BACKGROUND: A declining fertility rate and aging population are major challenges for Vietnam. METHODS: This study utilizes panel data from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey, conducted from 2008 to 2016, tracking 1,200 households over nine years. A fixed effects model was employed to control for unobserved factors, such as cultural traditions and fertility motivations, thereby addressing endogeneity issues commonly encountered in previous research. RESULTS: The results indicate that the presence of grandparent(s) in a household has a positive impact on the number of children born (particularly when both grandparents are present), with estimates ranging from 0.0771 (95% CI: 0.0175 to 0.1368) for both grandparents to 0.1373 (95% CI: 0.0824 to 0.1922) overall. This effect is especially prominent in the Central Highlands and the Northern Midlands/Mountainous Area. In contrast, the effect is less pronounced in the Mekong River Delta, likely due to socioeconomic factors and data limitations. CONTRIBUTION: This study highlights the importance of household structure in shaping fertility behavior and provides policy recommendations to support multigenerational households and promote sustainable fertility rates in Vietnam.
The purpose of the study is to reveal the existing trends, contradictions, and patterns in functioning and development of interregional and inter-municipal cooperation institutions. Contradictions in the encountered institutions functioning have been highlighted in their powers and performance. Among the trends in the institutions development the following have been noted: management decentralization, strengthening of the regional and municipal authorities role in planning and implementation of spatial development projects, vector for strengthening sustainability, sustainable development principles integration in strategies and projects that allows to consider not only economic and environmental aspects in planning, but also social ones, strengthening of innovativeness and financing of interregional and inter-municipal cooperation institutions, spatial development management digitalization, public participation in solving problems of improving interregional and inter-municipal cooperation, and strengthening of international cooperation in relevant projects implementation. Among the patterns in the institutions development it is necessary to define their focus on functioning in the context of horizontal links globalization, growth of development sustainability and population mobility, digitalization and innovativeness, ensuring security on the basis of risk management, which implies legal integration and standards harmonization, intensive exchange of the best projects, activation of local authorities and population in projects implementation. The author’s proposals for improving institutions in modern conditions include transition to the project approach, reorientation of the policy in this area to ensure mutual benefit, and priority in supporting projects of inter-territorial importance, capable of ensuring territorial connectivity and unity of economic space.
Forest conversion for agriculture is the most expansive signature of human occupation on the Earth’s surface. This paper develops a conceptual model of factors underlying frontier agricultural expansion—the predominant driver of deforestation worldwide—from the perspective of small farm households—the majority of farmers globally. The framework consists of four causal rubrics: demographic, socioeconomic, political–economic, and ecological. Following this approach, the article explores the current state of knowledge on tropical deforestation in tropical agricultural frontiers with a focus on Latin America, the region of greatest deforestation worldwide during recent decades. Neo-Malthusian arguments notwithstanding, in many tropical nations, deforestation has proceeded unabated in recent years despite declining rural populations. However, evidence from the global-to-household scale suggests that population size and composition are also related to farm forest conversion. Existing particularist or behaviorialist theories sometimes fail to capture key geographical and temporal dimensions, yet studies support the notion that certain cultural, individual, and household characteristics are crucial determinants of forest clearing. Conversely, while institutional arguments sometimes fail to emphasize that the ultimate land use change agents are local resource users, their livelihood decisions are shaped and constrained by policies governing economic subsidies, and market and infrastructure development. Further, although ecological change is usually modeled as an outcome in the deforestation literature, increasingly acute climate change and natural farm endowments form a dynamic tabula rasa on which household land use decisions are enabled. To more fully comprehend frontier forest conversion and to enhance protection and conservation while promoting vital local livelihoods, future research may fruitfully investigate the interaction of demographic, social, political, economic, and ecological factors across spatial scales and academic disciplines.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya kemampuan kemampuan matematis siswa pada materi perkalian, hal ini terlihat dari kesulitan siswa dalam menyelesaikan permaslahan mengenai materi perkalian. Hal ini mengakibatkan rendahnya kemampuan pemahaman matematis siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini mendeskripsikan penmggunaan metode hitung cepat terhadap kemampuan pemahaman matematis siswa sekolah dasar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen semu (quasi eksperimen). Penelitian ini merepakan metode hitung cepat. Hasil analisis penelitian menjelaskan, pertama, metode hitung cepat bisa membantu siswa yang mengalami kesulitan dalam materi perkalian dan menambah semangat belajar siswa. Kedua, metode hitung cepat bisa meningkatkan pemahaman siswa dengan melihat hasil pemahaman matematis siwa yang belajar dengan metode hitung cepat lebih tinggi dari pada pembelajaran konvensional yaitu rata-rata hasil pemahaman konsep matematis siswa dengan metode hitung cepat 77 sedangkan dengan pembelajaran konvensional 71.
This research is motivated by the low ability of students' mathematical abilities in multiplication material, this can be seen from the students' difficulties in solving problems regarding multiplication material. This resulted in the low ability of students' mathematical understanding. The purpose of this study is to describe the use of the quick count method on the mathematical understanding abilities of elementary school students. This type of research is quasi-experimental research (quasi experiment). This research is a quick count method. The results of the research analysis explain, first, the quick count method can help students who experience difficulties in multiplication material and increase student enthusiasm for learning. Second, the quick count method can increase students' understanding by looking at the results of students' mathematical understanding who learn using the quick count method is higher than conventional learning, namely the average result of students' understanding of mathematical concepts using the quick count method is 77 while with conventional learning it is 71.
The European Union currently faces several economic, social, and environmental challenges. Our future depends on a transition from a linear economy toward a circular/green economy. It is currently one of the most important priorities in the EU and a major preoccupation for policy makers, industry and academia. We are witnessing a transformation of today’s society toward an increasingly digital society; this trend is called Industry 4.0 and more broadly Society 5.0. Both concepts have one thing in common, that is smart technologies, which is predicted to exponentially increase in market value and scope with time. These technologies have the potential to completely take over all of production through interconnected systems, also known as Internet of Things/Cyber-physical systems, in turn eliminating the need for human monitoring/intervention in tasks through machine learning/artificial intelligence algorithms. The EU Member States' ambitious commitment to become climate-neutral by 2050 requires transformation in all economic sectors and entails important social changes. In achieving this goal, digitalization will play an essential enabling and catalytic role.
Abstract Recognising the rapid increase in housing prices and the presence of socio-economic and demographic disparities that often characterise a metropolitan city, we adopted a sub-city approach and deployed an array of methods to detect bubbles in the different regions of Greater Sydney – western, inner-west, southern, eastern and northern – over 1991 to 2016, using Westerlund error correction-based panel cointegration, backward supremum augmented Dickey–Fuller (BSADF) procedure, and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) tests. Our cointegration results show no evidence of cointegration between real house price and rent in the western region. However, there is strong evidence of cointegration in the eastern and northern regions. This confirms the existence of housing submarkets in Greater Sydney, and an indication of housing price bubbles in Western Sydney. Further, the formal BSADF bubble tests reveal strong evidence of explosive price bubbles in Western Sydney, while there is no comparable evidence for the other regions of Sydney, which further highlights the importance of submarket analysis. Importantly, the DOLS results suggest that housing investment plays a major role in the build-up of housing bubbles in Western Sydney, supporting Shiller's Psychological Theory of bubbles which posits that bubbles occur via the speculative behaviour of investors. The implications of the findings are also discussed.
Abstract Households are responsible for a significant share of global greenhouse emissions. Hence, academic and policy discourses highlight behavioral changes among households as an essential strategy for combating climate change. However, formal models used to assess economic impacts of energy policies face limitations in tracing cumulative impacts of adaptive behavior of diverse households. The past decade has witnessed a proliferation of agent-based simulation models that quantify behavioral climate change mitigation relying on social science theories and micro-level survey data. Yet, these behaviorally-rich models usually operate on a small scale of neighborhoods, towns, and small regions, ignoring macro-scale social institutions such as international markets and rarely covering large areas relevant for climate change mitigation policy. This paper presents a methodology to scale up behavioral changes among heterogeneous individuals regarding energy choices while tracing their macroeconomic and cross-sectoral impacts. To achieve this goal, we combine the strengths of top-down computable general equilibrium models and bottom-up agent-based models. We illustrate the integration process of these two alien modeling approaches by linking data-rich macroeconomic with micro-behavioral models. Following a three-step approach, we investigate the dynamics of cumulative impacts of changes in individual energy use under three behavioral scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the regional dimension is important in a low-carbon economy transition. Heterogeneity in individual socio-demographics (e.g. education and age), structural characteristics (e.g. type and size of dwellings), behavioral and social traits (e.g. awareness and personal norms), and social interactions amplify these differences, causing nonlinearities in diffusion of green investments among households and macro-economic dynamics.
The country's investment attractiveness is one of the determining factors in attracting investment into the economy. The study emphasizes the relevance of research in this area. The article considers the dynamics of foreign direct investment in Ukraine's economy as one of the determining indicators of investment attractiveness. The place of Ukraine in the "pandemic" period in the rankings of various world institutions whose activities are related to research in the field of investment is analyzed. Low ratings of Ukraine are established, the factors which have caused such results are defined. Despite the generally negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the socio-economic system of the country, it was concluded that in such conditions, certain industries, including agriculture, construction, IT industry, transport, and logistics, have received prospects for their development. The article identifies positive trends in the institutional sphere, in particular, the adoption of a number of important bills that will facilitate business in Ukraine, resume cooperation with the International Monetary Fund, adoption of economic development programs, including the National Economic Strategy until 2030. This will stimulate investment in Ukraine's economy.
The study aims to explore connective patterns of seven dimensions of tourism consumer well-being, namely environmen-tal altruism, spiritual attunement, inspirational mindfulness, bio-psychological aspect, entrepreneurship, social connectedness, and cultural identity, to induce more tourism growth attractiveness in visiting the digital destination of the My Trip My Adventure (MTMA) Labuan Bajo YouTube platform. The study stems from a postmodern approach where the virtual world and reality are eroded in digital technology development. This study enriches the postmodern perspective by elaborating on seven dimensions of tourism consumer welfare and the 4 V’s of digital technology innovation (volume, variety, velocity, and veracity). This study collected comments, replies, and like expressions on YouTube from October 2016 to October 2019 from MTMA Labuan Bajo. Then, researchers conducted thematic analysis and social network analysis. This research confirms polynomial growth pattern from the seven tourism consumer well-being dimensions. Generally, the pattern goes up from environmental well-being to inspirational mindfulness. Then, it descends to biophys-ical well-being. Due to having exponential growth; tourism needs to be absent temporarily. After that, the growth goes up on social and cultural well-being. The findings can benefit tourism practitioners in orchestrating seven dimensions of tourism consumer well-being as destination orchestrators.
Abstract The facilitating conditions (FC) are one of the factors contemplated in the main theories that explain the use and acceptance of technology. For older adults, these FC can be implemented through digital literacy support (DLS) programs that promote the use of the Internet, reducing the obstacles derived from advanced age and the lack of resources. This research study, from the perspective of the studies on the digital divide, proposes to: (a) verify the relative effect of the socio-demographic factors on the different levels of access and use of the Internet by adults older than 55, and (b) verify the moderating ability of the DLS on these effects. For this, two studies were conducted using quota sampling of older adults who used both types of DLS. Using a structural equation methodology, the data showed that the socio-demographic factors were associated to the most basic levels of access and use of the Internet, and likewise, that the DLS could moderate the obstacles derived from age and socio-economic resources.
Environmentally Friendly Farming Practices (EFFPs) are tools aimed at providing ecosystem services or mitigating the environmental impacts of intensive agriculture. A large literature has explored the factors affecting the adoption of EFFPs by farmers. However, opposite effects of several factors on uptake have often emerged. We carried out a qualitative meta-analysis of the literature seeking to identify some geographical and temporal trends that can provide a rationale to explain these opposite results. To reach this goal, we analysed the literature and classified the following factors affecting farmers’ behaviour according to the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour: farm, farmer, informational, and social factors. Our perspective in exploring the existing literature shows that the geographical context and the temporal period under analysis, considered as different adopters’ cohorts, can explain most of the opposite effects. For example, while the different effects of farm structural factors show specific geographical patterns, those of the management and economic factors follow temporal trends. The impact of some farmers’ socio-demographical characteristics and some social factors can be explained in terms of both geographical context and time. The broad trends we found cast light on the importance of further research adopting the same methodological approach in different geographical contexts and under a temporal perspective.
A Heller Farkas Szakkollégium a Heller Farkas Szakmai Hét keretében konferenciát rendezett „Túl héjákon, galambokon. Milyen megfontolások vezetik a
monetáris politikát?” címmel, a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetemen 2007. november 20. és 23. között. A rendezvény fővédnöke Szapáry György, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank korábbi alelnöke volt, az előadók között pedig a hazai pénzügyi élet
olyan neves szakértőit találjuk, mint Simor András, Neményi Judit, Surányi
György, Vonnák Balázs vagy Trippon Mariann. A következőkben Simor Andrásnak, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank elnökének 2007. november 23-án elhangzott
előadását tesszük közzé. Terveink szerint következő számunkban Szapáry
György előadását közöljük.
Economic theory. Demography, Economic history and conditions
Background with rationale
Transport is an under-recognised wider determinant of health. But, there is growing recognition, among policy makers and the general public, that significant modal shift, from cars and to greater use of public transport and active travel is needed to improve and protect health directly and indirectly, and in the short and long term, including with regards to climate change.
In Wales, this comes when a new Welsh Transport Strategy is being written. This is likely to encourage greater recognition of the links between transport and health and demand data to support understanding of the ways in which transport affects health, as well as to evaluate the effects of the strategy, and to support wider research into the links between transport and health.
Main Aim
This suggests the need for a formal, routine transport and health surveillance system. This study will therefore aim to determine whether this is needed.
Methods/Approach
The approach is a review of existing systems and the evidence for the links between transport and health.
Results
This paper will present the results of the review noted above and outline the rationale for and structure of a Welsh Transport and Health Surveillance System that will support policy evaluation at local and national levels.
The aim of the article is studying the current state of the formation of wealthy territorial communities in Ukraine, identifying the main problems in the course of their formation and financial decentralization, and searching for ways to solve them. The definition of the notion “wealthy territorial community” is clarified, the main instrument for the formation of such communities – financial decentralization – is defined. The state of the regulatory framework for reforming local self-government in Ukraine is studied, the trends in the formation of united territorial communities for the period 2015–2018 is analyzed, the regions in which the decentralization is carried out most actively are identified. The behavior of the share of the communities’ own income in the local budget for the entire period of decentralization is analyzed, and it is found that the budget revenues of the united territorial communities increased at a higher rate than that of other local budgets; it is determined that the largest share in the structure of communities own income is presented by the personal income tax. A significant increase in the volume of state budget support for local self-governments to develop communities and build their infrastructure is revealed. The main problems that occur during the financial decentralization and formation of wealthy communities in Ukraine are identified, recommendations to solve these problems are elaborated. It is determined that further prospects for the reform are related to the implementation of the plan of measures for the second phase of the decentralization, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in January 2019.
The main aim of the paper is to expose the state of the art with methodological analysis conducted on digital interaction within online eco labelling value chain. The return on conceptual and experimental experience involves communities of European eco-label on-line retailers to deepen our knowledge about virtual configurations of sharing access to valuable information. The multiple case studies build upon collaborative experience within eco label chain to enlist strategic options about virtual platform of knowledge exchange. Various concerns arise when it comes to enable collective access to sharing eco retailer interaction with own customers due to cultural approach to openness and exposure to risk of shrinking future purchases. Virtual platform design has to facilitate open access to collaborative learning, making sense of digital interaction to discover patterns of future eco purchase behaviour among each company narrative. In the attempt to assist decision makers to interpret the perceived threats, cultural facilitators have to be explored to raise the awareness on eco retailing partnership about the benefits of variety in exploiting digital interaction return on experience. Companies needs guiding with understanding differences in trustfulness and exposure to risk of engaging in collectively sharing company experience in exchange of discovering future eco purchasing profile. Online retailing markets landscape of experimental learning will employ scenarios of matching eco purchasing profiling and retailer’s strategic options about eco future purchase behaviour. The main challenge to face on eco retailing business model concerns how to collectively employ predictive analytics tools to leverage customers’ eco behaviour propensity, while shaping own marketing intelligence tools to match eco value based engagement will strengthen each player’s competitive response. The digital interaction business model on eco label value chain provides facilitators of exposing marketing experience of each retailer in order to collectively engage in shaping and delivering customer experience to influence value based purchasing.
Economic theory. Demography, Economics as a science
El principal objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución de las cooperativas de crédito andaluzas durante el siglo XX, estudiando el desarrollo dese su origen hasta la consolidación del sector en la década de los noventa. Las primeras entidades de este tipo en Andalucía surgen en los primeros años de esa centuria, con algo de retraso respecto a otros países europeos y con menos impulso que en otras zonas de España. A partir de entonces, se crean numerosas entidades de pequeña dimensión vinculadas, en su mayoría a Sindicatos Agrarios o como secciones de crédito de cooperativas agrícolas que no llegarían a adquirir la condición de entidad de crédito. Desde mediados de siglo, comienza a configurarse el sector andaluz de cajas rurales con instituciones que, en su mayoría, se mantienen operativas hasta finales de la centuria. El estudio de los primeros años de vida de estas sociedades no es fácil por la falta de documentación. Sin embargo, para el último cuarto del siglo la información es algo más completa gracias a la publicación, desde 1971 y bajo diversas denominaciones, del Anuario Estadístico de las Cooperativas de Crédito y Cajas Rurales y a la inclusión por parte del Banco de España del desglose provincial de actividad de estas entidades en su Boletín Estadístico. Tomando como base estas fuentes, además de otras informaciones, se realiza un estudio más detenido de la actividad de las cajas rurales andaluzas entre 1975 y 2000. Se diferencian dos áreas en la región (oriental y occidental) tratando de identificar rasgos distintivos en ambas.
Natasha V. Pilkauskas, Irwin Garfinkel, Sara S. McLanahan
Abstract “Doubling up” (living with relatives or nonkin) is a common source of support for low-income families, yet no study to date has estimated its economic value relative to other types of public and private support. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine the prevalence and economic value of doubling up among families with young children living in large American cities. We find that doubling up is a very important part of the private safety net in the first few years of a child’s life, with nearly 50 % of mothers reporting at least one instance of doubling up by the time their child is 9 years old. The estimated rental savings from doubling up is significant and comparable in magnitude to other public and private transfers.
This research aims at analyzing the implementation of learning organization at small and medium enterprises (SMEs); the effects of learning organization on individuals’ ability; the effects of individuals’ ability on SMEs changes; and the effects of learning organization on changes of SMEs. The population of this research is all SMEs located in Malang and the samples are 298 SMEs taken through multi stages sampling. The primary data were collected using a questionare and interviews, whereas the secondary were obtain from relevant documents. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and structural equational modelling (SEM). The results show that learning organization has a significant positive effect on individuals’ ability; the individuals’ ability has a significant positive effect on changes of SMEs; and learning organization has a significant positive effect on changes of SMEs, as indicated by C.R > 2 and value of P < 0,05.