Hasil untuk "German literature"

A. Mellors

Lolo Jacques PN Mayer, Claude-Hélène Mayer

Erich Fromm (1900–1980) was a sociologist, psychoanalyst and a social and human philosopher of German-Jewish origin who fled from Germany via Geneva to the United States of America in 1934. He became globally known as the author of the book The Art of Loving (Fromm, 1956) and stated that the only way to lead a sane and satisfying human existence is through love. This psychobiographical study aims to capture the theme of love throughout the life of Erich Fromm and within selected creative works. The research methodology used is qualitative in nature and applies a psychobiographical study approach. Psychobiographies explore the lives of extraordinary individuals through psychological theories. This study focuses on the life of Fromm as a single purposefully selected individual. Data was collected from literature search in the public domains and analysed through content analysis. The study used a five-step-content analysis process of familiarisation with the data, coding and categorisation, analysis, data reconstruction and presentation. Findings trace the development of the concept of love in the life and work of Fromm. Fromm viewed love as an “art” which needs to be learned, and requires discipline, focus, concentration and patience. It is an active skill that needs effort and understanding. Different forms of love exist, such as the love of God, the love within family (motherly love, brotherly love), love in love relationships (erotic love) and the love for the self (self-love). The four core aspects of love are care, responsibility, respect and knowledge. In this article, we draw selected conclusions on how Fromm’s concept of love may have grown from his lived experience. These findings and conclusions might deserve more detailed analyses in future research.

Oleg N. German

In this paper we introduce the notion of a weak uniform Diophantine exponent of a real number and obtain the complete description of the spectrum of its values.

Kimete Canaj, Blerim Canaj, Besjana Beci et al.

Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit den Herausforderungen beim Erwerb der deutschen medizinischen Terminologie durch albanischsprachige Lernende. Im Rahmen einer Befragung von 100 Ärzt*innen, Pflegekräften und Medizinstudierenden werden Schwierigkeiten sowie Strategien zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen systematisch analysiert. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Terminologie lateinisch-griechischen Ursprungs und deren Anwendung im deutschen Sprachkontext. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, zentrale Problembereiche zu identifizieren, bevorzugte Lernmethoden zu erfassen und zukünftige Forschungsansätze aufzuzeigen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Unterschiede im Verständnisgrad sowie Schwierigkeiten beim Erlernen und Verwenden der Begriffe. Abschließend werden didaktische Lernerautonomie und Lernstrategien (Bimmel / Rampillon 2000:35) zur Verbesserung des Fachsprachenerwerbs vorgeschlagen.

Juliette RUPP

Noting that she was forgotten after the Second World War, Valeska Gert deployed a number of strategies to bring herself to the fore and make her memory known. Written and oral self-narratives played a central role. Male artists were predominant, as the dancer, actress and cabaret performer particularly valued the male gaze and discourse. But this valorization raises questions insofar as Gert relied on male adjuvants – who were also artistic canons – to inscribe herself in memories and history, without commenting on their work. Furthermore, the women artists who actually surrounded her were only peripheral in these narratives, often evoked in a marginal or devaluing manner. If the categories and value systems of art historiography reproduced gender inequalities, partly explaining Gert’s erasure, she herself used the mechanisms of this same unequal system to insert herself into it.

Józef Jarosz

The content of the review article is a discussion and assessment of the practical applicability of a book containing an annotated bibliography of publications by Jerzy Bartmiński, a Polish linguist who specialized in the field of ethnolinguistics, folkloristics and Slavic studies, and who died in 2022. The introductory part is dedicated to the function of the bibliography. The main part of the article deals with the structure and functionalities of the reviewed volume. The publication, which should be seen primarily as a tribute to a meritorious researcher and academic teacher, is certainly a very practical and helpful source of data for text researchers and ethnolinguists. The bibliography is divided into eighteen chapters, organised by types of publications, a detailed subject index and an index of names that make it easy to find the requested data, and the attached summaries which provide orientation in the content and methods. The publication also fulfils a didactic-educational function in a way that academic career of Professor Jerzy Bartmiński, his enormous and admirable activity as an author and initiator of academic life at the local and international level, can be regarded as an exemplary curriculum vitae for researchers of the younger generation.

Alejandro Isidro Gómez

Als sozial-historisches Phänomen der Vertreibung betrachtet, ist das Exil eins der deutlichsten Beispiele für das Scheitern jeglichen Versuchs des Zusammenlebens. Dementsprechend wiederholen sich bei den im Exil geschriebenen Texten gewisse Themen und Emotionsskripts, die sich mit dem Konzept des Konvivialismus und der Hybris in Verbindung setzen lassen – eine These, die in diesem Beitrag durch die Analyse von vier Erzählungen zweier paradigmatischen Schriftstellerinnen des deutschen bzw. spanischen Exils, ANNA SEGHERS und LUISA CARNÉS, überprüft wird.

Lisa Raithel, Hui-Syuan Yeh, Shuntaro Yada et al.

User-generated data sources have gained significance in uncovering Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), with an increasing number of discussions occurring in the digital world. However, the existing clinical corpora predominantly revolve around scientific articles in English. This work presents a multilingual corpus of texts concerning ADRs gathered from diverse sources, including patient fora, social media, and clinical reports in German, French, and Japanese. Our corpus contains annotations covering 12 entity types, four attribute types, and 13 relation types. It contributes to the development of real-world multilingual language models for healthcare. We provide statistics to highlight certain challenges associated with the corpus and conduct preliminary experiments resulting in strong baselines for extracting entities and relations between these entities, both within and across languages.

Ekaterina Artemova, Verena Blaschke, Barbara Plank

Mainstream cross-lingual task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems leverage the transfer learning paradigm by training a joint model for intent recognition and slot-filling in English and applying it, zero-shot, to other languages. We address a gap in prior research, which often overlooked the transfer to lower-resource colloquial varieties due to limited test data. Inspired by prior work on English varieties, we craft and manually evaluate perturbation rules that transform German sentences into colloquial forms and use them to synthesize test sets in four ToD datasets. Our perturbation rules cover 18 distinct language phenomena, enabling us to explore the impact of each perturbation on slot and intent performance. Using these new datasets, we conduct an experimental evaluation across six different transformers. Here, we demonstrate that when applied to colloquial varieties, ToD systems maintain their intent recognition performance, losing 6% (4.62 percentage points) in accuracy on average. However, they exhibit a significant drop in slot detection, with a decrease of 31% (21 percentage points) in slot F1 score. Our findings are further supported by a transfer experiment from Standard American English to synthetic Urban African American Vernacular English.

GJERTRUD F. STENBRENDEN

This paper addresses the emergence and development of palato-alveolar affricates /tʃ dʒ/ in English, using spelling evidence, metrical and otherwise, from OE and ME. The affricates developed from the reflexes of Gmc velars in palatal contexts. From the earliest records, the scribes indicate a distinction between velar and palatal reflexes, but there is no certain evidence of phonetic affricates until the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, in the form of <t-> and <d->. The velar and palatalised reflexes continue to alliterate until the late-tenth century for Gmc *g, and well into ME for Gmc *k. As alliteration is based on identity of sound, such alliterations suggest that these reflexes were allophones and that they were not affricates. Verse evidence is also exploited for its clues as to the metrical weight of the pre-affricates; it is also indicative of non-affricates for OE and early ME. For the reflexes of Gmc *g, a few ME scribes maintain a graphemic contrast between the voiced plosive and pre-affricate on the one hand, and fricative and approximant realisations on the other. Structural sequences (phonetic affricates) may have developed in ME, as the pre-affricates block open syllable lengthening and induce shortening of the preceding vowel. Full-blown phonemic affricates (or contour segments) seem to have developed in late ME and were influenced by the fact that a number of French loans had phonemic affricates without distributional limitations. The voiced affricate developed later than its voiceless counterpart.

Frank Krause

Studies on the significance of olfaction for philosophical aesthetics are justifiably interested in innovative literary explorations of links between aesthetic values and olfactory perceptions. In this context, the early Enlightenment poetry by Barthold Heinrich Brockes has remained neglected: literary historians rarely pay attention to his approaches to smell, and the few pertinent studies appeared in German only. This article introduces the English-speaking public to the valuation of smell in the theological aesthetics of Brockes’ poems, and it concludes with a sketch of his contribution to the tradition of modern cultic smelling, in which the olfactory and the aesthetic are variously intertwined. He thematises smelling as an emotional climax of human relations to external nature which are validated by a sacred essence of the experiential world, the awareness of which can be conjured up through innerworldly poetic thought. This interpretive pattern of olfactory culture has remained relevant to the present day.

Oleg N. German

In this paper we prove that uniform Diophantine exponents of lattices attain only trivial values.

Torben Jelsbak

The publication of Emigrant Literature, the first volume of Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature (1872–1890), constituted Georg Brandes’ breakthrough work and the beginning of his career as a European literary critic. However, the work was very differently received in the two major literary cultures of the time, Germany and France. In the German press, Brandes was saluted as a cultural reformer and icebreaker of literary modernity, “a good European and cultural missionary”, as Friedrich Nietzsche called him in a letter from 1887, whereas French critics reacted with much greater skepticism to Brandes’ work. This situation was especially annoying to Brandes as he regarded French literary and intellectual culture as superior to any other culture of the world and more than anything else he longed for recognition from the French literati. The uneven distribution of critical acclaim was a paradox that also affected Brandes’ self-understanding and position as a lcritic. The following article will examine this tension by providing a comparative study of the reception of Emigrant Literature in Germany and France from 1872 to 1893.

Neven Josipovic, Kathrin Viergutz

The paper outlines the challenges municipalities face when it comes to dealing with flood disasters and identifies general concepts for smart solutions that address the challenges and help cities to improve their flood resilience. It follows a unique and novel transdisciplinary approach in that it condenses the scientific literature to the most salient concepts in the fields of big data, digital twins, and remote sensing and support. As for big data applications, their main improvement to conventional flood management stems from the integration of different data streams to improve situational awareness. Digital twins not only help to improve the speed and quality of management decisions by visualizing complex data in a simple and accessible way during a disaster; they can also simulate the evolution of a disaster while taking into account the unique characteristics and conditions of a city, thereby acting as a critical element of an early warning system. Remote sensing and support with UAV solve the problem of physical and informational access to a disaster zone. In conclusion, the paper shows that smart solutions can be of great benefit for flood management, and that cities should strive to enhance existing infrastructure and processes with digital technologies.

Lisa Voigt, Antje Ullrich, Stefan Groß et al.

Abstract Background Long periods of uninterrupted sitting, i.e., sedentary bouts, and their relationship with adverse health outcomes have moved into focus of public health recommendations. However, evidence on associations between sedentary bouts and adiposity markers is limited. Our aim was to investigate associations of the daily number of sedentary bouts with waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of middle-aged to older adults. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from three different studies that took place in the area of Greifswald, Northern Germany, between 2012 and 2018. In total, 460 adults from the general population aged 40 to 75 years and without known cardiovascular disease wore tri-axial accelerometers (ActiGraph Model GT3X+, Pensacola, FL) on the hip for seven consecutive days. A wear time of ≥ 10 h on ≥ 4 days was required for analyses. WC (cm) and BMI (kg m− 2) were measured in a standardized way. Separate multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analyses were used to investigate associations of sedentary bouts (1 to 10 min, >10 to 30 min, and >30 min) with WC and BMI. Models were adjusted for potential confounders including sex, age, school education, employment, current smoking, season of data collection, and composition of accelerometer-based time use. Results Participants (66% females) were on average 57.1 (standard deviation, SD 8.5) years old and 36% had a school education >10 years. The mean number of sedentary bouts per day was 95.1 (SD 25.0) for 1-to-10-minute bouts, 13.3 (SD 3.4) for >10-to-30-minute bouts and 3.5 (SD 1.9) for >30-minute bouts. Mean WC was 91.1 cm (SD 12.3) and mean BMI was 26.9 kg m− 2 (SD 3.8). The daily number of 1-to-10-minute bouts was inversely associated with BMI (b = -0.027; p = 0.047) and the daily number of >30-minute bouts was positively associated with WC (b = 0.330; p = 0.001). All other associations were not statistically significant. Conclusion The findings provide some evidence on favourable associations of short sedentary bouts as well as unfavourable associations of long sedentary bouts with adiposity markers. Our results may contribute to a growing body of literature that can help to define public health recommendations for interrupting prolonged sedentary periods. Trial registration Study 1: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00010996); study 2: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02990039); study 3: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03539237).

G. German, R. Gonzalez Quaglia, A. M. Moran Colorado

We present a simple procedure to obtain universal bounds for quantities of cosmological interest, such as the number of $e$-folds during inflation, reheating, and radiation, as well as the reheating temperature. The main assumption is to represent each of the various epochs of evolution of the universe as being due to a single substance changing instantaneously into the next, describing a new era of evolution of the universe. This assumption, commonly used to obtain solutions of the Friedmann equations for simple cosmological models, is implemented here to find model-independent bounds on cosmological quantities of interest. In particular, we find that the bound $N_k\approx 56$ for $-\frac{1}{3} < ω_{re} < \frac{1}{3}$ is very robust as an upper bound on the number of $e$-folds during inflation and also as a lower bound when $ω_{re} > \frac{1}{3}$, where $ω_{re}$ is the effective equation of state parameter during reheating. These are model-independent results that any single-field model of inflation should satisfy. As an example, we illustrate the two approaches with the basic $α$ attractor model and show how they complement each other.

Leonie Helen Eckrich, Rogéria Costa Pereira

Die Corona-Pandemie hat den Präsenzunterricht vielerorts unmöglich gemacht und Lehrende und Lernende dazu bewegt, neue Möglichkeiten für einen Unterricht im Online-Format zu erkunden. Die Heterogenität der Lernenden an den Kursen der Casa de Cultura Alemã der Universidade Federal do Ceará (CCA) und der ab August 2020 durchgeführte Onlineunterricht haben uns zudem dazu bewegt, neue Unterrichtsverfahren zu ermitteln. Wir konnten feststellen, dass die schon vor der Pandemie große Heterogenität in den Deutschkursen der CCA in der Pandemie durch das neue Unterrichtssetting noch größer wurde, einerseits durch ein erhöhtes Maß an Selbstorganisation und aufzubringende -motivation, und andererseits durch die technischen Gegebenheiten der einzelnen Teilnehmer*innen. Um dieser Heterogenität gerecht zu werden, stellten wir uns die Frage, wie sich binnendifferenzierende Maßnahmen im Onlineunterricht, gestützt durch Online-Tools, umsetzen lassen. Besonders große Unterschiede finden sich im Hinblick auf die Schreibkompetenz der Teilnehmer*innen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden daher binnendifferenzierende Maßnahmen für das Training der Fertigkeit Schreiben im Online-Format vorgestellt.

Maximilian Andreas Storz, Ann-Kathrin Lederer, Eric Pieter Heymann

Abstract Background International medical electives are one the highlights of medical training. Literature about international electives is scarce, and understanding what made a student choose one destination over another is unclear. Many medical students based in Europe travel to Africa each year for their elective, however, students’ expectations and motivations are yet largely unexplored. Methods To gain insights into the factors driving students to travel to Africa, we analyzed two large international elective databases based in Germany. We reviewed elective testimonies and extrapolated geographical data as well as the choice of discipline for electives completed in Africa. Based on pre-defined categories, we also investigated students’ motivations and expectations. Results We identified approximately 300 elective reports from medical students from German-speaking countries who chose to travel to Africa for their elective. Students commonly reported destinations in Southern and East Africa, with the Republic of South Africa and Tanzania being the most frequently selected destinations. Surgical disciplines were the most commonly reported choice. Diverse motivations were identified, including the desire to improve knowledge and clinical examination skills. A large proportion of students reported a link between destination choice and the potential to partake in surgical procedures not feasible at home; whether these surgeries were not or no longer practiced at home, or whether students could not partake due to level of training, was not ascertainable from the data. A trend-analysis revealed a growing interest in travelling to Africa for electives within the last 15 years. We observed a sharp decline in reports in 2020, a phenomenon most likely related to SARS-CoV-2-related travel restrictions. Conclusions This study suggests that medical electives in Africa are commonly reported by medical students from German-speaking countries, with diverse motivations for the choice of destination. A non-neglectable proportion of students identified the possibility to engage in surgical procedures as one of the main reasons for choosing Africa. This poses a series of ethical dilemmas, and well-structured pre-departure trainings may be a solution to this. The recent dip in overseas electives should be seen as a unique opportunity for medical schools and universities to restructure their international elective programs.

Francine Maessen, Bibi Burger, Mathilda Smit

In this review article, we focus on the depiction of the transnational and translingual as a state of being in-between in Klara du Plessis’s debut poetry collection, Ekke (2018). This in-between state has implications for how identity, place and visual art feature in the collection. Ekke contains fragments of German and French, but consists mainly of English interspersed with Afrikaans. The creation of meaning through this linguistic slippage reflects the idea of identity as always in-process that comes to the fore throughout the collection. Ekke also represents an intervention in South African urban literature, as Bloemfontein, a city not much featured in literature, is represented in several poems. In these poems, the poet/speaker struggles to situate Bloemfontein and its surrounding areas’ histories and symbolism in the transnational networks that she is a part of. The conception of identity and language being constantly in-progress is also conveyed in the collection’s poems about visual art. In these poems, meaning is created through the interaction of language with visual art, a process the poet calls ‘intervisuality'.

Sascha O. Becker, Lukas Mergele, Ludger Woessmann

German separation in 1949 into a communist East and a capitalist West and their reunification in 1990 are commonly described as a natural experiment to study the enduring effects of communism. We show in three steps that the populations in East and West Germany were far from being randomly selected treatment and control groups. First, the later border is already visible in many socio-economic characteristics in pre-World War II data. Second, World War II and the subsequent occupying forces affected East and West differently. Third, a selective fifth of the population fled from East to West Germany before the building of the Wall in 1961. In light of our findings, we propose a more cautious interpretation of the extensive literature on the enduring effects of communist systems on economic outcomes, political preferences, cultural traits, and gender roles.