Hasil untuk "History"

R. Graham, P. Hell

G. Gutiérrez

Richard Buel, J. Keegan

O. D. Curling, D. Kelly, A. Elster et al.

T. Swetnam

A. Keyssar

S. Stearns

Stefano Chiarenza, Marta Salvatore

The coherence of built architecture often depends on a latent structural design whose essential role can govern architectural outcomes even when not overtly visible. Structural logic is either integrated into the building as a whole or concealed behind finished surfaces. However, this concealed structure often defines space and regulates formal relationships. Instead of viewing structure and form as opposites or as directly corresponding, it is more accurate to understand them as mutually influential, their relationship shaped by specific design choices. Every construction act creates an order, and every form manifests through its underlying structure, highlighting an ongoing interplay between these elements. [read more]

Robert A. Reiser

A. Scott

Keith C. Barton, Linda S. Levstik

Antonis Antoniou

In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis of modified gravity, and the latter is largely regarded today as a non-viable alternative. The present article takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach in order to identify the reasons why the scientific community mainly pursued the dark matter hypothesis in the years that followed, as opposed to modified gravity. A plausible answer is given in terms of three epistemic criteria for the pursuitworthiness of a hypothesis: (a) its problem-solving potential, (b) its compatibility with established theories and the feasibility of incorporation, and (c) its independent testability. A further comparison between the problem of dark matter and the problem of dark energy is also presented, explaining why in the latter case the situation is different, and modified gravity is still considered a viable possibility.

Hanti Lin

The integration of the history and philosophy of statistics was initiated at least by Hacking (1975) and advanced by Hacking (1990), Mayo (1996), and Zabell (2005), but it has not received sustained follow-up. Yet such integration is more urgent than ever, as the recent success of artificial intelligence has been driven largely by machine learning -- a field historically developed alongside statistics. Today, the boundary between statistics and machine learning is increasingly blurred. What we now need is integration, twice over: of history and philosophy, and of two fields they engage -- statistics and machine learning. I present a case study of a philosophical idea in machine learning (and in formal epistemology) whose root can be traced back to an often under-appreciated insight in Neyman and Pearson's 1936 work (a follow-up to their 1933 classic). This leads to the articulation of an epistemological principle -- largely implicit in, but shared by, the practices of frequentist statistics and machine learning -- which I call achievabilism: the thesis that the correct standard for assessing non-deductive inference methods should not be fixed, but should instead be sensitive to what is achievable in specific problem contexts. Another integration also emerges at the level of methodology, combining two ends of the philosophy of science spectrum: history and philosophy of science on the one hand, and formal epistemology on the other hand.

Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martín Farach-Colton et al.

A history-independent data structure does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current logical state, even if its internal state is examined. This paper studies history-independent concurrent dictionaries, in particular, hash tables, and establishes inherent bounds on their space requirements. This paper shows that there is a lock-free history-independent concurrent hash table, in which each memory cell stores two elements and two bits, based on Robin Hood hashing. Our implementation is linearizable, and uses the shared memory primitive LL/SC. The expected amortized step complexity of the hash table is $O(c)$, where $c$ is an upper bound on the number of concurrent operations that access the same element, assuming the hash table is not overpopulated. We complement this positive result by showing that even if we have only two concurrent processes, no history-independent concurrent dictionary that supports sets of any size, with wait-free membership queries and obstruction-free insertions and deletions, can store only two elements of the set and a constant number of bits in each memory cell. This holds even if the step complexity of operations on the dictionary is unbounded.

Clementina Battcock

Paula López Caballero y Ariadna Acevedo-Rodrigo, Más allá de la identidad indígena. Ciudad de México, Grano de Sal/Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2025.

LI Haofeng, MA He, FU Tao

Abstract Objective To analyze the diagnostic process and clinical characteristics of autoimmune gastritis(AIG) in order to improve the awareness and diagnostic proficiency of this disease. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 114 patients diagnosed with AIG in Army Medical Center of PLA between January 2021 and June 2024. Comprehensive statistical analysis was performed on clinical data, including demographic characteristics(age, sex), clinical symptoms, comorbidities, diagnostic process, Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection and treatment history, laboratory indicators [results of routine blood test, anemia-related indices, thyroid function, anti-parietal cell antibody(APCA), intrinsic factor antibody(IFA)], and gastrointestinal endoscopic findings(frequency and endoscopic features). Results Among the 114 patients, males accounted for 28.1%(32/114) and females for 71.9%(82/114), and they were at a mean age of 56.3±8.4 years. Predominant symptoms included epigastric/upper abdominal pain(47.4%, 54/114) and postprandial fullness(43.0%, 49/114), while 24.6%(28/114) reported acid reflux or heartburn. Diagnostic delay occurred in 76.4%(87/114) of patients, with a median delay duration of 11.5 months. Primary diagnostic clues were endoscopic reverse gradient atrophy(significantly more severe mucosal atrophy in the gastric corpus/fundus versus antrum; 53.5%, 61/114) and repeated H. pylori eradication failure(≥2 attempts; 22.8%, 26/114). Positivity rate of thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb) was 56.9%(33/58) and 36.2%(21/58), respectively. APCA positive rate was 98.8%(81/82), IFA positive rate was 34.1%(28/82), and dual-antibody rate was 32.9%(27/82). Anemia was present in 25.7%(26/101) of the patients. Gastric neuroendocrine tumors(NET) were found in 12.2%(14/114), intraepithelial neoplasia in 5.3%(6/114), and gastric adenocarcinoma in 0.9%(1/114). Among colonoscopy-examined patients, tubular adenomas occurred in 25.0%(13/52) and colorectal malignancies in 3.4%(2/58). There were 18.4%(21/114) patients having gallbladder-related diseases, 7.9%(9/114) having diabetes mellitus, and 1.8%(2/114) of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Conclusion AIG is frequently associated with diagnostic delay. The reverse pattern of atrophy on endoscopy serves as a critical diagnostic clue, necessitating enhanced recognition in endoscopists. Patients with recurrent H. pylori eradication failure (≥2 attempts) should be evaluated for AIG.

Justin R. Bates

The purpose of this research is to examine how the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its members have responded to anti-Jewish theological tropes, especially in the post-Holocaust era. The thesis of this research is that, while the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has not formally canonized any twentieth-century statements on antisemitism, its sacred texts—including the Book of Mormon—along with prophetic teachings and institutional actions before, during, and after World War II, reflect a consistent and distinctive theological perspective on the Jewish people as God’s covenant people with a positive eschatological role in his plan. Unique among its Christian cousins in that era, the Latter-day Saint perspective includes a general rejection of anti-Jewish tropes and—while imperfect—a general pattern of respectful engagement with Jews at both institutional and individual levels. This research is significant in an era of rising antisemitism as it promotes understanding of a religion that has historically maintained, though not perfectly, a more philosemitic approach both institutionally and individually. A deeper understanding of ideas and attitudes that discourage anti-Jewish tropes and combat antisemitism is desperately needed in the modern world.

A. Portelli

K. Setchell, C. Clerici

Yi Xu, Weiran Shen, Xiao Zhang et al.

Traditional imitation learning focuses on modeling the behavioral mechanisms of experts, which requires a large amount of interaction history generated by some fixed expert. However, in many streaming applications, such as streaming recommender systems, online decision-makers typically engage in online learning during the decision-making process, meaning that the interaction history generated by online decision-makers includes their behavioral evolution from novice expert to experienced expert. This poses a new challenge for existing imitation learning approaches that can only utilize data from experienced experts. To address this issue, this paper proposes an inverse batched contextual bandit (IBCB) framework that can efficiently perform estimations of environment reward parameters and learned policy based on the expert's behavioral evolution history. Specifically, IBCB formulates the inverse problem into a simple quadratic programming problem by utilizing the behavioral evolution history of the batched contextual bandit with inaccessible rewards. We demonstrate that IBCB is a unified framework for both deterministic and randomized bandit policies. The experimental results indicate that IBCB outperforms several existing imitation learning algorithms on synthetic and real-world data and significantly reduces running time. Additionally, empirical analyses reveal that IBCB exhibits better out-of-distribution generalization and is highly effective in learning the bandit policy from the interaction history of novice experts.