In the early twentieth century, the steady increase of women entering higher education led to mixed gender university theatre groups. The lack of extant archival documentation complicates the task of reconstructing such experiences in many contexts and cultures. A notable exception to this widespread situation is La Barraca, a state-funded university theatre group created during the short-lived Spanish Second Republic (1931–6). The intimate relations between one of Europe’s first mixed gender university groups with national politics and education policies left behind a rich assortment of primary materials, including but not limited to journalistic coverage, memoirs, interviews, photos and film recordings. This article provides socio-political context for La Barraca before going on to critically interrogate what I will maintain was its most important legacy, the active participation of female students. In the process, I offer new insights into the gender dynamics within and beyond the university in the politically charged build up to the Spanish Civil War.
This article analyses the changes in education legislation and the history curriculum in Spain over recent decades. To this end, the characteristics established for the teaching of history in the last two education laws, passed in 2013 and 2020 – the first by a conservative government and the second by a progressive one – are studied and compared. This study is carried out by situating the education debates presented in this research in the social and political context of Spain. The study of these legislative changes allows us to observe the different visions of national identity existing in Spain, which find a prominent area of confrontation in education and the teaching of history. The article also argues that the emergence of the ultra-right has led to a markedly nationalist vision of Spanish history that seeks to recover elements of national unity, and that has become one of the axes defended by conservative options for the teaching of history in Spanish schools. This view contrasts with the approaches advocated in the latest education legislation, which propose a more heterogeneous approach to the subject of identity in Spain.
Dans cet article, nous proposons d'aborder la réception de la tradition biblique dans l'écriture historique et généalogique de Pedro Afonso, comte de Barcelos, notamment dans son Livro de Linhagens dans lequel l'auteur construit une vision universaliste du temps et de l'histoire. Nous accorderons dans cette étude une attention particulière au Titre I du Livro de Linhagens dans lequel se concentre majoritairement la matière biblique, tout en tenant compte des spécificités de cette section de l'ouvrage où la matière généalogique universelle est contextualisée au temps des origines de « la lignée des hommes ».Nous espérons ainsi apporter une nouvelle contribution à la compréhension de la fonctionnalité structurante des éléments bibliques déjà hérités de ses sources, habilement maniés par Pedro de Barcelos dans la construction de son discours historiographique et génealogique.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
En el presente artículo se analiza un vaso cerámico de época ibérica procedente del santuario de El Recuesto (Cehegín, Murcia) y custodiado en el Museo Arqueológico de Cehegín. Mediante un estudio del vaso, su contexto de hallazgo y sus paralelos, se puede determinar que se trata de una interpretación ibérica de una crátera de volutas datable en el siglo IV a.C., época de funcionamiento del santuario en el que esta pudo usarse como ofrenda. Finalmente y partiendo de este estudio, se reflexiona acerca de la naturaleza de las llamadas “imitaciones griegas” ilustrando cómo estas piezas implican procesos más complejos que ser un mero resultado de la “helenización”.
Yael Teff-Seker, Yael Teff-Seker, Peter C. Mackelworth
et al.
By definition, marine protected areas (MPAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) address spatial aspects of the ecological processes and marine features. Such a requirement is especially challenging in areas where there is no clearly defined jurisdiction. However, in these areas, assigning sovereignty and rights can be achieved through bilateral or multilateral agreements, or with the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) tools such as mediation and arbitration. In some cases, states may engage in transboundary marine conservation initiatives to provide an entry point to enable wider collaboration. These processes can also evolve into a form of ‘environmental peacebuilding’ while ideally maintaining ecosystem functioning and resilience as a core goal. Conversely, MPAs and OECMs can also be used to assert maritime sovereignty rights over disputed waters, under the pretext of conserving marine habitats. This paper identifies emerging issues of conflict resolution and their interaction with transboundary marine conservation. While ADR focuses on negotiations and facilitated processes between state representatives (“track one diplomacy”), we also discuss other forms and levels of marine environmental peacebuilding and dispute resolution, particularly those between civil society organizations (“track two diplomacy”). The six case studies presented highlight areas of recent maritime conflict or border disputes in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the West Indian Ocean, the Korean West Sea and the South China Sea. In all cases, high ecological value, vulnerable ecosystems, and the need to conserve ecosystem services provide a shared interest for cooperation despite on-going diplomatic difficulties. The strategies used in these cases are analyzed to determine what lessons might be learned from cross-border collaborative marine initiatives in situations of territorial dispute. The use of ADR tools and their ability to support joint marine initiatives are examined, as well as how such initiatives contribute to formal border negotiations. Other forms of inter-state dialogue and cooperation between local or civil organizations, circumventing formal treaties and negotiations between state leaders (‘track two’) are also investigated. Finally, other influencing factors, including third-party involvement, stakeholder interests, power dynamics, economic context, and socio-cultural aspects, are considered.
Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
Juan Jesús Padilla Fernández, Eva Alarcón García, Alejandra García García
et al.
Research into the Bronze Age on the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula has always occupied a pre-eminent position in the archaeological discipline. Although we can state that there is a certain degree of scientific unity regarding the main cultural features of that period, few studies have focused on the social and technological process involved in the manufacture of pottery vessels. This paper aims to remedy that situation. To do this, we provide the results obtained from the technical analysis of the pottery vessels used in two activities essential to human survival – food storage and processing – in the Bronze Age settlement of Peñalosa (2086–1450 cal BC). At the same time, the macroscopic identification of the technological patterns developed in the tasks of manufacturing earthenware jars and pots allows us to reflect on the significance of the concept of specialization in the Argar Culture.
Despite not originating in Spain, the 1918 influenza pandemic is commonly known as the “Spanish flu”-a name that reflects a tendency in public health history to associate new infectious diseases with foreign nationals and foreign countries. Intentional or not, an effect of this naming convention is to communicate a causal relationship between foreign populations and the spread of infectious disease, potentially promoting irrational fear and stigma. I address two relevant issues to help contextualize these naming practices. First is whether, in an age of global hyperinterconnectedness, fear of the other is truly irrational or has a rational basis. The empirical literature assessing whether restricting global airline travel can mitigate the global spread of modern epidemics suggests that the role of travel may be overemphasized. Second is the persistence of xenophobic responses to infectious disease in the face of contrary evidence. To help explain this, I turn to the health communication literature. Scholars argue that promoting an association between foreigners and a particular epidemic can be a rhetorical strategy for either promoting fear or, alternatively, imparting a sense of safety to the public.
A non-synonymous genetic rare variant, rs75932628-T (p.R47H), in the TREM2 gene has recently been reported to be a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Also, rare recessive mutations have been associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We aimed to investigate the role of p.R47H variant in AD and FTD through a multi-center study comprising 3172 AD and 682 FTD patients and 2169 healthy controls from Spain. We found that 0.6% of AD patients carried this variant compared to 0.1% of controls (odds ratio [OR] = 4.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21-14.00, p = 0.014). A meta-analysis comprising 32,598 subjects from 4 previous studies demonstrated the large effect of the p.R47H variant in AD risk (OR = 4.11, 95% CI = 2.99-5.68, p = 5.27×10(-18)). We did not find an association between p.R47H and age of onset of AD or family history of dementia. Finally, none of the FTD patients harbored this genetic variant. These data strongly support the important role of p.R47H in AD risk, and suggest that this rare genetic variant is not related to FTD.
The reign of Catholics Kings, especially for his first years, supposes a interesting historical context from the point of view of the utilization of varied forms of propaganda and exaltation of the royal power. This article offers a systematical synthesis of this forms and of his political and cultural meaning.
Guillén San Clemente y de Centelles (c. 1539-1608), the Spanish ambassador to the imperial Court of Prague between 1581 and 1608, is a key figure when trying to understand, from the Spanish perspective, the Hispanic Habsburgs’ hegemony in European policy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The aim of this article is to make public such an important diplomat, who to this day, has remained almost entirely unknown. Many of San Clemente’s dispatches sent to the Madrid Court, about political issues, diplomacy, society, economy and the war of his time, have survived – several thousand documents in fact – and are housed in the Archivo General de Simancas (Valladolid, Spain).
History of Spain, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature