Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

TOMESCU-DUMITRESCU CORNELIA

The sharp increase in prices represents an economic phenomenon with a significant impact on consumer behavior, influencing expenditure patterns, purchasing priorities, and households’ adaptation strategies. This article aims to analyze the consumer behavior of the population in Romania in the context of rising prices, highlighting the changes that have occurred in purchasing decisions and in the allocation of household budgets. The research is based on the statistical survey method, applied to a representative sample of the population, which allows for the collection of quantitative data on consumption frequency, preferences for different product categories, and strategies adopted to manage the impact of price increases. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, providing an empirical perspective on the relationship between price dynamics and consumer behavior. The results indicate a pronounced shift toward essential goods, a reduction in the consumption of non-essential products, and increased price sensitivity, with significant differences across population segments depending on income level and socio-demographic characteristics. The study’s conclusions contribute to a deeper understanding of consumer behavior during periods of economic pressure and may serve as a relevant basis for the formulation of public policies and marketing strategies.

Chokri Thabet, Ahmed Almahrooqi, Mohamed Abdelbasset Chemingui

The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has significantly affected the global wheat market, particularly impacting Arab countries that heavily rely on wheat imports. This paper examines the conflict's effects on wheat production and exports, highlighting disruptions in Ukraine and resulting price volatility. Together, Russia and Ukraine account for a large share of global wheat exports, but the conflict has led to a decline in Ukrainian exports, mitigated somewhat by the Black Sea agreement that allowed for continued exports despite Russian sanctions. As major exporters like the U.S., Canada, and Australia step in, competition has intensified, leading to fluctuating prices. This volatility threatens food security and fiscal stability in Arab nations, especially those with limited or no wheat subsidies. The study suggests that the nonrenewal of the Black Sea agreement could raise global wheat prices by 3-4% on average, though the overall impact is expected to be short-lived due to the market's resilience. The findings emphasize the need for proactive import planning and the importance of agricultural policies and trade finance in shaping wheat market dynamics.

Alan Matthews

The previous EU political cycle 2019-2024 ushered in the European Green Deal on a wave of activism around climate change and environmental challenges. This was also reflected in ambitious targets for a transition to a more sustainable food and agriculture system. The 2024-2029 political cycle starts in a very different political context emphasising food security, competitiveness and farm income concerns against the background of Europe-wide farm protests. This article addresses how this changed political climate can affect the prospects for making further progress in implementing the European Green Deal in agriculture and food. It argues that Green Deal objectives have not been abandoned but foresees that future implementation will emphasise more just transition principles rather than the polluter pays. This implies a need to find additional financing to support the transition to more sustainable farming practices, but there are evident limits on the availability of public resources as well as on securing additional funding through the food supply chain. The solution may require recognising the heterogeneity of the farming sector, applying the polluter pays principle to the large industrial farms that provide most of our food while implementing the just transition principle for the majority of smaller farms.

İdris Demir, Ali İhsan Keskin

This study presents a computational and theoretical framework inspired by thermodynamic principles to analyze the dynamics of economic inflation within adiabatic and non-adiabatic systems. In a framework referred to as developmental symmetry, inflation is formulated as a scalar field evolving through continuity equations, drawing an analogy with the Raychaudhuri equation in gravitational dynamics. The results show that adiabatic systems fail to reach equilibrium, while non-adiabatic systems can evolve toward stable states over time. The model successfully reproduces observed inflationary regimes-from hyperinflation to stable low-inflation phases-with characteristic transition periods of about a decade. These results indicate that production continuity and controlled monetary flow are crucial for achieving stability in complex economic systems, linking thermodynamic balance to macroeconomic equilibrium.

D. Ortega, E. Korutcheva

Segregation is a growing concern around the world. One of its main manifestations is the creation of ghettos, whose inhabitants have difficult access to well-paid jobs, which are often located far from their homes. In order to study this phenomenon, we propose an extension of Schelling's model of segregation to take into account the existence of economic exchanges. To approximate a geographical model of the city, we consider a small-world network with a defined real estate market. The evolution of the system has also been studied, finding that economic exchanges follow exponential laws and relocations are approximated by power laws. In addition to this, we consider the existence of delays in the actions of the agents, which mainly affect the happiness of those with fewer economic resources. Besides, the size of the economic exchange plays a crucial role in overall segregation. Despite its simplicity, we find that our model reproduces real-world situations such as the separation between favoured and handicapped economic areas, the importance of economic contacts between them to improve the distribution of wealth, and the existence of efficient and cheap transport to break the poverty cycles typical of disadvantaged zones.

Zine elabidine Madi, Sabri Madi

This study delves into the transformative role of startups in shaping Germany’s economic future by 2025. Startups are positioned as dynamic engines of innovation, addressing global challenges like climate change, energy sustainability, and technological disruption. Despite their pivotal role, these ventures face significant hurdles, including restrictive regulations, funding shortages, and a talent gap. The research highlights the evolution of Germany’s startup ecosystem, transitioning from a “Silicon Valley copycat” to a unique “Silicon Allee” model. Through a comprehensive analysis of industry-specific challenges and opportunities, this study provides actionable insights into the strategic measures required to strengthen this ecosystem. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study incorporates data from leading reports, surveys, and international comparisons to identify trends and best practices. Key findings underscore the potential of startups to revolutionize sectors such as digital technology and sustainable energy while driving job creation and GDP growth.The study concludes with targeted recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to harness the full potential of startups as catalysts for sustainable economic development in Germany.

TOMA SORIN-GEORGE

t The roots of the modern corporation are to be found in the Dutch Republic and British Empire. In the last decades, more and more countries of the world have organized their economies around corporations, either public or private, either multinationals or transnationals. The large business corporation has become not only the main organization of the market economy but also one of the most representative institutions of society. Today’s large American corporations dominate most of the markets in which they operate either internal or external. The paper aims to present and briefly analyse the ranking of the most profitable American corporations in the period 2019-2022. To reach this goal the author used a qualitative research method. The results of the study concluded that the hierarchy of the most profitable American corporations in the period 2019-2022 suffered small changes at its top. In 2019, Berkshire Hathaway, a conglomerate holding company, dominated the ranking whereas Apple, a colossus from the IT&C sector, obtained the highest profit the following three consecutive years. The paper provides a theoretical framework for a better understanding of the American corporations. Also, it presents and analyse the evolution of the ten most profitable American corporations in the period 2019-2022.

Sergey Masaev

A review of economic approaches showed the lack of a universal method for assessing management decisions in the face of an increasing volume of analyzed data and changing parameters of the external environment. The method of integral indicators is proposed. Integral indicators are one of the modern methods for researching the behavior of an enterprise. It provides an assessment of the impact of the external environment. It shows the ability of the enterprise to adapt to new conditions. The dynamics of the correlation indicator shows the reaction of the enterprise to the impact of external factors. The purpose of the scientific work was achieved: the optimal control of the enterprise was carried out in the conditions of changing the parameters of the external environment For this, the model of the economic object and the method of its analysis are formalized. The structure of an economic object (enterprise) is given. The characteristics of the parameters of the external environment are given. The state of an economic object (enterprise) is modeled taking into account the influence of the external environment. With the help of the software package created by the author, six optimal options for control decisions have been analyzed. The state of an economic object has been modeled depending on the state of the external environment by 5,000 parameters. The research showed significant changes in the values of the correlation of the parameters of the system and the intensity of business processes when the conditions for the functioning of the system change. The optimal control of an economic object (enterprise) is selected according to the integral indicator.

Chee Kian Yap, Arun Kumar Singh

This study presents a novel approach to modelling economic agents as analogous to spin states in physics, particularly the Ising model. By associating economic activity with spin orientations (up for inactivity, down for activity), the study delves into optimizing market dynamics using concepts from statistical mechanics. Utilizing Monte Carlo simulations, the aim is to maximize surplus by allowing the market to evolve freely toward equilibrium. The introduction of temperature represents the frequency of economic activities, which is crucial for optimizing consumer and producer surplus. The government's role as a temperature regulator (raising temperature to stimulate economic activity) is explored. Results from simulations and policy interventions, such as introducing a "magnetic field," are discussed, showcasing complexities in optimizing economic systems while avoiding undue control that may destabilize markets. The study provides insights into bridging concepts from physics and economics, paving the way for a deeper understanding of economic dynamics and policy interventions.

Manveer Singh Tamber, Jasper Xian, Jimmy Lin

Embedding models that generate dense vector representations of text are widely used and hold significant commercial value. Companies such as OpenAI and Cohere offer proprietary embedding models via paid APIs, but despite being "hidden" behind APIs, these models are not protected from theft. We present, to our knowledge, the first effort to "steal" these models for retrieval by training thief models on text-embedding pairs obtained from the APIs. Our experiments demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the retrieval effectiveness of commercial embedding models with a cost of under $300. Notably, our methods allow for distilling from multiple teachers into a single robust student model, and for distilling into presumably smaller models with fewer dimension vectors, yet competitive retrieval effectiveness. Our findings raise important considerations for deploying commercial embedding models and suggest measures to mitigate the risk of model theft.

Mohamed A. Fouad, Marcelo de Almeida Maia

Software engineering agents (swe-agents), as key innovations in intelligent software engineering, are poised in the industry's end-of-programming debate to transcend from assistance to primary roles. we argue the importance of swe-agents' economic viability to their transcendence -- defined as their capacity to maintain efficient operations in constrained environments -- and propose its exploration via software engineering economics experimentation.we introduce ghissuemarket sandbox, a controlled virtual environment for swe-agents' economic experimentation, simulating the environment of an envisioned peer-to-peer multiagent system for github issues outsourcing auctions. in this controlled setting, autonomous swe-agents auction and bid on github issues, leveraging real-time communication, a built-in retrieval-augmented generation (rag) interface for effective decision-making, and instant cryptocurrency micropayments. we open-source our software artifacts, discuss our sandbox engineering decisions, and advocate towards swe-agents' economic exploration -- an emerging field we intend to pursue under the term intelligent software engineering economics (isee).

DANILEȚ ALEXANDRA-MARIA, CHIFAN DENISA-ALEXANDRA

Innovation has a special place in the work of business organisations, regardless of their field of activity, size or market experience. Thus, whether we are looking at firms involved in the production of goods or the provision of services, innovation has become a buzzword that is not missing from corporate language or organisational processes. In fact, managers' concern for performance enhancement has led to the adoption and implementation of various innovative tools in certain aspects/activities in the companies they manage, tools that have a positive influence on competitiveness and organisational performance. Traditionally, innovation is approached through technical elements, and is usually associated with a new product, a new technology, which is easier to quantify/determine, as results can be observed more quickly. Business realities highlight that innovation also involves other elements that are part of a company's processes, playing at least as important a role as those strictly linked to new products/technologies, including process, organisational and marketing innovations. These contribute significantly to the way the firm streamlines its operations, improves certain processes, implements new techniques/tools that will facilitate a high level of performance. Therefore, there is a need for a broader approach to the types of innovations that are found in the work of business organisations and how they contribute beneficially to their economic progress.

John Chenoweth

This issue’s Lessons from Experience provides an opportunity for all of us to learn from and celebrate each other through an introduction to the ED of the Year Award Winners, followed by an introduction to the host of Cando’s annual conference, Whitecap Dakota First Nation, and the tremendous economic work it has achieved over the past several decades. We will then turn our attention to British Columbia, where a small B.C. corporation finds many ways to support economic development opportunities for Indigenous organizations.

Jozef Barunik, Lukas Vacha

We propose a novel framework for modeling time-varying persistence in economic time series, allowing for smoothly evolving heterogeneity in shock dynamics. We leverage localized regression techniques to flexibly identify changes in persistence over time, offering a data-driven alternative to traditional parametric models. We applied this methodology to U.S. inflation and stock market volatility data and found substantial persistence variations that align with key macroeconomic events and market conditions. The results reveal previously undetected pockets of predictability and provide significant increases in out-of-sample forecast accuracy. These findings have important implications for economic modeling, forecasting, and policy analysis.

Víctor Gómez-Valenzuela

Abstract From an empirical-based perspective, this paper explores the influence of intellectual capital factors on the performance of firms in the Dominican Republic. A Likert scale from one to seven was used to capture firms’ sensitivity to human, structural and relational capital factors. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out using the method of principal components with VARIMAX rotation. The final factorial scores were standardized to execute the regression analysis. Structural capital factors appear to be the dominant intellectual capital components within the Dominican context. Human capital factors play a vital role in performance in manufacturing and in-services firms, and relational capital factors are significant in determining their performance. This research contributes to the regional literature on intellectual capital studies in Latin America and the Caribbean. It puts forward some specific points related to the role of intellectual capital factors in explaining firms’ performance in small open economies such as that of the Dominican Republic.

CIUMAG MARIN, CIUMAG ANCA

Economic entities may register, for VAT purposes, before or after the start of economic activity. In practice, for taxable persons registered for VAT purposes, situations may arise that lead to the cancellation of the VAT code. These taxpayers may be re-registered as value added tax payers if they meet certain conditions. That is why we have presented the fiscal and accounting effects regarding the cancellation of the VAT code, on the date of cancellation, in the period in which the code is canceled as well as from the date of re-registration for VAT purposes. The case studies present the situation of a taxpayer, supplier, in the three periods, but also the effects on the taxpayer-client of the person who has the VAT code canceled and subsequently regained it.

Dominik Hartmann, Flavio L. Pinheiro

Recent studies have found evidence of a negative association between economic complexity and inequality at the country level. Moreover, evidence suggests that sophisticated economies tend to outsource products that are less desirable (e.g. in terms of wage and inequality effects), and instead focus on complex products requiring networks of skilled labor and more inclusive institutions. Yet the negative association between economic complexity and inequality on a coarse scale could hide important dynamics at a fine-grained level. Complex economic activities are difficult to develop and tend to concentrate spatially, leading to 'winner-take-most' effects that spur regional inequality in countries. Large, complex cities tend to attract both high- and low-skills activities and workers, and are also associated with higher levels of hierarchies, competition, and skill premiums. As a result, the association between complexity and inequality reverses at regional scales; in other words, more complex regions tend to be more unequal. Ideas from polarization theories, institutional changes, and urban scaling literature can help to understand this paradox, while new methods from economic complexity and relatedness can help identify inclusive growth constraints and opportunities.

N. Kohler, P. A. Turner

—The National Marine Fish- eries Service (NMFS) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program (CSTP) was initiated in 1962 as a collaborative effort between recreational anglers, the commercial fishing industry, and the NMFS. The CSTP data describe the geographic range, minimum estimates of longevity, and movements of coastal and pelagic sharks in the Atlantic Ocean using conventional mark/recapture methods. This document summarizes infor- mation collected by the CSTP for a 52-year period through 2013, updating a previous 1998 publication. A total of 229,810 sharks of 35 species were tagged, and 13,419 sharks of 31 species were recaptured during this period. To characterize the movements and distribution patterns, these data were summarized by sex for times at liberty and distance traveled. The longest time at liberty for any individual shark was 27.8 years (sandbar shark). Distances traveled ranged from negligible movement to 3,997 nautical miles (blue shark). Overall, and in some cases, seasonal distributions, as well as movements of tagged sharks, are mapped with respect to the Atlantic Ocean and marginal seas, state boundaries, the 200 mile United States Exclusive Economic Zone, and international and territorial waters of other countries. Detailed profiles are provided for 14 noteworthy shark species where the updated data have significantly extended previous ranges and movements.

S. D. Tsolas, M. Hasan

Abstract Pandemic-induced lockdowns, restrictions on commercial activities, and natural disasters can disrupt a supply chain for prolonged time periods. These disruptions signi_cantly impact the consumer demands, which in turn a_ect the capacity and pro_tability of a supply chain network. Economic survivability is the ability to maintain a net positive economic worth, or at least keeping it above a certain threshold, in the presence of sudden and prolonged disruptions that drastically reduce the product demands, prices, resource availability or others. We address the economic survivability of geographically distributed interconnected networks under demand disruptions. We formulate and incorporate the necessary conditions for ensuring economic survivability in supply chain design. The overall problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP). Increasing the economic survivability in general also increases the return-on-investment (ROI) and profitability. However, for multi-regional, distributed and interdependent supply chains, a more balanced distribution of investment portfolio is important to improve the local survivability of each region, but it comes at the expense of overall or global profitability. We also observe that the economic survivability is negatively impacted by over-designing a supply chain to meet excess demands (typically from spot markets). Decision-makers should balance the trade-offs between survivability and excess demand satisfaction by thoroughly assessing the probability of positive and negative demand uctuations.

Metel’skaya Valeriya Valer’evna

Abstract The study reveals the influence of macroeconomic factors on decisions about the optimal capital structure formation under financial globalization, in view of ever-changing factors of the external economic and geopolitical environment. The study is aimed at empirical testing of hypotheses on how the level of financial leverage of corporations depends on traditional determinants during and after the financial crisis under the emerging market conditions in Russia. The study deals with a large data set of 49 public joint stock companies from 7 leading Russian economic sectors for the period from 2011 to 2017. According to the correlation-and-regression analysis results (1) the use of traditional theories of capital structure under the conditions of current financial globalization in a country with a developing economy proves to be ineffective for the optimal capital structure formation (2) the corporate capital structure formation is strongly influenced by macroeconomic factors, which is most evidently manifested during and after the crisis (3) the financial crisis exerts a strong influence on the corporate capital structure (4) the determinant of stock market development has a significant influence on leverage and plays a prominent role in making financial decisions after the financial crisis.