Hasil untuk "Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania"

Moses O. Ogutu

Regional economic integration has long been recognized as a key strategy for enhancing trade, fostering economic development, and strengthening the bargaining power of developing regions. In this context, the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) marks a critical juncture in Africa’s economic trajectory. Beyond its aim to expand intra-African trade by harmonizing trade and economic policies across the continent, the AfCFTA also holds the potential of bolstering Africa’s negotiating position with external partners such as the European Union. At present, Africa–EU trade is governed by an overlapping network of bilateral and regional agreements with individual African countries or regional economic communities. The advent of the AfCFTA thus raises a critical question: to what extent can the agreement serve as a platform for a unified, inter-continent trade agreement with external partners such as the EU? Drawing on theories of regionalism, case studies of the EAC, ECOWAS, and Kenya—whose unilateral actions exemplify tensions between national and regional policies—and the history of Africa-EU trade, this article examines whether the AfCFTA can serve as a foundation for a unified African trade policy position. It concludes that while the AfCFTA creates a unique opportunity to consolidate Africa’s voice in global trade, major hurdles must be overcome, including divergent economic interests among member states, the need for deeper policy harmonization, and the complex challenges involved in establishing a unified customs framework.

Frederick Botha

Walters, Susan

Digital technology enables new forms of textual communications, linguistic creativity, and cultural empowerment for many local language communities (Li, Brar, and Roihan 2021). This study uncovers how Nuosu people, a thriving minority ethnic group in southwest China, choose to use digital technologies for reading and writing their traditional script. The data, part of a larger qualitative study that revealed how Nuosu people conceptualize and practice literacy (Walters 2021), were collected utilizing semi-structured interviews with 22 Nuosu adults. Findings show that the Nuosu primarily use digital language technologies for Nuosu literary and artistic expressions, which carry knowledge crucial to their identity. They also use these technologies for teaching and learning their script, not for interpersonal communication or majority-language domains. The use of digital Nuosu in literary domains aligns with their centuries-old practice in which religious specialists (bimo) use Nuosu script for ritual writings and preserving traditional oral literature in the form of epic poems and proverbs. The Nousu case suggests that literacy patterns once established are deeply held and not easily influenced by changes in modality.

Lulu Ramadhani, Markhamah Markhamah

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peran bahasa dalam meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara dan keterampilan menulis, mendeskripsikan strategi yang dapat dilakukan guna meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara, dan keterampilan menulis pada peserta didik SMA, serta mendeskripsikan faktor penghambat dalam meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara dan menulis bagi peserta didik di SMA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Data diperoleh dengan metode wawancara mendalam kepada narasumber. Sumber data yakni transkrip hasil wawancara dengan seorang guru bahasa Indonesia dan peserta didik SMA di Surakarta. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik analisis data interaktif. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa bahasa memiliki peran yang sangat esensial dalam meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara dan menulis karena bahasa sebagai patokan dalam berbahasa, sebagai alat pengembangan kosakata, alat pengembangan keterampilan gramatikal, sebagai pembentuk karakter dalam berbahasa dan sebagai pengembangan alat kreativitas. Strategi yang dapat dilakukan dalam meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara dan menulis yaitu menerapkan kegiatan berpidato, berdebat, bermain peran, dan berdiskusi. Selain itu, peserta didik juga perlu banyak berlatih, membaca, dan mencari referensi. Faktor penghambat yang terjadi dalam meningkatkan keterampilan tersebut yaitu kesulitan mencari referensi, tidak ada pembimbing dan tempat praktek serta kurangnya motivasi peserta didik dalam berupaya meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara dan keterampilan menulis.

JALaLit 5/2024

مقصود مصباح, ابراهیم پوردرگاهی, حمیدرضا فرضی

گیاهان از دیرباز به عنوان یکی از منابع مهمّ غذا و دارو، مورد توجّه انسان بوده‌است. نیاکان ما طیّ هزاران سال علاوه بر تأمین‌ دارو، غذا و پوشاک، به شناخت بیشتری از گیاه دست‌یافته و از رنگ و بوی‌ تعدادی ‌از گیاهان، در نقّاشی، رنگرزی، عطر و آرایش ‌استفاده‌کرده‌اند. نیل‌ یکی‌ از‌گیاهان رنگزاست که به دلیل ثبات رنگ و قدرت بالای ترکیب‌پذیری با طیف وسیعی از رنگ‌های طبیعی‌دیگر، مورد توجّه انسان بوده ‌است. بازتاب‌گستردۀ این‌گیاه در شعر، حکایت از رونق و استفادۀ سالم پیشینیان از ‌رنگ ‌‌طبیعی‌ نیل در کنار خواصّ‌ درمانی‌آن دارد. در قرن ششم بنابه دلایلی؛ از قبیل رقابت، توسعۀ علم و یا فاضلانه‌گویی از سوی شاعران، کارکرد‌‌های درمانی‌گیاه نیز مانند اطّلاعات سایرعلوم، با کنایه و استعاره‌های‌ دیریاب آمیخته ‌شده و درک مفهوم شعر را دشوار ساخته ‌است. این پژوهش‌ برآن است‌ که با استفاده از روش توصیفی_ تحلیلی، بازتاب‌ ‌نیل‌ را از دیوان‌های سنایی، انوری، خاقانی و نظامی استخراج کند به بررسی و تحلیل کارکردهای طبّی، ادبی و هنری و باورهای عامّۀ آن بپردازد.

Lailatul Qomariyah, Akhmad Sauqi Ahya

This research aims to analyze the quality of test Arabic as a foreign language (TOAFL) items in Hayim Asy’ari University Tabuireng Jombang of perspective higher order thinking skills. The approach used for this research is qualitative and quantitative. The researcher used the qualitative approach to distribute the question items in terms of the cognitive domain at the higher level in the Arabic language test. Data were taken through documentation of results. The results of this research are: 1) The distribution of the items of this test in terms of the cognitive domain in the level of higher thinking skill is of six classifications that mean remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating: 2) Their quality in terms of difficulty coefficient did not meet the criteria of good test items. Because there is no moderation in the number of questions from the level, and as for their quality from the discrimination coefficient, there is a single question that must be eliminated and replaced with new questions.

Stefan van Zyl

F. Fiona Moolla

None

E.I. Garaeva

The article discusses the modan gāru phenomenon, which existed in Japan for about ten years, from 1920 to 1930. During this time, many intellectuals, writers, and critics contemplated this phenomenon, as it was completely unprecedented and incomprehensible in Japanese society. In Japan, between the First and Second World Wars, due to technological progress, industrial development, and the accelerated process of urbanization, the way of everyday life was rethought and redefined. Urbanization in Japan in the late 1910s and 1920s occurred with Europeanization. After the First World War, a new wave of fascination with the West rushed into Japan. Social changes of this time caused the dynamization of the image of the Japanese woman. This is how liberated, self-confident, strong-willed, energetic women appeared. In the media, women began to appear in the images of cafe waitresses, dancers, and saleswomen. Having become icons of a modern city, they walked around the shopping malls, had conversations in cafes, went to the cinema, did various sports, and traveled in buses and trams. The modern lifestyle of the 1920s-30s dictated new changes in the appearance of young girls: their clothes and hairstyle changed. Modan gāru , often compared to American flappers, wore colorful European outfits, high heels, short haircuts, and various accessories. Japanese society, trying to preserve the concept of ryo:sai kenbo (良妻賢母, «good wife, wise mother»), did not want to see young girls who were independent and free from family obligations and who spent their free time in the cinema, cafes, and dancefloors. Modan gāru never stood for women's rights, never belonged to the number of suffragists. But, despite this, they did not want to stay oppressed under male control. Modan gāru liberated themselves from age-old conventions and traditions, achieved financial independence, and were no longer inferior to men.

F. Fiona Moolla

None

Norma M. Nel, Soezin Krog, Lazarus Lebeloane

The South African Department of Basic Education (DBE) listed Mandarin as a second additional language (SAL) (Grades 4–9) in the National Curriculum Statement Grades R to 12 in 2015. We identified a gap in current research regarding the learning of Chinese characters by non-native learners of Mandarin as an SAL. The great number of characters, their complexity and the absence of grapheme–phoneme correspondences put a huge strain on learners’ memory. Rote learning and repetitive exercises lead to boredom and lack of motivation to learn Mandarin. A qualitative research design (case study) was employed in this study. Individual and focus group interviews, questionnaires, classroom observation and a Chinese characters exercise for researchers were used as data collection tools. The data were analysed manually using an inductive process and organised according to categories, themes and conclusions. The study highlights how South African Grade 5 learners learning Mandarin as a SAL learn the Chinese characters and the challenges they encounter. We consider the educational implications for learning Chinese characters and offer recommendations.

Xiaojuan YIN

During World War II, Sata Ineko went to the battlefields three times. After the war, she turned her attention to the problem of war cooperation. Most discussions of Sata’s visits to battlefields have focused on responsibility for war. However, her respective visits to the battlefields in China and Southeast Asia differ due to the different aspects of the battles and her own thoughts at the time. This paper analyzes the novels and essays written by Sata during and after the war, to examine the circumstances of her visit to the battlefields in Southeast Asia and the relation between this visit and the change of her attitude towards women’s liberation. We discover that Sata was unaware that her actions were a kind of war cooperation until her visit to the Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, her women’s liberation philosophy also underwent significant transformations after her visit to the battlefields there. In addition, we determine that when Sata reflected on her own wartime actions, her consciousness of shame towards proletarian literary writers was stronger than her consciousness of sin towards victims of the war.

Geula Elimelekh

ʿAbd al-Sattār Nāṣir (1947–2013) belonged to the group of Iraqi writers and intellectuals called Jīl al-Sittināt "the Sixties Generation", which dominated the cultural scene at the time. This article examines Nāṣir as a driven writer, who initially wrote out of a morally induced reaction to expose the suffering and brutalization of all Iraqi peoples and ethnicities by a controlling totalitarian regime, and as a once-incarcerated author of brave novels he hoped would someday catalyze a popular overthrow of the lawless, abusive leaders, thereby ending the fears and violence possessing Iraq’s body politic. Two themes -- the destruction wreaked by those with extraordinary power and their use of lies and deception to control the people –- are central to the three novels chosen as representative of Nāṣir’s oeuvre: Abū al-Rīsh (2002), Niṣf al-Aḥzān 'Half Sorrows' (2000) and Qushūr al-Badhinjān 'Eggplant Peels' (2007). In these three novels, Nāṣir exposes the unimaginable terror, violence and cruelty of Saddām Ḥusayn and his henchmen, as well as their propaganda, which consisted of lies and deception. Saddām is depicted as a ruler who presents himself as an inspiring revolutionary, but in fact is a tyrant who deceives the citizens, subjecting them to brutal control and leading them into deadly wars. Following George Orwell’s 1984, Nāṣir’s literary corpus attempts to rip the masks from the faces of the dictator and his lackeys, who oppress the people, deny them any freedom of thought and keep them under constant surveillance.

Christina GMEINBAUER, Tamara KAMERER

Cas Wepener

Angela M. Fubara

Language dissects thought. In language fortified with calculated verbal vituperation and persuasive eloquence, Ayi Kwei Armah takes his audience down memory lane—a retrospect (in the characteristic manner of the Sankofa model) into the original identity of the African. Sankofa dwells on the idyllic past which serves as a model for a restructured future. One hears the evocative voice of Anoa’s prophecy of two thousand seasons, wandering along other ways and finding paths of living way. The way is glaringly replete with verbal bullets with which Armah dwells on the Blackman’s indulgence. This gives rise to the flagrant losing of “the way” to the “predators” and “destroyers” in Two Thousand Seasons. In his advocacy for a restoration to the forgotten way, Armah’s verbal onslaught provokes sharp awakening that propels the people to a positive action to recover the lost way into “understanding the mind beyond despair to healing work”. In The Healers therefore, Armah’s in-depth philosophies led by the master healer, Damfo and the trainee healer, Densu provide keys to the restoration of black people and racial renewal. The focus of this study is Armah’s eloquent intellectual expressions: evocative poetic lamentation, prophecy, symbolism, and studded imagery of brutality, servitude and restoration. The work concludes by demonstrating Armah’s achievements with the deployment of linguistic weapons. Has he succeeded in making his reader / audience see clearly the Blackman’s annals of misdemeanor and the consequences? How realistic is his redemptive posture into Ebibirman; the liberated community of black people? This is the crux of this paper intertwined with Sankofa.

Siegfried Huigen

This article explores metahistory in the poetry of Peter Blum. In many of Blum’s poems Western civilisation is confronted with the forces of barbarism, without civilisation necessarily being given preference over barbarism. By focussing on the metahistorical aspects of Blum’s work, it is possible to illuminate the dialectical relationships between apparently disparate cultural domains in his work—past and present, Europe and South Africa—which critics up till now have treated as self-contained entities. From this angle, Blum appears to be a poet who was highly critical of white South African culture of the 1950s. Keywords: Peter Blum, Afrikaans poetry, metahistory, civilisational discourse, barbarians.

Stanisław Piłaszewicz, Nina Pawlak

H. Human

This article looks critically at the aspect of charactarisation in the film Cry Freedom. A model is introduced for the analysis of characterisation in feature films. The model analyses the main characters in the film as symbols of the intended message. The aim is to determine the meaning of the message and to place the response to the film in perspective. Particular attention is paid to the following aspects of the process of character creation: character formation, character revelation and character development. The author comes to the conclusion that the main character in the film is the scriptwriter Donald Woods, and not the black activist, Steve Biko as has generally been accepted.