Hasil untuk "Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens"

Shuxin Li, Yongliang Qu, Yongshuai Huang et al.

Ectopic adrenal tissue refers to adrenal tissue appearing in an abnormal anatomical location, typically originating from residual adrenal tissue or ectopic structures during embryonic development. As a rare congenital anomaly, its atypical anatomical position and diverse clinical manifestations often pose diagnostic challenges. This report describes a 46-year-old male patient who presented with intermittent hematuria for two weeks. Enhanced CT of the kidneys revealed a protruding nodule at the margin of the right renal pole, measuring approximately 1.6 cm and showing relatively uniform enhancement, suggesting a hypo vascular mass lesion. Enhanced MRI of both kidneys showed a nodule at the right renal pole, consistent with a mass due to insufficient blood supply. Based on imaging findings and clinical symptoms, a preliminary diagnosis of right renal carcinoma (RCC) was made, leading to a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Postoperative pathology confirmed the lesion as ectopic adrenal tissue. This case highlights that ectopic adrenal tissue within the kidney may mimic renal cell carcinoma in both clinical presentation and imaging characteristics, underscoring the need for enhanced differential diagnosis between these two conditions in clinical practice.

Guofeng Pan, Guofeng Pan, Guofeng Pan et al.

ObjectiveRadical gastrectomy for gastric cancer involves the en-bloc resection of the primary tumor and complete excision of the mesogastrium. However, the surgical boundaries and techniques for removing lymph nodes above the pylorus during gastric cancer surgery remain unclear. We aimed to investigate a novel, standardized approach for excising the right mesogastrium in gastric cancer patients undergoing suprapyloric lymphadenectomy, focusing on surgical techniques and outcomes.MethodsOur surgical technique includes identifying three key elements of the mesogastrium: the encircling portion, the suspension point, and the connecting segment. Using these anatomical landmarks, we resect adipose tissue containing lymph nodes from the right mesogastrium and perform root ligation of the right gastric vessels. We then perform D2 lymphadenectomy combined with complete mesogastrium excision (D2+CME). We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 376 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for gastric cancer, comparing outcomes between laparoscopic suprapyloric lymph node dissection guided by mesogastric anatomy and traditional methods.ResultsA total of 376 patients were included, with 166 undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy with D2+CME and 210 receiving traditional laparoscopic D2 gastrectomy. No significant differences were observed between the groups in age, body mass index, comorbidities, ASA score, tumor differentiation, tumor location, or surgical approach (P>0.05). The D2+CME group harvested significantly more lymph nodes than the traditional D2 group (43.84 ± 5.01 vs. 33.18 ± 2.96, P<0.001). The number of positive lymph nodes was also higher in the D2+CME group (6.12 ± 0.89 vs. 2.86 ± 0.55, P<0.001). The number of lymph nodes harvested from the right mesogastrium was greater in the D2+CME group (3.41 ± 0.48 vs. 1.32 ± 0.37, P<0.001). Intraoperative blood loss was lower in the D2+CME group (5.67 ± 0.41 vs. 9.96 ± 0.77, P<0.001), and dissection time was shorter (27.22 ± 1.50 vs. 31.31 ± 1.53, P<0.001). No significant difference was found in the number of positive lymph nodes in the right mesogastrium (P>0.05).ConclusionD2+CME is a feasible and effective approach for laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. The mesogastric anatomical-guided method for suprapyloric lymph node dissection is safe, reliable, and improves lymph node dissection quality while reducing operative time.

The Breast Journal

FU Hua, ZHOU Guochao, CAI Rongmin, SONG Xin, YANG Dinghua

Background and purpose: The resistance of pancreatic cancer to albumin-bound paclitaxel affects the therapeutic effect and prognosis. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of the important molecules regulating the chemotherapy sensitivity of cancer cells. The liposome BP1003 targeting the antisense oligonucleotide of STAT3 mRNA can inhibit the expression of STAT3 and increase the chemotherapy sensitivity. However, the effect of BP1003 on the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to albumin-bound paclitaxel remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of liposome binding antisense oligonucleotide BP1003 on albumin-bound paclitaxel sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting STAT3. Methods: Pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and ASPC-1 were cultured. They were divided into control group (without drugs), BP1003 group (200 μg/mL BP1003 intervention), different concentrations of albumin-bound paclitaxel group (5, 10, 20 nmol/L albumin-bound paclitaxel intervention), BP1003+different concentrations of albumin-bound paclitaxel group (200 μg/mL BP1003 combined with 5, 10, 20 nmol/L albumin-bound paclitaxel intervention). The proliferation viability, apoptotic rate and the protein expression levels of STAT3, STAT4, STAT6, Bcl-2, Bax and c-Myc were detected. The transplanted tumor model was established by subcutaneous injection of PANC-1 and ASPC-1 cell suspension in nude mice, which were divided into control group (normal saline intervention), BP1003 group (25 mg/kg BP1003 intervention, once every 2 weeks) and albumin-bound paclitaxel group (10 mg/kg albumin-bound paclitaxel, once a week), BP1003+albumin-bound paclitaxel group (25 mg/kg BP1003 intervention, once every 2 weeks combined with 10 mg/kg albumin-bound paclitaxel, once a week). Four weeks later, the graft volume and mass were measured, and the protein expression levels of STAT3, Bcl-2, Bax and c-Myc were detected. Results: The apoptotic rate and the protein expression levels of Bax of PANC-1 and ASPC-1 cells in BP1003 group and albumin-bound paclitaxel group were higher than those in the control group, while the proliferation viability and protein expression levels of STAT3, Bcl-2 and c-Myc were lower than those in control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression levels of STAT4 and STAT6 in PANC-1 and ASPC-1 cells between BP1003 group and the control group (P>0.05). The apoptotic rate and the protein expression levels of Bax of PANC-1 and ASPC-1 cells in BP1003+different concentrations of albumin-bound paclitaxel groups were higher than those in different concentrations of albumin-bound paclitaxel groups, and the proliferation viability and protein expression levels of STAT3, Bcl-2 and c-Myc were lower than those in different concentrations of albumin-bound paclitaxel groups (P <0.05). The volume and mass of transplanted tumor and the protein expression levels of STAT3, Bcl-2 and c-Myc of nude mice in BP1003 group, albumin-bound paclitaxel group and BP1003+albumin-bound paclitaxel group were all lower compared with the control group, the protein expression level of Bax was higher compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the above changes in BP1003+albumin-bound paclitaxel group were more significant compared with BP1003 and albumin-bound paclitaxel group. Conclusion: BP1003 increases the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to albumin-bound paclitaxel by inhibiting the expression of STAT3.

Mohamed S. Kishta, Aya Khamis, Hafez AM et al.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a challenging malignancy due to its high rates of recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to conventional therapies. microRNA-200c (miRNA-200c) has emerged as a critical tumor suppressor in HNSCC, with the potential to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is considered as a key process in cancer metastasis and progression. Interestingly, there are also controversial findings in HNSCC characterizing miRNA-200c as oncogenic factor. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of miRNA-200c's general role in cancer, and particularly in HNSCC, highlighting its mechanisms of action, including the regulation of EMT and other oncogenic pathways.Additionally, the review explores the innovative approach of exosome-mediated delivery of miRNA-200c as a therapeutic strategy. Exosomes, as natural nanocarriers, offer a promising vehicle for the targeted delivery of miRNA-200c to tumor cells, potentially overcoming the limitations of traditional delivery methods and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The review also discusses the challenges and future directions in the clinical application of miRNA-200c, particularly focusing on its potential to improve outcomes for HNSCC patients. This article seeks to provide valuable insights for researchers and clinicians working towards innovative treatments for this aggressive cancer type.

Tiantian Sheng, Hang Su, Lu Yao et al.

Abstract Docetaxel is a widely used first-line treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). RhoB, a member of the Rho GTPase family, plays a major role in prostate cancer metastasis by modulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. It is crucial in regulating cytoskeletal reassembly, cell migration, focal adhesion (FA) dynamics. To investigate RhoB’s function in prostate cancer, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique was utilized to knock out the RhoB gene in prostate cancer cells. Successful gene editing was confirmed by using T7 endonuclease I (T7EI) assays and Sanger sequencing. Knocking out RhoB enhanced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and decreased the IC50 value of docetaxel in RhoB-knockout PC-3 cells. This suggests increased sensitivity to docetaxel. Furthermore, RhoB knockout prompted the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells, effects that were reversed upon RhoB overexpression. Interestingly, RhoB status did not significantly influence the cell cycle of prostate cancer cells. RNA sequencing of PC-3 cells with either overexpressed or knock-out RhoB revealed that RhoB regulates pathways involved in FA, ECM receptor interaction, and PI3K-AKT signaling. These pathways directly influence the EMT process, cell migration, and invasion in prostate cancer cells. Notably, RhoB overexpression activated PI3K-AKT signaling when PC-3 cells were treated with low concentration of DTXL (50 nM, 72 h). This activation reduced DTXL’s cytotoxicity, suggesting may confer chemoresistance via PI3K-AKT pathway activation.

Johann Pignat, Milena Vucetic, Christophe Gaudet-Blavignac et al.

Developing natural language processing tools for clinical text requires annotated datasets, yet French oncology resources remain scarce. We present FRACCO (FRench Annotated Corpus for Clinical Oncology) an expert-annotated corpus of 1301 synthetic French clinical cases, initially translated from the Spanish CANTEMIST corpus as part of the FRASIMED initiative. Each document is annotated with terms related to morphology, topography, and histologic differentiation, using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) as reference. An additional annotation layer captures composite expression-level normalisations that combine multiple ICD-O elements into unified clinical concepts. Annotation quality was ensured through expert review: 1301 texts were manually annotated for entity spans by two domain experts. A total of 71127 ICD-O normalisations were produced through a combination of automated matching and manual validation by a team of five annotators. The final dataset representing 399 unique morphology codes (from 2549 different expressions), 272 topography codes (from 3143 different expressions), and 2043 unique composite expressions (from 11144 different expressions). This dataset provides a reference standard for named entity recognition and concept normalisation in French oncology texts.

Navid Mohammad Mirzaei, Wan Yang

Clemmesen's hook refers to a commonly observed slowdown and rebound in breast cancer incidence around the age at menopause. It suggests a shift in the underlying carcinogenic dynamics, but the mechanistic basis remains poorly understood. Building on our previously developed Extended Multistage Clonal Expansion Tumor (MSCE-T) model, we perform a theoretical analysis to determine the conditions under which Clemmesen's hook would occur. Our results show that Clemmesen's hook can be quantitatively explained by time-specific changes in the proliferative and apoptotic balance of early-stage mutated cell populations, corresponding to the decline in progesterone levels and progesterone-driven proliferation due to reduced menstrual cycles preceding menopause, and changing dominant carcinogenic impact from alternative growth pathways post-menopause (e.g., adipose-derived growth signals). In contrast, variation in last-stage clonal dynamics cannot effectively reproduce the observed non-monotonic incidence pattern. Analytical results further demonstrate that midlife incidence dynamics corresponding to the hook are governed primarily by intrinsic proliferative processes rather than detection effects. Overall, this study provides a mechanistic and mathematical explanation for Clemmesen's hook and establishes a quantitative framework linking hormonal transitions during menopause to age-specific breast cancer incidence curve.

Chujun Chen, Yan Zhang, Xiaoting Wu et al.

Objective: Transcriptomic characteristics and prognosis of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and infiltrating B cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain unclear. Here, NPC transcriptomic data and clinical samples were used to investigate the role of infiltrating B cells and TLS in NPC. Methods: We investigated the gene expression and infiltrating immune cells of NPC patients and further investigated the clinical relevance of B cell and TLS signatures. Transcriptional features of infiltrating B cell subsets were revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. Immunohistochemical (IHC) and HE staining were performed to validate the clinical relevance of infiltrating B cells and TLS in NPC samples. Results: 27 differentially expressed immune-related genes (IRGs) associated with prognosis were identified, including B cell marker genes CD19 and CD79B. The higher B cells and TLS signature scores were associated with better outcomes and early pathological staging in 88 NPC patients. ScRNA-seq identified five distinct B cell subsets in NPC, including the BC-4 cluster associated with poor outcomes and the BC-0 cluster associated with better outcomes. EBV infection was positively associated with the formation of TLS. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the infiltration of B cells in NPC tissues was higher than that of normal tissues, and the density of TLS in an early stage of NPC was higher than that in advanced-stage TLS. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the functional importance of distinct B cell subsets in the prognosis of NPC. Additionally, we confirmed that B cells and TLS may serve as prognostic biomarkers of survival for NPC patients.

Yuanyuan Zheng, Wei Yang, Weixuan Wu et al.

Background: Lung cancer stands as the foremost cause of cancer-related fatalities globally. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) poses a challenge, rendering current targeted tumor therapies ineffective. This study endeavors to investigate a novel therapeutic approach focusing on ferroptosis and delves into the expression of ferroptosis-related genes within lung CSCs. Methods: We systematically examined RNA-seq datasets derived from lung tumor cells (LTCs) and lung cancer stem cells (LSCs), as previously investigated in our research. Our focus was on analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ferroptosis. Utilizing the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO), we conducted functional analysis of these ferroptosis-related DEGs. Additionally, we employed protein‒protein interaction networks to identify hub genes. LC‒MS/MS analysis of LTCs and LSCs was conducted to pinpoint the crucial ferroptosis-related gene–thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP).Further, we delved into the immune cell infiltration landscape of LTCs and LSCs, examining the correlation between TXNIP and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. To complement these findings, we measured the expression levels of TXNIP, glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) in LUAD tissues through immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Results: A total of 651 DEGs were identified, with 17 of them being ferroptosis-related DEGs. These seventeen genes were categorized into four groups: driver genes, suppressor genes, unclassified genes, and inducer genes. Enrichment analysis revealed significant associations with oxidative stress, cell differentiation, tissue development, and cell death processes. The RNA-seq analysis demonstrated consistent gene expression patterns with protein expression, as evidenced by mass spectrometry analysis. Among the identified genes, SFN and TXNIP were singled out as hub genes, with TXNIP showing particularly noteworthy expression. The expression of the ferroptosis-related gene TXNIP exhibited correlations with the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment, TNM stages, and the degree of histological differentiation.Also, the ferroptosis-markers GPX4 and NCOA4 displayed correlations with LUAD. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significance of TXNIP in the context of ferroptosis-related processes and their potential implications in cancer development and progression. Conclusion: The investigation conducted in this study systematically delved into the role of the ferroptosis-related gene TXNIP in Lung CSCs. The identification of TXNIP as a potentially valuable biomarker in this context could have significant implications for refining prognostic assessments and optimizing therapeutic strategies for advanced lung cancer.

Fadillah Maani, Anees Ur Rehman Hashmi, Numan Saeed et al.

Brain tumor segmentation is a fundamental step in assessing a patient's cancer progression. However, manual segmentation demands significant expert time to identify tumors in 3D multimodal brain MRI scans accurately. This reliance on manual segmentation makes the process prone to intra- and inter-observer variability. This work proposes a brain tumor segmentation method as part of the BraTS-GoAT challenge. The task is to segment tumors in brain MRI scans automatically from various populations, such as adults, pediatrics, and underserved sub-Saharan Africa. We employ a recent CNN architecture for medical image segmentation, namely MedNeXt, as our baseline, and we implement extensive model ensembling and postprocessing for inference. Our experiments show that our method performs well on the unseen validation set with an average DSC of 85.54% and HD95 of 27.88. The code is available on https://github.com/BioMedIA-MBZUAI/BraTS2024_BioMedIAMBZ.

Anahita Fathi Kazerooni, Nastaran Khalili, Xinyang Liu et al.

Pediatric central nervous system tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. The five-year survival rate for high-grade glioma in children is less than 20%. The development of new treatments is dependent upon multi-institutional collaborative clinical trials requiring reproducible and accurate centralized response assessment. We present the results of the BraTS-PEDs 2023 challenge, the first Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) challenge focused on pediatric brain tumors. This challenge utilized data acquired from multiple international consortia dedicated to pediatric neuro-oncology and clinical trials. BraTS-PEDs 2023 aimed to evaluate volumetric segmentation algorithms for pediatric brain gliomas from magnetic resonance imaging using standardized quantitative performance evaluation metrics employed across the BraTS 2023 challenges. The top-performing AI approaches for pediatric tumor analysis included ensembles of nnU-Net and Swin UNETR, Auto3DSeg, or nnU-Net with a self-supervised framework. The BraTSPEDs 2023 challenge fostered collaboration between clinicians (neuro-oncologists, neuroradiologists) and AI/imaging scientists, promoting faster data sharing and the development of automated volumetric analysis techniques. These advancements could significantly benefit clinical trials and improve the care of children with brain tumors.

Jason Sonith

Path integral control is an effective method in cancer drug treatment, providing a structured approach to handle the complexities and unpredictability of tumor behavior. Utilizing mathematical principles from physics, this technique optimizes drug delivery in environments influenced by randomness. It takes into account the intricate interactions between cancer cells, healthy tissues, and the immune system, as well as factors such as patient-specific characteristics and tumor diversity. Path integral control offers tailored solutions to these issues, enabling the design of drug dosing regimens that enhance therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing side effects. Its flexibility makes it a valuable tool in creating personalized, precision-driven therapies, ultimately improving patient outcomes in cancer treatment. In this paper we give a review about the current status of path integral control in cancer research.

Anna Jenul, Henning Langen Stokmo, Stefan Schrunner et al.

Determining the most informative features for predicting the overall survival of patients diagnosed with high-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms is crucial to improve individual treatment plans for patients, as well as the biological understanding of the disease. Recently developed ensemble feature selectors like the Repeated Elastic Net Technique for Feature Selection (RENT) and the User-Guided Bayesian Framework for Feature Selection (UBayFS) allow the user to identify such features in datasets with low sample sizes. While RENT is purely data-driven, UBayFS is capable of integrating expert knowledge a priori in the feature selection process. In this work we compare both feature selectors on a dataset comprising of 63 patients and 134 features from multiple sources, including basic patient characteristics, baseline blood values, tumor histology, imaging, and treatment information. Our experiments involve data-driven and expert-driven setups, as well as combinations of both. We use findings from clinical literature as a source of expert knowledge. Our results demonstrate that both feature selectors allow accurate predictions, and that expert knowledge has a stabilizing effect on the feature set, while the impact on predictive performance is limited. The features WHO Performance Status, Albumin, Platelets, Ki-67, Tumor Morphology, Total MTV, Total TLG, and SUVmax are the most stable and predictive features in our study.

Kazuma Inoue, Ryosuke Kojima, Mayumi Kamada et al.

Biological data may be separated into primary data, such as gene expression, and secondary data, such as pathways and protein-protein interactions. Methods using secondary data to enhance the analysis of primary data are promising, because secondary data have background information that is not included in primary data. In this study, we proposed an end-to-end framework to integrally handle secondary data to construct a classification model for primary data. We applied this framework to cancer prognosis prediction using gene expression data and a biological network. Cross-validation results indicated that our model achieved higher accuracy compared with a deep neural network model without background biological network information. Experiments conducted in patient groups by cancer type showed improvement in ROC-area under the curve for many groups. Visualizations of high accuracy cancer types identified contributing genes and pathways by enrichment analysis. Known biomarkers and novel biomarker candidates were identified through these experiments.

Jun

Hua Wang, B. Fu, Zhi-jun Wuxiao et al.

Yi Yu, Tao Wang, Zhen Yuan et al.

ObjectiveTo identify the differences between the pre- and intraoperative characteristics in misdiagnosed appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMNs) and those in primary ovarian mucinous tumors (POMTs) and to establish an effective model for differentiating AMNs from pelvic mucinous tumors.MethodsThis study enrolled 70 AMN patients who were misdiagnosed with ovarian tumors and 140 POMT patients who were treated from November 1998 to April 2021 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The clinical features and operative findings of the two groups of patients were collected and compared.ResultsThere were significant differences in age and menopausal status, but no difference in the patients’ clinical manifestations between the two groups. The preoperative serum CA125 and CA199 levels were not different between the two groups. The CEA level (31.04 ± 42.7 vs. 7.11 ± 24.2 ng/ml) was higher in the misdiagnosed AMN group (P < 0.001). The AMNs were smaller than the POMTs that were measured preoperatively by ultrasonography (US) (P<0.05) and measured at surgery (P<0.05). Furthermore, the patients with AMNs more commonly had multinodularity and ascites noted on the preoperative US (P<0.001), on CT (P<0.001), and at surgery (P< 0.001). The two groups also differed in the presence of bilateral disease, in the appendiceal appearance and peritoneal dissemination. Subsequently, a prediction model was developed using multivariable logistic regression, which was evaluated through internal validation.ConclusionsThe suspicion of a nongenital organs originated tumor especially origing from appendiceal should be considered in a patient who is older, tumor size less than 12cm, multinodular, presence of mucinous ascites, and elevated serum CEA levels. Bilateral ovarian involvement, peritoneal dissemination, and an abnormal appendiceal appearance found during surgery were the typical features associated with AMNs.