Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

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Kinship terminologies, which vary across cultures and languages, present challenges for lexicographers in creating bilingual dictionaries. Effective bilingual dictionaries must accurately and comprehensively reflect kinship terms and their equivalents. This study explores the lexicographic treatment of Xitsonga kinship terms in bilingual dictionaries, focusing on their definition, translation, and cross-referencing in English-Xitsonga contexts. It addresses the lexicographic challenges posed by kinship terms' cultural specificity and structural diversity across languages. Using a descriptive qualitative methodology, data were collected from the English-Tsonga/Tsonga-English Pocket Dictionary (2008) and the Pharos Bilingual Dictionary: English-Xitsonga/Xitsonga-English (2021). This study is guided by the user-driven approach to lexicography. The study has found that even though bilingual dictionaries offer some accurate equivalents, they often lack full definitions and overlook specific cultural nuances. Cultural differences between English and Xitsonga were identified as key factors limiting the inclusion of kinship equivalents. To improve the accuracy and cultural representation of kinship terms, this study recommends expanding definitions to cover a wider range of familial relationships and ensuring all relevant Xitsonga equivalents are included to reflect its cultural distinctions. These findings contribute to understanding the challenges and opportunities of presenting kinship terms and informing the improvement of bilingual lexicographic resources for Xitsonga.

Frank Arnould, Stéphanie Béligon, Céline Souchay

Caroline Cunill

Lola A. Kaufova, Inessa B. Kaufova

Purpose. The article deals with analyzing potential neologisms in the English language for the period of 2021–2022, aiming to establish their relevance to a certain part of speech, determine their thematic focus and describe the most productive ways of creating potential neologisms in modern English. Methodology. The basic research methods of this work are the method of continuous sampling from a lexicographic source; semantic and word-formation analysis of dictionary definitions; the method of statistical data analysis. Results. Vocabulary, being the most mobile component of the language, constantly reacts to the processes and phenomena of the surrounding reality by creating new lexical units designed to replace traditional speech patterns, to conceptualize new phenomena of reality. The vast majority of potential lexemes are nouns or phrases in which the main role belongs to this particular part of speech, proving that the main function of new word formations is nominative. The analysis made it possible to identify 17 thematic groups, which include potential neologisms: “climate, the environment”, “society”, “medicine and diseases”, “technologies”, “work”, “hobbies, recreation, entertainment”, “sports and healthy lifestyle”, “business”, “food and drinks”, “housing, building and architecture”, “transport”, “literature, music, art”, “clothing, jewellery, fashion”, “crime”, “animals”, “education”, “space”. The study also showed that the most productive ways of forming new lexical units are compounding, merging and affixing, while reduction turned out to be a little less common, and conversion, borrowing and onomatopoeia proved to be the least productive. Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the field of lexicology and lexicography, stylistics and translation practice, as well as in the practice of language teaching.

Nofar Carmeli, Nikolaos Tziavelis, Wolfgang Gatterbauer et al.

We study the question of when we can provide logarithmic-time direct access to the k-th answer to a Conjunctive Query (CQ) with a specified ordering over the answers, following a preprocessing step that constructs a data structure in time quasilinear in the size of the database. Specifically, we embark on the challenge of identifying the tractable answer orderings that allow for ranked direct access with such complexity guarantees. We begin with lexicographic orderings and give a decidable characterization (under conventional complexity assumptions) of the class of tractable lexicographic orderings for every CQ without self-joins. We then continue to the more general orderings by the sum of attribute weights and show for it that ranked direct access is tractable only in trivial cases. Hence, to better understand the computational challenge at hand, we consider the more modest task of providing access to only a single answer (i.e., finding the answer at a given position) - a task that we refer to as the selection problem. We indeed achieve a quasilinear-time algorithm for a subset of the class of full CQs without self-joins, by adopting a solution of Frederickson and Johnson to the classic problem of selection over sorted matrices. We further prove that none of the other queries in this class admit such an algorithm.

M. Cococcioni, Alessandro Cudazzo, M. Pappalardo et al.

Abstract In the previous work (see [1]) the authors have shown how to solve a Lexicographic Multi-Objective Linear Programming (LMOLP) problem using the Grossone methodology described in [2]. That algorithm, called GrossSimplex, was a generalization of the well-known simplex algorithm, able to deal numerically with infinitesimal/infinite quantities. The aim of this work is to provide an algorithm able to solve a similar problem, with the addition of the constraint that some of the decision variables have to be integer. We have called this problem LMOMILP (Lexicographic Multi-Objective Mixed-Integer Linear Programming). This new problem is solved by introducing the GrossBB algorithm, which is a generalization of the Branch-and-Bound (BB) algorithm. The new method is able to deal with lower-bound and upper-bound estimates which involve infinite and infinitesimal numbers (namely, Grossone-based numbers). After providing theoretical conditions for its correctness, it is shown how the new method can be coupled with the GrossSimplex algorithm described in [1], to solve the original LMOMILP problem. To illustrate how the proposed algorithm finds the optimal solution, a series of LMOMILP benchmarks having a known solution is introduced. In particular, it is shown that the GrossBB combined with the GrossSimplex is able solve the proposed LMOMILP test problems with up to 200 objectives.

D. Lazard

Manon Philippe

This paper analyses how proper names fit in the incongruity resolution theory of humor, more specifically Bergson (1911)’s theory of humor as rigidification (and related distraction and exaggeration). The relevant properties of proper names, such as their rigid format and semantic unanalysability, their high degree of lexicalization, and their potential role as parangons, are explained in order to suggest possible metalinguistic script oppositions that could describe how proper names, as lexical units, are used in humorous contexts.

Tetiana Solska

The present paper deals with the synchronic variation of plosive phonemes in the national varieties of German in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Our research task was to describe the full range of modifications of the plosives in the national varieties under investigation and to determine two conditional factors: 1) which modifications are due to positional and combinatorial conditions of sound realization; 2) which modifications can be taken to be typical of these national varieties of German. The data collected are based on the acoustic analysis of reproductive speech (a reading of a word list and short stories by Leonhard Thoma) of 12 German teachers (4 for each national variety) from Northern Germany, from the Vienna area and from the cantons of Aargau and Lucerne. Our results showed that national-specific modifications of the plosive phonemes are the frequent loss of tone by the lax plosives [b̥], [d̥], [g̊] in the speech of the German Swiss and Austrians, and a weakening until the complete loss of aspiration by the plosives [p] and [t] in the speech of Austrians.

F. Feng, Meiqi Liang, H. Fujita et al.

Intuitionistic fuzzy multiple attribute decision making deals with the issue of ranking alternatives based on the decision information quantified in terms of intuitionistic fuzzy values. Lexicographic orders can serve as efficient and indispensable tools for comparing intuitionistic fuzzy values. This paper introduces a number of lexicographic orders by means of several measures such as the membership, non-membership, score, accuracy and expectation score functions. Some equivalent characterizations and illustrative examples are provided, from which the relationships among these lexicographic orders are ascertained. We also propose three different compatible properties of preorders with respect to the algebraic sum and scalar product operations of intuitionistic fuzzy values, and apply them to the investigation of compatible properties of various lexicographic orders. In addition, a benchmark problem regarding risk investment is further explored to give a comparative analysis of different lexicographic orders and highlight the practical value of the obtained results for solving real-world decision-making problems.

A. Björner, M. Wachs

Sylwia Wojciechowska

The treatment of multiword expressions (MWEs) in dictionaries has not received much attention in metalexicography, although the significant role of phraseology has been stressed since the advent of corpus linguistics. The paper aims to analyse the lexicographic representation of semantically related MWEs, containing body part names. The study focuses on access routes to these MWEs in the 'Big Five' monolingual English learners' dictionaries online (MELDs). It investigates the presence and positions of hyperlinked MWEs on the page of the body part headword in order to find out if they depend on a given MWE or are dictionary-specific. Double or multiple hyperlinks to the same MWE are frequently found within a single body part entry, and the variety of access routes is evaluated with a view to offering a more homogeneous presentation of hyperlinked related MWEs.

Josip Buljan

The topic of this paper is the functioning of the healthcare system in Croatia today. Like in Štampar’s time, the healthcare system cannot be separated from politics, economic strength, and social organisation. Referring to the socio-medical issues of today, the paper warns about the lack of human and material resources in modern healthcare.

P. Feautrier

Christopher Hojny, M. Pfetsch

J. Matoušek, M. Sharir, E. Welzl

G. Marçais, David Pellow, Daniel Bork et al.

The minimizers scheme is a method for selecting k-mers from sequences. It is used in many bioinformatics software tools to bin comparable sequences or to sample a sequence in a deterministic fashion at approximately regular intervals, in order to reduce memory consumption and processing time. Although very useful, the minimizers selection procedure has undesirable behaviors (e.g., too many k-mers are selected when processing certain sequences). Some of these problems were already known to the authors of the minimizers technique, and the natural lexicographic ordering of k-mers used by minimizers was recognized as their origin. Many software tools using minimizers employ ad hoc variations of the lexicographic order to alleviate those issues. We provide an in-depth analysis of the effect of k-mer ordering on the performance of the minimizers technique. By using small universal hitting sets (a recently defined concept), we show how to significantly improve the performance of minimizers and avoid some of its worse behaviors. Based on these results, we encourage bioinformatics software developers to use an ordering based on a universal hitting set or, if not possible, a randomized ordering, rather than the lexicographic order. This analysis also settles negatively a conjecture (by Schleimer et al.) on the expected density of minimizers in a random sequence. The software used for this analysis is available on GitHub: https://github.com/gmarcais/minimizers.git. Contact: gmarcais@cs.cmu.edu

William A. Ross

A. Hatami-Marbini, A. Ebrahimnejad, S. Lozano

Guohui Li, Qiong Wu, D. Tu et al.