate this by explicitly breaking one of the assumptions and generalising the proof to torsionful spacetimes. Finally, I suggest a programmatic attitude: rather than undermining the proof one can use it to systematically and rigorously articulate stronger propositions to be proved, thereby systematically exploring the space of alternative spacetime theories.

Albanë Mehmetaj, Kosovar Berisha

This paper examines Ibrahim Rugova’s philosophical and theoretical contributions to literary studies, focusing on three central categories that define his aesthetics: objectification, the strategy of meaning, and aesthetic refusal. Through the reworking of phenomenological and ontological concepts, Rugova reformulates objectification as the process by which the inner world of personality becomes externalized in the literary work, thereby affirming the autonomy of art as a mode of being. His notion of the strategy of meaning, developed in dialogue with semiotics and structuralism, explains how literature generates both denotative meanings internal to the work and connotative meanings arising from interpretation. Finally, the concept of aesthetic refusal highlights the tension between literature and politics, showing how literature resists ideological and institutional pressures by affirming its autonomy. The study seeks to analyze and synthesize these concepts by examining Rugova’s theoretical–philosophical works, such as <i>Kah teoria Strategjia e kuptimit</i>, and <i>Refuzimi estetik</i>. <i>letrare</i>, through an interdisciplinary methodology that combines philosophical analysis, literary theory, and cultural critique. Taken together, the categories under discussion form a coherent ontology of the literary work that situates Rugova within multiple intellectual traditions that influenced him—including phenomenology, hermeneutics, information theory, structuralism, and dialectical philosophy—while simultaneously underscoring his originality in adapting these ideas to the Albanian intellectual context. The paper concludes that Rugova’s theoretical legacy, often overshadowed by his political role, offers a significant contribution to modern literary theory by defending the autonomy of literature and reaffirming its function as a distinctive mode of truth and human realization.

José Luis González Rojo

En la Edad Media, el estudio de la filosofía se restringía a las artes liberales, especialmente la dialéctica, y los temas teológicos se apoyaban en una filosofía cristiana, pero con fondo platónico gracias a pensadores como Agustín de Hipona o Anselmo de Aosta. Sin embargo, con la recepción del aristotelismo se inaugura una etapa de intensa discusión en torno a la nueva filosofía introducida por las traducciones de textos greco-árabes y judíos. En estas páginas revisamos ese proceso en lo que se refiere a la metafísica aristotélica, y nos centramos en la figura de Alberto Magno, a quien se suele dejar de lado ante la fama que adquirió su notable alumno, Tomás de Aquino. Estudiando distintas fuentes pretendemos responder a las preguntas: ¿Cuál fue el aporte de Alberto Magno para la aceptación de la metafísica aristotélica como ciencia? ¿En qué medida la síntesis del Doctor Universal hizo posible su vinculación con la teología? ¿Qué lugar le concede Alberto, respecto de los demás saberes, a la ciencia metafísica una vez precisado su objeto? Sostenemos, pues, que la lectura albertina de la metafísica aristotélica, que la presenta como ciencia y sabiduría, hizo posible su aceptación como un saber digno de estudio.

Luiz Raimundo Tadeu da Silva

O livro é direcionado tanto para um público mais familiarizado com a temática quanto para um público mais geral da Filosofia, pois abre um grande cenário de possibilidades para estudos sobre a Filosofia da Técnica e da Tecnologia. Apresenta, comenta e atualiza aspectos do pensamento filosófico a respeito da temática. Faz isso apresentando pesquisas que contribuem significativamente para a edificação das temáticas filosóficas que perpassam a Filosofia da Técnica e da Tecnologia enquanto “novo” campo disciplinar filosófico. A intenção dos organizadores foi reunir temas, entendimentos e “nichos” filosóficos para apresentar reflexões sobre as múltiplas dimensões e possibilidades que a mediação tecnológica representa nas relações socioculturais.

Vitalii Bryzhnik

A short article by Max Horkheimer, a well-known German neo-Marxist social philosopher and one of the founders of critical social theory, was published in the eighth issue of the Frankfurter Studentenzeitung, the student newspaper of the University of Frankfurt, which was published in December 1951. This text is another work of the Frankfurt thinker from his cycle of philosophical and educational works devoted to the philosophical consideration of such a spiritually influential phenomenon of German culture as the German university. Horkheimer continued his line of ideological orientation towards the concept of das Studium in German educational philosophy when he was rector of the University of Frankfurt in the early fifties of the last century. The German philosopher defined the theoretical connection that should bind together philosophy as theoretical knowledge that emancipates human consciousness from the pressure of totalitarian, ruling ideology, and sociology as a science that is able to provide society, which has embarked on the path of humanistic transformations in its environment, with relevant positive scientific and objective knowledge. The theoretical basis of Horkheimer's next philosophical and educational work, his speech "Academic Studies at University" (1952), was outlined in general terms here. The Frankfurt philosopher, ideologically relying on the tradition of German university education to cherish an educated person’s freedom from excessive social and political power, set out the German intellectual's fundamental demand to separate the socio-cultural (spiritual) space of university education from the influence of the unity of ideological components of post-totalitarian society. According to Horkheimer, this ideological unity should be overcome by a new theoretical unity - a combination of philosophy, which is characterised by the use of free subjective thinking of an individual, and sociology, which as a science cognises in an objective way. It will result in such social upbringing of young people that will lead to the beginning of humanistic socio-cultural changes in a post-totalitarian society

Zheng Zhu, Xiaofeng Wang, Wangbo Zhao et al.

General world models represent a crucial pathway toward achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), serving as the cornerstone for various applications ranging from virtual environments to decision-making systems. Recently, the emergence of the Sora model has attained significant attention due to its remarkable simulation capabilities, which exhibits an incipient comprehension of physical laws. In this survey, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of the latest advancements in world models. Our analysis navigates through the forefront of generative methodologies in video generation, where world models stand as pivotal constructs facilitating the synthesis of highly realistic visual content. Additionally, we scrutinize the burgeoning field of autonomous-driving world models, meticulously delineating their indispensable role in reshaping transportation and urban mobility. Furthermore, we delve into the intricacies inherent in world models deployed within autonomous agents, shedding light on their profound significance in enabling intelligent interactions within dynamic environmental contexts. At last, we examine challenges and limitations of world models, and discuss their potential future directions. We hope this survey can serve as a foundational reference for the research community and inspire continued innovation. This survey will be regularly updated at: https://github.com/GigaAI-research/General-World-Models-Survey.

Hugo Filgueiras de Araújo

Editorial da Argumentos: Revista de Filosofia (n. 30)

Mark Quinlan, Aaron Cross, Andrew Simpson

While specific aesthetic philosophies may differ across cultures, all human societies have used aesthetics to support communication and learning. Within the fields of usability and usable security, aesthetics have been deployed for such diverse purposes as enhancing students' e-learning experiences and optimising user interface design. In this paper, we seek to understand how individual users perceive the visual assets that accompany cyber security information, and how these visual assets and user perceptions underwrite a distinct \emph{cyber security aesthetic}. We ask, (1) What constitutes cyber security aesthetics, from the perspective of an individual user? and (2) How might these aesthetics affect users' perceived self-efficacy as they informally learn cyber security precepts? To begin answering these questions, we compile an image-set from cyber security web articles and analyse the distinct visual properties and sentiments of these images.

Lize Alberts

Recent hype surrounding the increasing sophistication of language processing models has renewed optimism regarding machines achieving a human-like command of natural language. Research in the area of natural language understanding (NLU) in artificial intelligence claims to have been making great strides in this area, however, the lack of conceptual clarity/consistency in how 'understanding' is used in this and other disciplines makes it difficult to discern how close we actually are. In this interdisciplinary research thesis, I integrate insights from cognitive science/psychology, philosophy of mind, and cognitive linguistics, and evaluate it against a critical review of current approaches in NLU to explore the basic requirements--and remaining challenges--for developing artificially intelligent systems with human-like capacities for language use and comprehension.

Aviv Keren

Objects are a centerpiece of the mathematical realm and our interaction with and reasoning about it, just as they are of the physical one (if not more). And humans' mathematical reasoning must ultimately be grounded in our general intelligence. Yet in contemporary cognitive science and A.I., the physical and mathematical domains are customarily explored separately, which allows for baking in assumptions for what objects are for the system - and missing potential connections. In this paper, I put the issue into its philosophical and cognitive context. I then describe an abstract theoretical framework for learning object representations, that makes room for mathematical objects on par with non-mathematical ones. Finally, I describe a case study that builds on that view to show how our general ability for integrating different aspects of objects effects our conception of the natural numbers.

Noël Carroll

Noel Carroll, film philosopher, has gathered in this book 18 of his most recent essays on cinema and television - what Carroll calls "moving images". The essays discuss topics in philosophy, film theory, and film criticism. Drawing on concepts from cognitive psychology and analytic philosophy, Carroll examines a wide range of topics. These include film attention, the emotional address of the moving image, film and racism, the nature and epistemology of documentary film, the moral status of television, the concept of film style, the foundations of film evaluation, the film theory of Siegfried Kracauer, the ideology of the professional western, and films by Sergei Eisenstein and Yvonne Rainer. Carroll also assesses the state of contemporary film theory and speculates on its prospects. The book continues many of the themes of Carroll's earlier work, "Theorizing the Moving Image", and develops them in new directions. A general introduction by George Wilson situates Carroll's essays in relation to his view of moving-image studies.

G. Maldonado, S. Greenland

E. Adie, Wilhelm Røe

Rafael de Araújo e Viana Leite

Nas obras completas de Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Pléiade, Tomo II, 1964, org. Bernard Gagnebin e Marcel Raymond), há uma seleção de textos, desses quase apócrifos, representantes de um esforço nunca concluído, excertos sem um ponto final que nos permita medi-los com precisão e propriedade. Todavia, isso não impede que nós, leitores de Rousseau, encontremos um material interessante, capaz de complementar pesquisas sobre a reflexão, interesses ou mesmo sobre o estilo literário do filósofo genebrino. Esses fragmentos, em sua maioria manuscritos conservados em Neuchatel ou Genebra, alguns publicados no final do século XVIII ou nos idos do século XIX, foram reunidos sob o título de Miscelâneas de literatura e de moral. São excertos, notas de trabalhos e empreendimentos apenas iniciados de tamanho e valor desiguais, como diz Charles Guyot (1964, t. II, p. CI). Para o comentador, manifestam os exercícios literários de um grande escritor. Esta apresentação introduz a tradução inédita em português de oito desses textos, a saber, Sobre a eloquência, Pronúncia, Comentários lexicais, Sobre as mulheres, Uma casa na rua Saint-Denis, Ensaio sobre os acontecimentos importantes cuja causa secreta foram as mulheres, Conselho a um cura e, por fim, as Cartas para Sara.

Valentin Bonzom

Tensor models are natural generalizations of matrix models. The interactions and observables in the case of unitary invariant models are generalizations of matrix traces. Some notable interactions in the literature include the melonic ones, the tetrahedral one as well as the planar ones in rank three, or necklaces in even ranks. Here we introduce generalized melonic interactions which generalize the melonic and necklace interactions. We characterize them as tree-like gluings of quartic interactions. We also completely characterize the Feynman graphs which contribute to the large $N$ limit. For a subclass of generalized melonic interactions called totally unbalanced interactions, we prove that the large $N$ limit is Gaussian and therefore the Feynman graphs are in bijection with trees. This result further extends the class of tensor models which fall into the Gaussian universality class. Another key aspect of tensor models with generalized melonic interactions is that they can be written as matrix models without increasing the number of degrees of freedom of the original tensor models. In the case of totally unbalanced interactions, this new matrix model formulation in fact decreases the number of degrees of freedom, meaning that some of the original degrees of freedom are effectively integrated. We then show how the large $N$ Gaussian behavior can be reproduced using a saddle point analysis on those matrix models.

Christopher DeLuca, D. Klinger

Boris Kolesnikov

This article identifi es and gives an outline of views of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, one of the leaders of the Czechoslovak national movement, on the Russian revolution and bolshevism. The article also touches upon problems of the Czechoslovak national movement as Russia played the main role in their solution. In the course of his trips to Russia, Štefánik took a positive attitude to our country. During his fi rst journey to Russia in 1906–1907, he had an opportunity to become comprehensively familiar with the country, explore and get to love its vast expanse because from St Petersburg he set out for Tashkent. In the future he came to be a witness of events taking place in Russia in the period of revolution and civil war. Revolutionary events of 1917 have convinced Štefánik that Russia is losing its positions of a strong and infl uential country and cannot support the national movemenets of Czechs and Slovaks. The scholar considered bolshevism to be a reason for the decline of Russia. He regarded bolshevism as a threat that might like a bonfi re spread onto other nations. Because of this he regarded his activity for the strengthening of the military readiness of Czechoslovac legions in Siberia as his contribution to the resistance to bolshevists’ ideas.

A. W. Dusuki

Suamit Correia Barreiro, Daniel Fernando Bozutti

Many people from generation Z are at the beginning of their academic activities. This generation has peculiar characteristics that might be a challenge in the labor market. Thus, instructors have a great role in their preparation. However, professors might face difficulties dealing with their specific characteristics. The research aims to carry out a general survey to enable an understanding of the greater challenges and difficulties in teaching the subject of engineering to the students of Generation Z. The research method used was a case study at a University with 20 instructors from the Faculty of Engineering. The analysis revealed a great challenge in relating theoretical concepts with practical concepts. The research also showed a probable tendency of using more exhibition methods, and the low knowledge about generation Z by most instructors. This study seeks to contribute to the teaching-learning process of engineering.