Hasil untuk "English literature"

Alex Warstadt, Amanpreet Singh, Samuel R. Bowman

Abstract This paper investigates the ability of artificial neural networks to judge the grammatical acceptability of a sentence, with the goal of testing their linguistic competence. We introduce the Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability (CoLA), a set of 10,657 English sentences labeled as grammatical or ungrammatical from published linguistics literature. As baselines, we train several recurrent neural network models on acceptability classification, and find that our models outperform unsupervised models by Lau et al. (2016) on CoLA. Error-analysis on specific grammatical phenomena reveals that both Lau et al.’s models and ours learn systematic generalizations like subject-verb-object order. However, all models we test perform far below human level on a wide range of grammatical constructions.

B. Bonevski, Madeleine Randell, Chris Paul et al.

BackgroundThis study aims to review the literature regarding the barriers to sampling, recruitment, participation, and retention of members of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in health research and strategies for increasing the amount of health research conducted with socially disadvantaged groups.MethodsA systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted. Searches of electronic databases Medline, PsychInfo, EMBASE, Social Science Index via Web of Knowledge and CINHAL were conducted for English language articles published up to May 2013. Qualitative and quantitative studies as well as literature reviews were included. Articles were included if they reported attempts to increase disadvantaged group participation in research, or the barriers to research with disadvantaged groups. Groups of interest were those described as socially, culturally or financially disadvantaged compared to the majority of society. Eligible articles were categorised according to five phases of research: 1) sampling, 2) recruitment and gaining consent, 3) data collection and measurement, 4) intervention delivery and uptake, and 5) retention and attrition.ResultsIn total, 116 papers from 115 studies met inclusion criteria and 31 previous literature reviews were included. A comprehensive summation of the major barriers to working with various disadvantaged groups is provided, along with proposed strategies for addressing each of the identified types of barriers. Most studies of strategies to address the barriers were of a descriptive nature and only nine studies reported the results of randomised trials.ConclusionsTo tackle the challenges of research with socially disadvantaged groups, and increase their representation in health and medical research, researchers and research institutions need to acknowledge extended timeframes, plan for higher resourcing costs and operate via community partnerships.

Anthony B. Atkinson, T. Piketty, Emmanuel Saez

F. R. Smink, D. van Hoeken, H. Hoek

Eating disorders are relatively rare among the general population. This review discusses the literature on the incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of eating disorders. We searched online Medline/Pubmed, Embase and PsycINFO databases for articles published in English using several keyterms relating to eating disorders and epidemiology. Anorexia nervosa is relatively common among young women. While the overall incidence rate remained stable over the past decades, there has been an increase in the high risk-group of 15–19 year old girls. It is unclear whether this reflects earlier detection of anorexia nervosa cases or an earlier age at onset. The occurrence of bulimia nervosa might have decreased since the early nineties of the last century. All eating disorders have an elevated mortality risk; anorexia nervosa the most striking. Compared with the other eating disorders, binge eating disorder is more common among males and older individuals.

U. Gustafsson, M. Scott, W. Schwenk et al.

E. Cibas, Syed Z. Ali

Graham R. Walden

This volume is the first of two volumes that address the most recent ten years (1997-2006) of focus group studies and research literature. Volume one provides coverage of the arts and humanities, social sciences, and the nonmedical sciences, and volume two concentrates on the medical and health sciences. These volumes cover the English-language academic literature (books, chapters in books, journal articles, and significant pamphlets) available in libraries via interlibrary loan and online. A variety of materials are included: instructional guides, handbooks, reference works, textbooks, and academic journal literature. In Focus Groups, Volume I, the following subject disciplines have been considered: in the arts and humanities_linguistics, music, religion, and sports and leisure studies; in the social sciences_anthropology, business, cartography, communication, demography, education, law, library science, political science, psychology, and sociology; and in the non-medical sciences_agriculture, biology, engineering, environmental sciences, and physics. The selected entries have a minimum of four pages, and include 29 books, 50 book chapters, 349 articles, and 10 pamphlets, for a total of 438 entries. An appendix includes the titles of the 245 journals cited, along with the appropriate entry numbers for each. Author and subject indexes provide access to the contents, with the subject index providing access to unique terms. The detailed contents pages are designed to enable the reader to quickly find appropriate entries through the use of extensive and detailed subheadings.

James Mccord, Hani Jneid, Judd E. Hollander et al.

D. Richardson, P. Pyšek, M. Rejmánek et al.

M. Roden, T. Zaoutis, Wendy L. Buchanan et al.

M. Kramer

D. B. Allison, Janet L. Mentore, Moonseong Heo et al.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the effects of antipsychotics-both the newer ones and the conventional ones-on body weight. METHOD A comprehensive literature search identified 81 English- and non-English-language articles that included data on weight change in antipsychotic-treated patients. For each agent, a meta-analysis and random effects metaregression estimated the weight change after 10 weeks of treatment at a standard dose. A comprehensive narrative review was also conducted on all articles that did not yield quantitative information but did yield important qualitative information. RESULTS Placebo was associated with a mean weight reduction of 0.74 kg. Among conventional agents, mean weight change ranged from a reduction of 0.39 kg with molindone to an increase of 3.19 kg with thioridazine. Among newer antipsychotic agents, mean increases were as follows: clozapine, 4.45 kg; olanzapine, 4.15 kg; sertindole, 2.92 kg; risperidone, 2.10 kg; and ziprasidone, 0.04 kg. Insufficient data were available to evaluate quetiapine at 10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Both conventional and newer antipsychotics are associated with weight gain. Among the newer agents, clozapine appears to have the greatest potential to induce weight gain, and ziprasidone the least. The differences among newer agents may affect compliance with medication and health risk.

M. Silverstein

J. Cummings

M. Nystrand, Adam Gamoran, Robert Kachur et al.

Debtanu Datta, Rajdeep Mukherjee, Adrijit Goswami et al.

Summarizing Indian legal court judgments is a complex task not only due to the intricate language and unstructured nature of the legal texts, but also since a large section of the Indian population does not understand the complex English in which legal text is written, thus requiring summaries in Indian languages. In this study, we aim to improve the summarization of Indian legal text to generate summaries in both English and Hindi (the most widely spoken Indian language), by injecting domain knowledge into diverse summarization models. We propose a framework to enhance extractive neural summarization models by incorporating domain-specific pre-trained encoders tailored for legal texts. Further, we explore the injection of legal domain knowledge into generative models (including Large Language Models) through continual pre-training on large legal corpora in English and Hindi. Our proposed approaches achieve statistically significant improvements in both English-to-English and English-to-Hindi Indian legal document summarization, as measured by standard evaluation metrics, factual consistency metrics, and legal domain-specific metrics. Furthermore, these improvements are validated through domain experts, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approaches.

David B. Kingsmore, MD, FRCS, Mb ChB, BMEdBiol, Ben Edgar, FRCS, Mb ChB, Karen Stevenson, PhD, FRCS, Mb ChB, BSc (MedSci)

Objective: It is widely acknowledged that an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the optimal vascular access for dialysis; however, the reported outcomes following AVF creation vary widely, with primary patency rates that range from 50% to 65% at 1 year. Many adaptations of the original procedure have been proposed to improve outcomes, but the evidence to support these is unclear and often conflicting. The aim of this article is to review the published literature on defined technical approaches to improve outcomes and determine the key technical aspects. Methods: Relevant literature was identified by searching Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases using terms for arteriovenous fistula, technique, and modification. In addition, secondary referencing was performed. Studies including technical approaches or modifications were reviewed. All other reports of pre- or post-creation intervention/revisions/medication and not in English were excluded. Results: From 3302 records, 81 relevant studies were reviewed and referenced. Four main types of AVF procedure have been described: a traditional approach, piggyback straight-line on-lay technique (pSLOT), not-touch technique, and radial artery deviation and reimplantation (RADAR). Randomized trials have been performed in seven technical steps to optimize the outcome of the traditional AVF (control of blood vessels, intra-luminal probes, an excision arteriotomy, anastomosis technique, anastomotic angle, interrupted suture technique, blood vessel dilatation). Other techniques (pSLOT, not-touch, RADAR) have conflicting rationale and techniques, but still report excellent outcomes. Conclusions: This review does not support the concept of a single ‘ideal’ AVF operation that applies to all circumstances. Although there appear to be opposite philosophical views between all four techniques, all are marked by a thoughtful, adaptive, meticulous approach, implying that the key variable in determining the outcome is the surgeon, rather than a prescribed procedure.

Calderaro, Michela A.

Review of Goodison, L. (2025). Dante's Inferno. A New Translation. Manchester: Carcanet Classics, 224 pp.

Célia Cristina Franco de Godoy, Anacleta Rodrigues Lima, Paula Hino et al.

Abstract Context Burnout syndrome is characterized by intense physical and psychological exhaustion related to work. Many professionals are exposed to this condition, but nursing workers stand out. Working in primary healthcare requires a lot of attention and constant demands that can lead to exhaustion and thus make them more vulnerable to occupational accidents. This study aimed to map the profile and summarize the available scientific evidence on burnout syndrome and its relationship with accidents among primary health care nursing workers, as well as ways of coping. Methods A scoping review was carried out in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science (WoS), Excerpa Medica DataBASE (Embase), PsycINFO—APA PsycNET (American Psychological Association) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) databases, published in Portuguese, Spanish, or English, without a time frame. Partial research reports, editorials and response letters were excluded. Results A total of 872 articles were found from primary sources and 11 from references cited in articles. After selection and application of eligibility criteria, a sample of 11 materials was obtained. The studies showed convergence in some findings that were grouped into the following categories: Profile and risk factors for occupational accidents associated with burnout; Risks and harm to patients; and Strategies for coping with and reducing accidents associated with burnout. Conclusion The materials were published mainly in English, produced in various regions of the world and using different methods. Primary healthcare nursing professionals providing direct patient care, with less experience and with a medium level of education were those who most frequently reported accidents resulting from burnout. Accidents involving biological and chemical materials were the most frequent and were associated with the need for very quick decision-making, little training, excessive demands and long working hours. There were repercussions on patient safety and accidents further aggravated the feeling of professional burnout. Coping measures include the use of stress and fatigue measurement instruments, training to reduce accidents and internet-based interventions. The studies’ methodological quality suggests the need for more in-depth experimental research to suggest more assertive evidence.

Samaneh Dehghani, Rouhollah Saiiadi nezhad

Sociolinguistics, by studying the reciprocal influence between language and society, seeks to analyze the role of language in human interactions. The novel, as a linguistic discourse encompassing a wide range of literary styles, serves as a window through which the reader can perceive social realities from a linguistic perspective. Hybridization is defined as the blending of language with various literary styles within a single literary work, allowing for an analysis that integrates diverse voices and perspectives. It also enables the study of a broad spectrum of individual and social voices. Celestial Bodies by Jokha Alharthi vividly embodies different forms of hybridization. This study aims to examine and analyze the manifestations of hybridization in this novel using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that hybridization appears in two main dimensions: unintentional and intentional. In the unintentional dimension, the author unconsciously incorporates borrowed vocabulary from Classical Arabic. In the intentional hybridization, Alharthi elevates the integration of her narrative language with various literary styles by employing intertextual references to the Quran and Hadith, incorporating proverbs and Omani colloquial dialect, and utilizing typographical hybridization. The author employs elements of hybridization to reflect class disparities in society, reinforce religious guidance and moral lessons, and affirm the cultural foundations of her community. This contributes to engaging the reader and enriching the novel, significantly influencing the representation of different societal voices and enabling the reader to grasp the contradictions embedded within its structure.   Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Hybridization, Celestial Bodies, Omani Novel.   Extended summary   Introduction The language constitutes the fundamental material of the novel. Language serves as a primary and prominent tool in embodying narrative and novelistic concepts, as it enables the writer to convey descriptions, emotions, concerns, thoughts, and critiques to the reader. Moreover, the novel functions as an effective medium for reflecting linguistic and literary issues and is capable of portraying social realities through language. Sociolinguistics examines the influences of society on language and vice versa, aiming to analyze the social and cultural roles of language in human interactions, individual and collective identity, social and political changes, and manifestations of power. Studying the impact of society on language, or vice versa, allows for a deeper understanding of characters, narrative realities, and the writer’s intent. It also reveals various aspects of the novel, such as social transformations and cultural exchanges. The study of novels that interlink language with social, cultural, and psychological issues holds significant importance. Research that delves deeply into linguistic interactions gains further value, as it allows for the exploration of a broad spectrum of individual and social voices. The study of the novel Celestial Bodies is of great significance, as it incorporates various forms of linguistic and literary blending. This analysis can provide insights into the author’s motivations and her purpose in utilizing these forms to reflect diverse social and cultural concepts. Examining this novel from a sociolinguistic critical perspective and investigating the relationship between language and different literary forms is crucial and highly valuable due to the importance of language and society as well as the role of language in reflecting social realities and individual and collective voices. Materials & Methods This study aims to apply the sociolinguistic approach to analyze the process of blending and hybridization between different linguistic and literary forms in Celestial Bodies by Jokha Alharthi. The goal is to highlight social and cultural diversity, reflect conflicts and differences within society, and convey valuable social messages to the audience. This research examines Celestial Bodies by Omani author Jokha Alharthi from the perspective of sociolinguistics and hybridization, employing a descriptive-analytical method. The study seeks to identify, present, and scientifically analyze the hybrid elements present in this novel. This research examines the novel Celestial Bodies by the Omani author Jokha Alharthi from the perspective of sociolinguistics and hybridization, using a descriptive-analytical approach. The study aims to identify, present, and scientifically analyze the elements of hybridization present in this novel. Research findings The author of Celestial Bodies, Jokha Alharthi, blends her narrative language with diverse literary techniques. This usage manifests in two dimensions: intentional and unintentional. In the unintentional dimension, the author utilizes borrowed words that have entered the Arabic language unconsciously. She also innovates her narrative language by unconsciously incorporating words from English or other languages. The use of these words enables her to convey her concepts and themes to the reader, enriching her narrative style. In the intentional dimension, the author employs various literary techniques to communicate the ideas she wants to express, such as Quranic and Hadith intertextuality, hybridization (in its various forms, including linguistic nesting), and the use of colloquial language, proverbs, and poetry. The author's deliberate use of hybridization elements, particularly her use of colloquial language, is evident. The use of multiple hybridization techniques in Alharthi's work and their integration with the narrative language demonstrates the author's intentionality and awareness. Through her more deliberate and conscious use of intentional hybridization, as opposed to unintentional hybridization, Alharthi sought to convey specific concepts and ideologies to her audience. Discussion & Conclusion Alharthi created a variety of main and secondary characters in her novel within the framework of linguistic division to showcase class differences through language, blending it with the languages of all social classes. In fact, hybridization in this novel appears in the relationships between the characters and their life experiences, with the author reflecting her use of different forms of literature and the language of the novel through the characters' interactions with the challenges they face. The multiple voices in the novel contribute to building a comprehensive picture of the social reality, revealing tensions and internal conflicts within the community. In fact, the author used various forms of literature within her language in this novel, successfully maintaining the narrative identity while presenting different aspects of society, such as social transformations, class distinctions, cultural exchanges, and strengthening the cultural foundations of her society. This element addresses deep social issues like poverty and exploitation, aiming to provoke the reader into critically contemplating these phenomena. It is clear that the author used colloquial Arabic to depict the village space in her novel, the linguistic division to present class differences within society, proverbs to deliver moral advice, and religious intertextuality with the Quran and Hadith to enhance religious teachings, combat ignorance and superstition, and strengthen the cultural foundations of her society. Overall, Alharthi connected various linguistic and literary tools to the language of her novel, enriching her work through the use of hybridization, such as proverbs, linguistic division, and colloquial language. This not only increased its appeal and diversity but also elevated its maturity and depiction. The author does not just narrate events but integrates literary and linguistic tools to create a text that reflects a complex social reality, highlighting contradictions, injustice, and discrimination within society, allowing the reader to reflect upon and engage with these phenomena.