Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Asma Bint Ahmed Bin Misfer Al-Wadei

قام هذا البحث بدراسة أثر الحديث النبوي في إثراء الدرس البلاغي، فتتبع مفهوم البلاغة وفقَ ميزان النقد النبوي، كما عُني بإبراز الإسهامات التي قدَّمها شُرَّاح الحديث للبلاغة، سواءٌ من حيث المفاهيم، أو آليَّات قراءة النص أثناءَ تحليل الخطاب النبوي، وبيَّن منهج شُرَّاح الحديث في تتبُّع بلاغات الأحاديث الضعيفة أو الموضوعة، واعتماد بعض أصول نظريَّة البلاغة في الحكم على الحديث، وبين أثر معطيات تلك الجهود، وكيفيَّة استثمارها في إثْراء الدرس البلاغي تنظيرًا وتطبيقًا. وقد تم التقديم للبحث بحديثٍ موجزٍ عن ماهية التأثير والأثر والتأثُّر بَيْن العلوم وكنهها، وموقع عِلمي الحديث والبلاغة من العلوم، ثم بنيته على ثلاثة مباحث تحدثت فيها عن قضايا مهمة أولها: البلاغة في ميزان النقد النبوي، وثانيها: الجانب البلاغي في مصنَّفات الحديث النبوي. وثالثها: أثر الحكم على الأحاديث على المقاييس البلاغيَّة، فوجدت أن ما قدمه شراح الحديث من إسهام علمي قد أثرى المسيرة العلمية للبلاغة العربية، ولا تزال البلاغة بحاجة إلى توظيف تلك الجهود ومعطياتها في مصنفات الحديث سعيًا للارتقاء بمكانتها ودعم مسيرتها بين العلوم.

Adel Mohammed Asiri

يهدف البحث إلى اكتشاف وظيفة ومكانة عناصر مهمة ومؤثرة في العمل السردي من وجهة نظر الروائي، الذي غالبا ما تغيب آراؤه تجاه عناصر يتشارك في بعضها مع المتلقي، وهي القارئ ومفهوم الكتابة والواقع، لما تحمله هذه العناصر من أهمية داخل وخارج النص. إن معرفتنا لآراء الروائيين النقدية أو الشخصية الواعية تجاه بعض عناصر السرد، يمنحنا جدية وفهمًا للنص، ووعيا بأهميتها وأثرها في تشكيله، ويصل بالقارئ إلى وضع آليات صحيحة للقراءة، إضافة لمتعة القراءة التي كانت سببًا مهما لأكثر القراء. وعند استعراض بعض آراء الروائيين عن الكتابة ورؤيتهم لها، وموقفهم من الواقع وإشكالاته وتداخلاته، تتغير كثير من الأحكام المسبقة التي تحكم بأن السرد عبارة عن أحداث تحكى ولا فائدة منها سوى إشغال الوقت، وأن الرواية سهلة التأليف لا تصدر من رأي عميق أو فلسفة تحمل بعدا مؤثرا في حياة الناس، سوى تسليتهم وإمتاعهم. وقد تتبع البحث آراء بعض الروائيين تجاه هذه العناصر، الذي أبان عن وعي الروائيين بأهميتها، وتقدير مكانتها النقدية. عبر مقدمة وثلاثة محاور هي: علاقة الروائي بالقارئ، ومفهوم الكتابة الروائية لدى الروائي، وموقف الروائي من الواقع. وتوصل إلى أن القارئ يتصدّر أهمية كبرى لدى الروائيين لما يمثله من دور مهم في إنتاج المعنى وتعددية التأويلات، وهو مشارك ومسؤول مع المؤلف أيضا. وقد منح الروائي القارئَ حرية التعبير وإصدار الأحكام، بالممكنات الثقافية التي تسمو بالقارئ وتفتح أفق توقعاته، وتساعده على قراءة النص وفهمه.

Margarita V. Baduginova

Introduction. The study provides a first insight into the official Soviet policy and anti-HIV nationwide arrangements (1985–1990), and reviews the 1988–1989 HIV outbreak in the southeast of the RSFSR. The paper’s chronological framework covers the era of dramatic political and socioeconomic changes and restructuring endeavors commonly referred to as ‘perestroika’. Goals. The study attempts a comprehensive analysis to identify some features of the policy pursued by Soviet executives and healthcare agencies in the face of the emerging HIV threat throughout the mid-to-late 1980s. The work focuses on the activities of government institutions, certain measures, preventive and anti-epidemic arrangements, as well as the efforts of a special commission for organizational and practical assistance to Soviet Kalmykia’s Ministry of Health. Materials and methods. The study rests on the fundamental principles of systemacity, objectivity, historicism and complexity that have proved instrumental in analyzing documentary sources and comparing the obtained materials; describing the development and changes in official HIV-related policy; examining social, political and economic shifts across the regions under consideration as integral to what was being experienced nationwide; articulating objective evaluations of the Soviet government’s policy pertaining to the epidemic. The article primarily investigates a variety of newly discovered documents from the National Archive of Kalmykia and State Archive of the Russian Federation. Results. The arrived HIV served an indicator that would test the strength of Soviet healthcare system, and the latter — like the whole country — was not ready to fight the ‘plague of the twentieth century’. The adopted anti-epidemic policy proved inefficient. Meanwhile, the limited access to research, established practices of secrecy, and incompetence of the country’s leadership had negative impacts on the struggle against the dangerous disease. The then changes did negatively affect such an important social sphere as healthcare, which led to a severe decline of what once had been a leading public health system of the world.

Anastasia Palamarchuk

The concept of the composite monarchy, developed in contemporary historiography, is an effective analytical research tool for studying large territorial states with complex internal structure. The ground of this concept lies in the famous works by H.G. Koenigsberger [20:301-333;21,19] and J.H. Elliott [11:47-71;12]. Each of them (Koenigsberger mostly relying on the continental material, Elliott - primarily on the British one) reflected the fact that the vast majority of the early Modern States had complex and elaborate internal structure not only in the administrative aspect, but also in the territorial one. In such complex polities the royal power not only evolved from suzerainty to sovereignty, but it also expanded upon a number of autonomous or semi-autonomous territorial entities - composites. The definition of composite comprised autonomies marked by the high level of admin-istrative subjectivity, and the process of their incorporation (implemented or potential) was perceived primarily in formal legal aspect.

Irma Ratiani

The history of Georgian writing starts much earlier than when Goethe introduced the term “Weltliteratur.” It starts from the era of Christianity from the 4th century. Due to the fast spread of Christianity in the Early Medieval period, Georgia was already included in the European net of Christian writing. All branches of Christian spiritual literature were presented. Georgian culture and literature naturally were developing in the frame of the Western European tradition. The period of the 11th-12th centuries was a Golden Era for Georgia, and the heyday of fame for Georgian culture and literature as well. Precisely during this period, “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” was created by Shota Rustaveli. Apart from its aesthetic, philosophical, and worldview depth, it is a first text in Georgian literature as well as in European literature which reflects the clashing of two huge universes in Georgian culture—the West and the East. The Western principles are revealed in the Christian worldview of the text, in the way of thinking of the author and in its genre; however, the 12th century is already a period of strengthening of the influence of Eastern culture and literature in the European part of the Caucasus, and Rustaveli regards with obvious favor the Oriental poetic motifs. Unfortunately, at this stage of European literary history, Georgian literature was separated from the Western European literary process due to tragic political events. As for literature, it was a period of almost three centuries of silence. After the fall of Constantinople, Georgian literature had to move closer to the Eastern area as an historically offered alternative. From the 17th century, the process of the returning of Georgian political and cultural life back within the European frame had been started. Genuine Georgian writers were able to tie Georgian literature to the cultural models of European Classicism and the Enlightenment.

A. Pushkin

Barış Ülker

studied in Europe, particularly under the auspices of Orientalism, which in the nineteenth century, especially in German Orientalist philological studies, continuously tried to find such an “original” and national characteristic of Turkish texts. This enterprise ultimately proved untenable (26, 39). Through the linguistic composition of (Ottoman) Turkish, we see that such one-directional assumptions about “originality” and national culture were problematic. “Incorporating elements of Arabic and Persian, the Ottoman Turkish language was inherently multilingual, thus defying the Orientalist-philological search for links between a specific Volk, geographic area, and national language” (39). Ultimately, “together with the multiethnic makeup of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Turkish language thoroughly frustrated an Orientalist-philologist investment in pure national languages, which sought to narrate a descent from origins” (43–44). Leaning on Sarah Ahmed’s conceptualization of orientation, which is understood “as an omnidirectional encounter” (4), Dickinson argues that there is “no clearly defined ‘here’ and ‘there,’ and, by analogy, no original and translation that stand in opposition” (5). Dickinson successfully demonstrates the main aim of her book, which ventured “to reframe such conversations on Turkish literature and culture around the concept of orientation as opposed to notions of interiority, authenticity, or belatedness,” as previously suggested (3). Ultimately, through her analyses, Dickinson “uncovers profound interconnections between German and (Ottoman) Turkish literary spheres that have otherwise been imagined as separate” (26). Drawing on comparative literature, translation studies, German studies, Ottoman and Turkish studies, as well as transnational studies, Dickinson’s astute study on this interdisciplinary subject matter will serve students and scholars of various fields that intersect with the study of Weltliteratur/world literature, translation, European Orientalists, (Ottoman) Turkish literature and literary traditions, and Turkish German studies. Berna Gueneli, The University of Georgia

Yow Cheun Hoe

and Western by processes of “de-Orientalization”, Muslims aremade the enemy of Judaism, Christianity, secularism and modernity by “re-Orientalization” (33). Thobani gives a striking example from the Nazi camp, of the Muselmann, and argues that it was crucial for reshaping of the Jewish identity. The Muselmann is the name that is given to the Jewish hostages who are very lifeless, malnourished and tortured that they are about to “docilely” die in the Nazi camp. Thobani frames theMuselmann as “the figure of death” (175) and argues that this created aWestern vs. Oriental category in the body of Jews in the camps through Western religioracial politics. The “weak” Jews were defined through the figure of Muslims to frame them as Europe’s enemies to enable their elimination, whereas the “nonweak” Jews could become part of Europe. In the period after the Holocaust, the establishment of the Israeli nation-state ensured Europe is non-guilty of the European Jews’ genocide by reshaping theMiddle East and thusmarking the Arabs, the Muslims as the ultimate enemy of this Judeo-Christian identity. Contesting Islam, Constructing Race and Sexuality deals with the question of how Islam existentially constitutes and reconstitutes the idea of the West and its main contribution is analytically framing concepts of both race and sexuality with religion while tackling this issue. The book is a survey of the place of Islam and the Muslims since the Middle Ages. It has a long historical trajectory and includes anecdotes from the most relevant pieces on the West’s relation with Islam and the Muslims. The book uses a selection of substantive historical sources, including the Middle Ages, which is one of the greatest strengths of the book. Additionally, it reviews the literature thoroughly. This will inform the readers on the subject and the study will be extremely useful for those seeking a critical perspective on this crucial topic. Thobani’s book will be a valuable critical piece for introducing concepts of gender and sexuality to studies of race and religion nexus in relations of West and Islam.

Hunaida El ‘Abidah, Sammay Alfi Sa’adah

إن نجاح تعليم اللغة العربية تحتاج إلى التخطيط وطريقة التعلم الفعالة والمشوقة. إحدى طرق التعليم التي تساعد في تعلم اللغة العربية تعني طريقة التدريس الكمي على نظام TANDUR. هذه طريقة التدريس التي تجعل بيئة تعلم الطالبات فاعلية بالعناصر الموجودة في الطالبات وبيئتهن التعليمية في الفصل. وأن مادة المطالعة هي درس الحياة، فمن الضروري جعل تعلم هذه المادة أساسا لتكوين أنفسهن العقلية والخلقية، لأن دور الأخلاق الكريمة مهمة في حياتنا. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو الكشف عن تنفيذ طريقة التدريس الكمي على نظامTANDUR في فهم درس المطالعة لطالبات الفصل الثالث التكثيفي . هذا البحث هو البحث الميداني، ومنهج البحث يعني البحث الكمي الوصفي يجعل طالبات الفصل الثالث التكثيفي حيث بلغ مجموع الطالبات 295 طالبة مع العينة التي أخذتها الباحثة بالعينة القصدية فعدد العينة 43 طالبة من الفصل الثالث التكثيفي F الذي لم تبلغ النتيجة إلى معدل العام للمرحلة. من نتائج تحليل البيانات، يمكن استنتاجتها أن نتيجة تنفيذ طريقة التدريس الكمي على نظام TANDUR جيدة جدا (8،23) ونتيجة فهم الطالبات في مادة المطالعة جيد (7،90).

Nyak Mustakim, Riski Saputra

The purpose of this study is to explain the students’ responses and to measure the effectiveness of the use of question and answer card media on student learning outcome in qiraah learning at Daru Al-Saa'dah Islamic boarding school. The research method used is experimental research with a two-group design, namely the experimental group in the form of question and answer card media treatment and the control group that is not treated in the form of question and answer card media, The instrument used to collect data in the form of qiraah test questions given to the group experimental and control groups. The results showed that the use of question and answer card media was effective in improving the ability of Daru Al-Saa'dah students in reading skills, this was evident from the results of the t-test by using SPSS programs where the t-count value showed a number greater than the t-table.

Elza P. Bakaeva

Introduction. Ursa Major is the constellation most venerated by Mongolic peoples. Goals. The article seeks to analyze related beliefs traced in folklore and collected field data, reveal key mythological characteristics, and cast light upon diachronous layers in the beliefs of Kalmyks and Oirats (Western Mongols). So, the work aims at analyzing basic Kalmyk and Oirat folklore plots dealing with origins of the Great Bear in comparison to those of other Mongolic cultures; and at examining the concept of Ursa Major against the background of some calendar rites and revered mythological images with due regard of contemporary ceremonies addressed to the constellation. Materials. Part One investigates folklore, ethnographic, and linguistic sources involved, thus focusing on the first objective declared. Part Two to be published in the next issue of the journal shall deal with the remaining tasks. Results. The paper identifies main variants of mythological texts about Ursa Major (Mong. Долоон бурхан, Долоон өвгөн, Kalm. Долан бурхн, Долан одн) existing in Kalmyk and Oirat discourses, comparing the latter to myths of other Mongolic populations. Basically, the myths narrate about seven male characters (siblings, sworn brothers, or thieves) or an ox-man. The Kalmyk plot of thieves is somewhat unique in Mongolic traditions, being rather typical for Turkic ones. The plot of ox-man Masn Mirü (or Massang) was borrowed from Tibet, though etymology of terms may tie the constellation (its emergence) to the archaic plot of day and night alternation as a chase of she-deer, and the solar theme at large.

Ibrahim G. Aoudé

<p class="first" id="d383175e66">This article analyzes regional events in the twenty-first century and identifies Turkey's relations with Arab countries, pointing out the serious deterioration that has occurred in those relations with its bordering Arab neighbors as well as Egypt and Lebanon. The article argues that Turkey's “imperatives of state,” as in the case of any other state actor, determine the foreign policy trajectory and consequently its regional and international relations. Turkey has chosen to ally itself with pro-Western regional states, namely Israel and Qatar, but not others, such as Egypt. Creating rivalry and animosity with bordering states is neither conducive to Turkey's long-term relations with those states nor to its ultimate political stability. Its NATO membership exacerbates animosity that would ultimately work against Turkey's regional influence. Consequently, Turkey's imperatives of state ironically stand in the way of achieving its regional ambitions. </p>

Evgeni N. Kemaev

The article analyzes the role of the Oka and Sura River valleys in the ethnopolitical system of Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 1st - first third of the 2nd millennia AD. With evidence from summarized written sources available, materials of archaeological surveys and historiographic works, the paper highlights the periods in the history of the Mordvins when relatively stable relations in political, economic and ethnocultural spheres prevailed which determined the ways of historical process in the region under consideration. The Oka and Sura River valleys are historical homelands of the Mordvins. It has been discovered that during the considered period, the Mordvinic tribes were directly or indirectly influenced by most significant political processes of that time. The main events of the Migration Period (up to the 7th-8th centuries AD) took place relatively far away, but the bulk of massive relocations of ancient populations affected trade and economic relations, boosting minor interregional migrations. The analysis of materials of archaeological surveys concludes that there was some activation of migration processes in the Oka-Sura Interfluve. In the 8th-10th cc. AD, the crucial impact on the life of the region was being made by the Khazar Khaganate, and the Mordvinic tribes were politically subjugated by the state. That was reflected in trade, ethnocultural and supposedly political relations which is confirmed by multiple archaeological data, such as adornments, amulets, weapons, and horse accessories found in Mordvinic burial sites. In the 11th-13th cc. AD, the Oka-Sura Interfluve became a battlefield for the two major states with opposing political orientations - Russian principalities and Volga Bulgaria - that proved a key factor in the formation of the two Mordvinic sub-ethnic groups - Moksha and Erzya. In view of frequent armed hostilities in the territory of the region, there appeared regular military units and defensive fortifications, but no independent state with corresponding administrative mechanisms of coercion was developed.

N. Ochirova, S. Bachaeva, N. Mulaeva

The research provides a detailed and thorough statistical analysis of the Dzhangar text, the cycle of songs by Eelyan Ovla. As a result of statistical processing, the frequency of use of lexical units was presented in the table, which consists of 4 columns: I - rank, II - word, III - absolute frequency, IV - relative frequency. There are frequent lexems of the biggest Ch.1 - “Khongrin ger avlghna byelg” in the table 1. It contains 96 lexems, among which the lexeme gikh is the most frequent (170 lexems), and the least frequent is the numeral zurgan (11 lexems). The table 2 presents the most frequent lexemes from all the Chapters. Since the Ch.10 is not so big, it presents only 4 lexemes. The most common among frequent lexemes of the first rank is the verb gikh, which is peculiar to all Mongolian languages and is usually found in the texts with participle and gerund forms such as: gisn, gidg, gizh’, gikhlya and are predominant in five Chapters, though it takes the second or the third place in the other Chapters. The bar charts clearly demonstrate the occurrence and distribution of color and number symbolism in all Chapters of the epic as well as the total number of more common word forms. According to the second bar chart, the most commonly used numeral is khoir - “two” - 228 (word usage), as it is used in the text not only as numeral but as a conjunction “and”; then follows minghn “thousand” - 166 (words usage). According to statistical data of the given cycle, the most common lexemes, denoting color are khar “black”, tsagan “white”, shar “yellow”, ulan “red”, kyek “blue”. Apart from the five main colors one can find bor (2) i.e., “grey”, e.g.: “Bor uul, Borzatyn bor tolgha.” Having analyzed all the obtained statistical data, the researchers conclude that the most common lexemes are: among verbs - gikh, byayakh, gikh; among numerals - khoir, minghn; among colors - khar, tsagan; and most common negative particle is uga. Quantitaive data, based on the epic cycle of songs by Eelyan Ovla, help to clarify the principles of the incorporation of the units into the dictionary. Due to the illustration of the quantitaive characteristics of a word in the defining dictionary one can see the frequency of a particular element in the text of the epic Dzhangar.

Е. A. Orlova

The article focuses on the other national, particularly Kalmyk component in I. I. Lazhechnikov’s historical novel “The Ice House” (1835). Ethnographic details of the Kalmyk national culture and everyday life presented in the novel are supposed to expand the image of historical and ethnographic aspects of life of different peoples in the multinational Russia and show the growing interest of the Russian romanticists in “other” nationalities, alien culture. The author of the article analyses characteristic features of the way Lazhechikov depicts facts of Kalmyk life that are ethnographic by nature and add to its specific historical colouring: national portrait details (the Kalmyk’s “mole eyes”); Kalmyk weapon (“a quiver of arrows”); a special form of offerings performed by Kalmyks to deities during Buddhist rituals (figures of dough and butter - “torma”); a means of transport (“Kalmyks riding camels”); types of Kalmyk traditional clothing (Kalmyk sheepskin coat, fur coat). The author of the article points out that references to the Kalmyks, elements of their culture and everyday life scattered through the text of the novel are rather informative and laconic, thus, indicating, on the one hand, the writer’s attempt to make his narrative historically verisimilar and, on the other hand, the emergence of ethnographic trends in the Russian literary process in the first third of the 19th century. Particular attention is drawn to one of the main characters of the novel - Akulina Savvishna Podachkina whose prototype was a Kalmyk woman Evdokia Ivanovna Buzheninova, Anna Ioannovna’s court jester. The plot of the novel is based on the well-known historical fact of the “ice” wedding between the Kalmyk female court jester Buzheninova and a disgraced nobleman, the court appointed entertainer Golitsyn. The author of the article compares the historical prototype with the character in the novel, revealing Podachkina’s temper and role of in the plot of the story. The character sketch of the “lady’s maid” Podachkina remains mentally unidentified, Lazhechnikov does not indicate the female character’s national identity, though the repeated references to the Kalmyk people and thorough study of scholarly works on the steppe people’s life show his good acquaintance with Kalmyk culture and everyday life. Lack of attention to the female character’s nationality is determined by the insufficient biographical information regarding the Kalmyk female court jester and the author’s position who deliberately ignores the fact and moves the emphasis from the historical truth to depiction of the moral climate of the age. The article touches upon the problem of historicism of the novel and the reasons of non-compliance with historical truth in the works of the romantic writer.

E. Omakaeva

The article observes some toponyms of Oirat origin which occur nowadays on the Chinese territory of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The subject of field study is an Oirat toponymic landscape, a set of the names of rivers, lakes, landforms, settlements, etc. as a verbal expression of the geographical landscape of the area. The main focus of the article is Oirat hydronymy (the names of the rivers and lakes). Presenting ethnolinguistic interpretation of the field data gathered during the expedition to China in 2012 the author reveals predominance of hydronymic system in the given area.

Carmen Lepadat

This article sets out to provide a semantic and pragmatic account of the modal particle ma 嘛, endeavouring to put into light new aspects in its function which, at present, remain widely unexplored in the literature. It presents an analysis of the particle ma by interrogating a written and a spoken corpus, showing how the semantic and the pragmatic levels are tightly interweaved in the functioning of ma: the results supported my hypothesis that the particle is plausibly a marker of interpersonal evidentiality (IE), a category set up by Tantucci (2013), used to signal a socially acknowledged piece of information, playing a fundamental role in the expression of politeness by safeguarding the interlocutors’ face; consequently, ma is always used with information that has an active or accessible status in the interlocutors’ mind and that is always pragmatically salient, independently of its position (at the end or inside the sentence), marking a Topic or a Focus. The particle performs pragmatic functions close to the ones of discourse markers since it increases the relevance of the marked information to the context, therefore also playing a contributing role in the coherence of discourse.

Khalil Mousa Marrar

Taking off from Clovis Maksoud's idea about the centrality of the Palestinians to Arab unity, this article traces out the historic struggle between secular nationalism and Islamism throughout and after the Arab Spring-turned-Winter and the complex interactions with American foreign policy. The trajectory of Middle Eastern and North African countries and politicized identity within them are analyzed in relation to that unsettled context. The article concludes with an evaluation of the possibilities for moving beyond the violence and authoritarianism in the Arab world using the lessons imparted by Maksoud.