AbstractThis article explores the rise of international cooperation and policing in solving the so-called “Gypsy question” between 1870 and 1945. Situating this issue within a broader phenomenon of illiberal internationalism, it demonstrates how the central European powers often pursued international action to serve their own national agendas. In doing so, this study shows how the shared concern of cross-border Gypsy itinerancy and migration in central Europe prompted several international policing initiatives that eventually crystallized under the International Criminal Police Commission (or ICPC) in 1931 into a transnational framework for controlling Gypsies. Against this background, the article also investigates whether the role of Switzerland and Austria as major frontrunners for anti-Gypsy international measures changed once the ICPC was under Nazi control. By closely examining critical activities and antiziganist ICPC discourse between 1933 and 1945, it reveals how the ICPC created a matrix of surveillance that eased the way toward the Gypsy genocide.
Po formalnom osnivanju Gradskog muzeja Senj 1962. godine jednu od ishodišnih aktivnosti predstavlja Savjetovanje o uređenju i savremenoj namjeni tvrđave Nehaj, održano u Tvrđavi 22. srpnja 1963. godine. Na Savjetovanje su pozvani tada najeminentniji stručnjaci s područja zaštite spomeničke baštine, planiranja i projektiranja, kao i predstavnici političkih struktura tadašnje Države, Republike, Kotara i Grada. Značaj Savjetovanja je u jedinstvenosti stava relevantnih institucija i stručnjaka te u odlukama kojima se dodjeljuju formalne i izvršne ovlasti za provođenje projekta uređenja i prenamjene prostora za muzejsku djelatnost. Taj je jednodnevni skup jedan od temelja kasnijeg djelovanja Gradskog muzeja Senj, prvog ravnatelja prof. Ante Glavičića te njegovih suradnika i nasljednika na sustavnom rekognisciranju i obnovi graditeljske baštine Senja, posebno one danas upisane u Registar kulturnih dobara Republike Hrvatske. Savjetovanje je neodvojivo od konteksta poraća u kojemu Senj živi te već započetih i/ili izvedenih zahvata na nekim objektima. Daju se i podatci o nekim od glavnih dionika u odlučivanju, promišljanju i projektiranju, kao i o organizacijskim tijekovima i okolnostima izvođenja radova na samoj tvrđavi. Zaključno se rad osvrće na odjeke i rezultate sustavnoga rada, prvenstveno Gradskoga muzeja Senj, potaknute smjernicama i zaključcima Savjetovanja.
Language and Literature, History of Central Europe
The most important cultural establishment in Slovakia, the Slovak National Theatre (SNT),
was founded in 1920. The beginnings of this institution were extremely complicated because its
activities were not managed by the state, but by a private company called the Cooperative of the
Slovak National Theatre. This joint company was founded in 1919 and consisted of representatives
of the then governing bodies, the Slovak intelligentsia, and representatives of banks and other
associations. In the first two seasons, the Cooperative was dealing with operation issues, mostly with
obtaining the financial resources needed. The complete artistic program was in the hands of the first
director of the SNT, Bedřich Jeřábek (1920–1922). During this period, however, we cannot talk about
the profiling of the dramaturgy of opera and operetta on the SNT stage. This period was followed by
that of directors and private entrepreneurs Oskar Nedbal (1923–1930) and Antonín Drašar (1931–
1938), who due to the financial incompetence of the Cooperative, took the management of the
SNT fully into their own hands. Both directors, together with the heads of the opera ensembles,
preferred modern and experimental dramaturgy, including the latest works of art. Whereas Drašar
used a pragmatic approach to resolving the theatre’s financial problems, for Nedbal caused the loss
of his function and life.
This study deals with the comparison of the work and theatre management of individual directors
in the interwar period, with an emphasis on opera and operetta dramaturgy.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
In this article, an assumption has been made that in power centres, settlement concentration was accompanied by accumulation of goods, capital and weapons. Within the Przeworsk culture, the area in question encompassed the basins of the Prosna and the Warta. It remains uncertain if the area can be associated with the so-called Lugii Grove, a centre of political and religious power described by Tacitus.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
Aim: OrthoMTA and RetroMTA are newly developed mineral trioxide aggregates that were developed to achieve maximum benefits and clinical performance. This systematic review aimed at assessing and describing the constituents, properties and uses of OrthoMTA and RetroMTA. Methodology: Literature search was performed using the keywords, “OrthoMTA”, “RetroMTA”, “BioMTA”, “constituents” and “properties” in the databases, PubMed, Cochrane, Semantic scholar and Europe PubMed Central. Original articles in English describing the properties, constituents, uses/indications, history and recent advances on OrthoMTA and RetroMTA were considered for the study. Results: A total of 35 articles were selected for the systematic review based on keywords selected. Among the 35 articles, 5 articles described the composition and properties of OrthoMTA and RetroMTA, 7 articles depicted the usage of OrthoMTA and RetroMTA and the remaining articles discussed on the various properties of both OrthoMTA and RetroMTA. Conclusion: The present review confirmed that RetroMTA exhibits an excellent property, namely, short setting time, less tooth discoloration, high compressive strength, higher shear bond strength with time, higher push-out bond strength, low solubility, low cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, antibacterial property, and can be used in reparative processes in case of blood contamination. However, even OrthoMTA showed less microleakage, is biocompatible and possesses antibacterial properties.
OWEN CHADWICK, The secularization of the European mind in the nineteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1975, 8vo, pp. [iii], 286, £6.50. Professor Chadwick bases this book on his Gifford Lectures for 1973 to 1974, taking as his central theme the problem of the declining hold of the church on late nineteenth-century Europe. The reasons for this recession are multiple, as is obvious, and they include the new technology, German materialism, a cheap press, the organization of the working man, together with the impact of Marx, evolutionary science, scientific history and politics. "Secularization" is the term selected by the author to describe this phenomenon, and it denotes "a process, a fundamental change in attitudes and ways of life". As is to be expected, this is a brilliant work of scholarship, which deals lucidly with an enormous and complex topic; it represents intellectual history at its best, with ideas and suggestions leaping from almost every page. The author traces the many strands which make up the pattern, one of them being the outstanding polemic of science versus religion (pp. 161-188), and the revolution incited by Darwin. This technique renders the book episodic in nature, but this is inevitable and does not detract from its overall worth. For the historian of science and of medicine of the nineteenth century Professor Chadwick's book will be essential reading, for it helps to provide the"external" background to the "internals" minutiae of his research if he is studying technical advances. For the student of the social aspects of Victorian science or medicine a close acquaintance with this book will be even more mandatory.
Cyprian, an educated Hesychastic-oriented monk, was one of the most important representatives of the Orthodox church in medieval Eastern Europe. All of the measures which he carried out during his time as the Metropolitan of Kiev were aimed at maintaining the unity of the metropolis, covering the whole of Eastern Europe, regardless of political divisions. He used proposals for negotiating a church union to find a solution to the situation which had arisen after the foundation of the Polish-Lithuanian union, which presented the Orthodox church with a new situation. He continued the reforms to the monasteries in the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which helped create the conditions for the development of the Russian autocephalous church. After a critical period in the 1380s, he contributed towards the restoration of the authority of the Russian metropolis and the entire ecclesiastical hierarchy.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
The article presents the origin and function of phyllite whetstones with ferrules. Some researchers trace them back to the inhabitants of Scandinavia. However, in the light of the available data and new findings, the whetstones should be attributed to Slavic craftsmen who may have operated in Wolin island. These whetstones were status symbols rather than daily use objects.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
This article focuses on dismantling the narrative of rebellion surrounding Franz von Sickingen’s feud with Trier in 1522-1523. Through an examination of Sickingen’s material circumstances, the reactions of both the princes and the lower nobility to the feud, this article demonstrates that the narrative of the “Knight’s Rebellion” lacks historical credibility and is best examined as a private feud. This article utilizes the Flerscheimer Chronik, letters, and contemporary accounts as well as various secondary sources in both English and German to demonstrate that the feud against Trier is not evidence of a declining nobility in the early modern period, but rather it is dramatic example of the “feud culture” prevalent throughout the later middle ages and early modern period.
History of Central Europe, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Michał Kara, Andrzej Michałowski, Marian Rębkowski
Profesora Władysława Łosińskiego wkład w polską archeologię wczesnego średniowiecza, czyli przyczynek do szkicu o pokoleniu archeologów okresu badań „Milenijnych”
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
Feminist sociology is centered around the woman in three ways. Firstly, the main subject of the survey is the situation or situations related to the experience of women in society. Secondly, she treats women as the central subject of the research process, that is, she strives to see the world through the woman's different view, the woman's vantage point in the world. Third, feminist theory is critical and active, seeking to create a better world for women, and hence for the whole of mankind. Feminist theories differ from other sociological theories in many ways. First, they are the work of an international community that includes not only sociologists but scientists from other disciplines such as anthropology, biology, economics, history, law, literature, philosophy, political science, psychology, and theology. This includes political activists of the women's movement, writers and other creative personalities from both Europe and the United States and from the Third World. Many sociologists are suspicious of feminist theories, finding them to be too radical and related to political activism.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
SAŠA POLJANEC BORIĆ, ANITA BUŠLJETA TONKOVIĆ, NIKOLA ŠIMUNIĆ
Rad je oblikovan kao analiza slučaja temeljena na analizi sekundarne literature i
kvalitativnim uvidima. U radu se afirmiraju teorijski koncepti društvene proizvodnje prostora,
regije kao modela istraživanja radi definiranja razvojnog cilja i koncept clustera. Rasprava
se sastoji od tri dijela: pregleda relevantne literature, analize postojeće socioekonomske
slike Podgorja te razvojnoga scenarija podgorskoga prostora u okviru clustera doživljaja.
U prvom se dijelu rada analizira postojeća literatura relevantna za razumijevanje društvene
percepcije prostora u svijetu i u Hrvatskoj. Slijedi sociodemografska analiza podgorske
mikroregije koja uključuje dijakronijski pregled podgorske razvojne slike te analizu
sociodemografske dinamike u prostoru Podgorja. U završnom dijelu rada oblikuje se
razvojni scenarij za Podgorje. Sustavnom analizom razvojne dinamike u Podgorju, definira
se perspektiva koja prostor Podgorja iz "zavičajnog" okruženja transvaluira u cluster od
vitalnog značaja za daljnji razvoj najprije Podgorja pa onda Ličko-senjske, Primorsko
goranske i Zadarske županije.
Language and Literature, History of Central Europe