Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Mario Santos, Margarida Reis Santos, Anna-Lena Zietlow et al.

Early relational health during the first 24 months of life is a key determinant of child development and wellbeing. During this postnatal period, the parent–infant relationship plays a central role in emotional regulation, bonding, and developmental trajectories. Although the broader early relational health framework encompasses the first 1,000 days of life, this scoping review focuses specifically on the postnatal phase, where parent–infant interactions are directly observable and measurable. However, existing assessment instruments vary widely in their conceptual focus, scope, and characteristics, and no comprehensive review has systematically mapped tools used to assess the parent–infant relationship during early infancy. In response to this gap, a transdisciplinary working group within the COST Action CA22114 – TREASURE collaboratively developed a scoping review protocol to systematically map instruments assessing the parent–infant relationship from birth to 24 months of age. This Brief Report describes the collaborative methodological process underpinning the protocol’s development. The process followed an iterative, consensus-driven approach involving multidisciplinary experts from multiple COST member countries. Through structured online meetings, the group clarified core constructs and established the age range using the Population–Concept–Context (PCC) framework. The JBI methodology for scoping reviews was adopted and aligned with PRISMA-ScR standards to ensure transparency and reproducibility. Progressive drafting, internal peer review, and iterative refinement led to the final protocol, which was registered on the Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/HRVX9).The resulting protocol provides a replicable methodological framework for mapping instruments that assess the parent–infant relationship in the first two years of life. This Brief Report presents a framework for collaborative protocol development in international research networks, promoting shared knowledge generation in early relational health research and offering potential applicability to other COST initiatives.

G. Aad, E. Aakvaag, B. Abbott et al.

Measurements of jet substructure are key to probing the energy frontier at colliders, and many of them use track-based observables which take advantage of the angular precision of tracking detectors. Theoretical calculations of track-based observables require ‘track functions’, which characterize the transverse momentum fraction rq carried by charged hadrons from a fragmenting quark or gluon. This letter presents a direct measurement of rq distributions in dijet events from the 140 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at s=13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector. The data are corrected for detector effects using machine-learning methods. The scale evolution of the moments of the rq distribution is sensitive to non-linear renormalization group evolution equations of QCD, and is compared with analytic predictions. When incorporated into future theoretical calculations, these results will enable a precision program of theory-data comparison for track-based jet substructure observables.

Andrzej Kobak

Antoni Dudek

The article discusses Tadeusz Mazowiecki’s government’s reactions to two pathological phenomena that stirred up intense social emotions. The phenomena were a consequence of the actions taken by the last communist government of the Polish People’s Republic led by Mieczysław Rakowski. First of all, the analysis focuses on actions directed at people from the apparatus of the Polish People’s Republic, who acquired part of the assets of state enterprises and institutions using the legal regulations. The remainder of the article discusses attempts at counteracting the mass import of alcohol from abroad, which was causing considerable losses to the state budget.

Anna Fiń

Celem prezentowanego tekstu jest pokazanie ogólnego obrazu polskiej transatlantyckiej migracji poakcesyjnej oraz refleksja, na ile różni się ona od poprzednich fal migracyjnych, na ile zmieniła obraz polskiej zbiorowości imigracyjnej w USA oraz na ile wpisuje się w ogólne prawidłowości poakcesyjnej migracji zaoceanicznej z Europy. W artykule skupiam uwagę na kilku kategoriach opisu: skali i dynamice wyjazdów, przemianach osadnictwa, charakterystyce społeczno-ekonomicznej oraz przyczynach emigracji do USA w dobie poakcesyjnej. Wskazuję też na znaczenie odmiennego, niż przed dekadami, sposobu doświadczania migracji tymczasowej, cyrkulacyjnej i nierejestrowanej przez polskich (ale też europejskich imigrantów), a także nowych sił napędzających transatlantycką migrację z Polski. Jednocześnie ważnym celem artykułu jest rozpoczęcie dyskusji naukowej na temat możliwości zmian stosowanych w dotychczasowych badaniach europejskich grup imigracyjnych w USA, periodyzacji i kategoryzacji, by bardziej odpowiadały na wyzwania współczesnych zmian społeczno-kulturowych i politycznych.

Mateusz Szast

Bernadeta Wilk

Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie relacji Tadeusza Smoleńskiego z Akademią Umiejętności, dzięki wsparciu której mógł poszerzać wiedzę o starożytnym Egipcie. T. Smoleński studiował historię i geografię na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. W 1904 r. lekarze zdiagnozowali u niego chorobę płuc, co zmusiło go do przerwania nauki i podjęcia leczenia klimatycznego w Egipcie. W Kairze rozpoczął studia z archeologii i filologii egipskiej pod kierunkiem Gastona Maspero. Trudna sytuacja materialna w kraju faraonów skłoniła go do zwrócenia się o pomoc do Bolesława Ulanowskiego, sekretarza generalnego Akademii Umiejętności. W latach 1905/1906, 1906/1907, 1907/1908 T. Smoleński otrzymał od zarządu Akademii Umiejętności stypendium z legatu Malwiny Jankowskiej w wysokości 600 koron austriackich rocznie. W 1907 i 1908 r. brał udział w dwóch austro-węgierskich ekspedycjach wykopaliskowych w Szarunie i El-Gamhud. Dzięki uczestnictwu młodego egiptologa w kampaniach wykopaliskowych nad Nilem Akademia Umiejętności otrzymała cztery sarkofagi z mumiami z El-Gamhud oraz dwie wapienne płyty z ptolemejskiej świątyni w Szarunie.

Maciej Chyleński, Przemysław Makarowicz, Anna Juras et al.

Abstract The demographic history of East-Central Europe after the Neolithic period remains poorly explored, despite this region being on the confluence of various ecological zones and cultural entities. Here, the descendants of societies associated with steppe pastoralists form Early Bronze Age were followed by Middle Bronze Age populations displaying unique characteristics. Particularly, the predominance of collective burials, the scale of which, was previously seen only in the Neolithic. The extent to which this re-emergence of older traditions is a result of genetic shift or social changes in the MBA is a subject of debate. Here by analysing 91 newly generated genomes from Bronze Age individuals from present Poland and Ukraine, we discovered that Middle Bronze Age populations were formed by an additional admixture event involving a population with relatively high proportions of genetic component associated with European hunter-gatherers and that their social structure was based on, primarily patrilocal, multigenerational kin-groups.

Michał Norbert Faszcza

Problematyka antycznej wojskowości była częstokroć uwzględniana w publikacjach polskich starożytników, choć zazwyczaj nie stanowiła samodzielnego obszaru badań. Wieloletnia, a przez to ugruntowana tradycja studiów klasycznych sprawiała, że możliwość wypracowania wspólnego stanowiska z przedstawicielami „polskiej szkoły” historii wojskowej była znacząco utrudniona, szczególnie wobec przemian zachodzących po 1926 r. Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej kontynuowano model odziedziczony po II Rzeczpospolitej, ale przeobrażenia zachodzące w polskim szkolnictwie wyższym po 1989 r. stanowią szansę na zbliżenie obu środowisk i naturalne ujednolicenie optyki badawczej.

J. Heck, J. Berthiller, S. Vaccarella et al.

R. Dowling, D. Newsome

Jakub Muchowski

The approach employed by memory activists to sites of memory often involves historical practices. This paper presents the results of the examination of historical practices undertaken in locations of Holocaust violence during World War II and the disposal of victims’ remains that were not memorialised properly according to local residents or other groups with an interest in the sites’ past. The analysed practices were observed in the course of field research in various locations in Poland. The goal of the research was to describe these practices, discuss their critical potential, and indicate their distinct features as activities pertaining to contested sites of memory. A central tool for approaching this task is found in concepts of “non-site of memory” and “vernacular historian” as introduced to the debate by Claude Lanzmann and Lyle Dick. As a result, the article presents the cases of four vernacular historians whose practices are experimental combinations of the components of the work of professional historians and ways of working conditioned by local cultural environments, individual experience and commitment to communal life. Although vernacular history is sometimes considered of little value by academic historians, the research shows that the practices in question have the potential to produce new, socially relevant knowledge. Two distinct features of vernacular historical practices in non-sites of memory were observed: these unmarked sites of burial attract activists and prompt them to undertake historical practices; vernacular historians of these locations often undertake unconventional, sometimes experimental activities..

Jadwiga Raubo

Paweł Magiera

Oleg Kapliński, Tatjana Vilutienė

The paper presents an overview of the history and achievements of trans-border cooperation in the Lithuania-Germany-Poland triangle in planning instruments in Construction Management, decision-making theory, application of Operational Research, and Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods in Civil Engineering and sustainable development. The cooperation and results of the Colloquiums with 35 years of tradition, their multidimensional nature is underlined. The research instruments, methods, studied phenomena are reviewed and characteristic applications in engineering and economics are presented. The knowledge and combined efforts of three academic centers have created a synergy which set in motion many original methods and spectacular implementations. The Colloquium calendar and the evolution of organizational forms are presented along with the inclusion of the informal EURO Working Group on Operations Research in Sustainable Development and Civil Engineering.

Martijn Lak

Tim Snyder’s ambitious Bloodlands set out to place the murderous regimes of the Third Reich and Stalin’s Soviet Union in their overlapping European contexts. Snyder proceeded from the central observation that the annihilation fantasies of Hitler and Stalin were to a large part played out in the same space: ‘in the middle of Europe, in the middle of the twentieth century, the Nazi and Soviet regimes murdered some 14 million people. The place where all of the victims died, the bloodlands, extends from central Poland to western Russia, through Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states’ (pp. vii-viii) And yet, Snyder argued, these histories were seldom considered together – not least because the Holocaust overshadows all as a result of its dominance in modern memory cultures, preventing understanding of a wider culture and history of murder and annihilation.

Michał Kokowski

The article presents the results of the evaluation of the Polish journals from the history of science, history, philosophy of science, and science of science, based on the “List of journals of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland 2017 & 2019” and “ICI Journal Master List 2014–2017”. A comment has also been added to these results. The following facts were noted: a) the fact that there is a negative correlation between the journal’s rating in the “List of journals MNiSW 2019” and the journal’s ratings in the “ICI Journal Master List 2014–2017” for journals from the history and history of science; b) the fact that the presence of the journal in the DOAJ does not raise the ministerial rating of the journal; c) the fact that the evaluation of the journal in the Scopus database has not significantly affected the increase in the ministerial rating: the rating depends on the discipline and sub-discipline; d) the fact that journals from the ministerial program “Support for scientific journals 2019–2020” (WCN 2019–2020) and ERIH+ received 20 to 70 points; their ministerial ratings depend on discipline and sub-discipline. In addition, it was hoped that for the good of Polish science, some errors of the “List of journals of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Polish Republic 2019” would be removed in a short time, as some magazines received too low marks (this statement results from a comparison of journals’ achievements, including bibliometric indicators).

Volodymyr Holovchenko

<p>The history of diplomacy and foreign policy of new independent states are one of the most difficult and hardest objects of scientific study because they synthesize complex issues of world and national history system components. The diplomatic service is one of the most important attributes of any sovereign state, an indicator of real aspirations of the country and of its attitude towards the world and its political content. The ultimate success of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1920 both in the East and in the West, in our opinion, depended on the international publicity and receiving substantial external support as it happened for example in Poland, Finland and the Baltic States.</p><p>Measures on the formation of an all-Russian federation taken by the Central Rada led to the opposite result – the armed conflict with red Petrograd and invitation of the German-Austrian troops to save the UPR from the Bolshevik aggression. In the long term the foreign policy choice made by the Central Rada in January 1918 in favor of Germany and its allies, that were defeated in World War I, was a mistake. At the same time, signing the Brest peace treaty between the UPR and the Central Powers and diplomatic recognition of Ukraine from these states opened new opportunities for the development of national diplomatic and consular service, and forced RSFSR to agree to start peace talks with the Ukrainian People’s Republic.</p>

Dariusz Matelski

Andrzej Jasiewicz, Agnieszka Samochowiec, Jerzy Samochowiec et al.

Suicide is a significant public health issue and a major cause of death throughout the world. According to WHO it accounts for almost 2% of deaths worldwide. The etiology of suicidal behavior is complex but the results of many studies suggest that genetic determinants are of significant importance. In our study,--we have analyzed selected SNPs polymorphisms in the DRD2 and ANKK1 genes in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome (169 Caucasian subjects) including a subgroup of individuals (n = 61) who have experienced at least one suicide attempt. The aim of the study was to verify if various haplotypes of selected genes, comprising Taq1A, Taq1B, and Taq1D single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), play any role in the development of alcohol dependence and suicidal behavior. The control group comprised 157 unrelated individuals matched for ethnicity, gender,- and age and included no individuals with mental disorders. All subjects were recruited in the North West region of Poland. The study showed that alcohol dependent subjects with a history of at least one suicidal attempt were characterized by a significantly higher frequency of the T-G-A2 haplotype when compared to individuals in whom alcohol dependence was not associated with suicidal behavior (p = 0.006). It appears that studies based on identifying correlation between SNPs is the future for research on genetic risk factors that contribute to the development of alcohol addiction and other associated disorders. To sum up, there is a necessity to perform further research to explain dependencies between the dopaminergic system, alcohol use disorders and suicidal behavior.