Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Kaung Zaw, Wirin Kittipichai, Kanittha Chamroonsawasdi et al.

Introduction: Violence against women (VAW) is a serious human rights violation with significant implications for public health. VAW affects the well-being of women, children, and families. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the structural relationship of a set of variables—attitude towards violence (ATT), self-esteem (SE), relationship with residential unit members (RES), social support (SS), and coping strategies (COP)- influencing VAW and to test the model using the empirical data. Methods: The measurement was deployed to assess violence experienced by 295 Myanmar migrant women residing in Thailand. Data collection involved the use of a self-administered questionnaire consisting of six scales. These scales exhibit Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.74 to 0.90. The construct validity was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The structural equation modeling method was employed to test the validity of the model using Mplus Software. Results: The model provided fitted well with the empirical data (χ2/df =1.74, CFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.06). The VAW accounted for 33 percent of the variance through its set of variables. Among these, ATT, RES, and COP directly impacted VAW, while SS and SE had indirect effects. ATT exhibited the most significant overall influence on VAW, with RES and COP serving as mediators among other antecedents studied in relation to VAW. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that violence against Myanmar migrant women residing in Thailand is associated with many factors. Understanding these factors can provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to develop and implement awareness and community-based intervention programs. These findings underscore the importance of targeted strategies to address this issue effectively.

Maria Aparecida de Moraes Silva

Resumo: Há quase meio século, venho estudando a realidade social dos/as trabalhadores/as rurais no estado de são Paulo. Foram inúmeras pesquisas realizadas com trabalhadores/as que se destinavam aos canaviais, cafezais e laranjais. Em sua grande maioria eram migrantes, provenientes do Vale do Jequitinhonha/MG e estados do nordeste do Brasil, fato que ampliou minhas pesquisas até a estes locais. No momento atual, assiste-se no estado de São Paulo à prevalência da agricultura 4.0, caracterizada pelo domínio das máquinas e das tecnologias de informação e (TIs), resultando no apagamento dos rastros destes/as trabalhadores/as. Assim, meu intento é analisar o processo de amnésia histórica, daí advindo, com as lentes de Sayad e outros autores, em dois tempos. O primeiro deles referente à dizimação dos povos indígenas no começo do século XX em várias regiões do estado e em muitas outras do país; o segundo se refere ao apagamento da história/memória atual dos trabalhadores/as rurais. A metodologia é baseada na análise de fontes escritas e entrevistas orais.

Gerard Libaridian

The article comparatively analyzes the systemic dependence of military victory and negotiation defeat, which is manifested in a situation of absence of war and still unsettled peace. The article examines the negotiations on the settlement of the Karabakh conflict, along with cooperation and struggle, which constitute the main form of expression of world and regional politics in the modern world. Taking into account the genesis and changing nature of the Karabakh conflict, the author analyzes the main reasons why the negotiations on the settlement of the Karabakh conflict were not successful. In this context, the purpose of this article is to study the process of conducting international negotiations of the Karabakh conflict, its structural and functional components, to analyze the negotiation activity as a means of settling and resolving conflict situations in Nagorno-Karabakh, the implementation of international cooperation, as well as to study the main characteristics of the negotiation process between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The author focuses on the military, political and diplomatic dimensions of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict from 1988 to its last phase in 2020. The negotiation process to resolve the conflict in this article is considered, both in terms of their content, results and positions of their participants, as well as in terms of the procedural side of the negotiation.

Qiuyu Jiang

Based on 14 months of ethnographic research, this article examines how African Muslim migrants build and maintain faith-based business ethics and how they apply these ethical business norms to help navigate their transnational lives in Guangzhou, China. Most of the African Muslim migrants included in the study are small-scale business owners who engage in semi-formal economic activities in both local and home markets. They face racial, cultural, and legal challenges on a daily basis. Unable to access formal means of support due to their precarious economic and legal status, many African Muslim small-business owners rely on informal business ethics to ensure a safe trading environment and mitigate risk. Their business ethics, I argue, are rooted in what I term “religious common ground” – the moral and ethical values shared among migrants from different Muslim groups. This article also explores the enforcing mechanisms of African Muslim small-scale business owners’ business ethics, such as mosques and coreligion business networks. This article concludes that there is no universal, standard code of conduct among African Muslim business owners in Guangzhou. Individuals among different Muslim communities have diverse interpretations of business ethics and practice them differently based on their nationality, ethnicity, religious habits, and socio-cultural backgrounds. This article contributes to a small but important literature that addresses the central role that religion plays in Muslim migrants’ business practices in a non-Muslim society.

Aleksandr Grigoryan, Knar Khachatryan

AbstractEmigration intentions and effects of international migration constitute important yet understudied directions of contemporary migration research. In this paper, we analyse a recent migration wave in Armenia, using household‐level representative data from 2011. We identify determinants of emigration intentions within a model framework with endogenous remittances, instrumented by community‐level factors such as budget revenue, budget transparency and community remoteness. We find that remittances help potential migrants to ease the migration process, serving as a resource rather than as a contractual tool between migrants and non‐migrants. Also, remittance recipients with high emigration intentions are more likely to be located in poor communities. When distinguishing the destination country for potential migrants, post‐Soviet versus Western countries (EU countries or USA), we find that the instruments identified for remittances are more relevant for individuals targeting the post‐Soviet area (mainly Russia). Nevertheless, remittances remain a significant resource for migrating to Western countries. The two pools of potential migrants considerably differ in the main set of skill characteristics: high‐skilled potential migrants opt for Western countries (brain drain), while the low‐skilled prefer post‐Soviet countries as a destination. We discuss our results from the socio‐economic development perspective, such as the threat of chain migration inherent to poor communities and the whole country. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between migration and remittances for countries with similar settings.

Amílcar Sanatan

Laura Oso, Ana López-Sala, Jacobo Muñoz-Comet

This article offers a state of the art of research on migration policies, participation and the political construction of immigration in Spain. It starts with an overview of migration policy, addressing the impact of the 2008 economic crisis on the configuration of the political agenda. Secondly, it addresses the political participation of immigrants in Spain and their role as “new” voters. Finally, the appearance of the extreme right political party VOX has shifted the classic debates on the attitudes of the population towards immigration and built a new anti-immigration discourse. The article argues that academic interest and scientific production have been modulated in line with the various phases of Spain’s configuration as a country of immigration. The text ends with some reflections on the impact of the COVID-19 crisis, which has opened up a period of major challenge and uncertainty.

Capalbo, Giuseppe

Tempestoso, C. (2020). Il teatro di Caryl Phillips. Transnazionalità, identità e appartenenze. Roma: Aracne, 180 pp.

Martha Luz Rojas Wiesner

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es volver la mirada a las migraciones por y desde Centroamérica sucedidas en las dos últimas décadas. Esta mirada panorámica se focaliza en los tres países del norte centroamericano en los que amplios sectores de población han sido afectados por la concurrencia de distintos factores, entre los que la violencia se ha acentuado de manera dramática, ocasionando desplazamiento interno y emigración de miles de personas, quienes en sus trayectos fragmentados o no, en línea recta o no, tienen que enfrentar más violencias. Este movimiento se visibiliza o invisibiliza como parte de las luchas de las personas migrantes para alcanzar sus objetivos, que pueden cambiar en el camino. Volver la mirada a estos acontecimientos nos debe interpelar para reconocer que la movilidad desde Centroamérica no es reciente y que hay nuevas formas de visibilización para la protección de los derechos y la vida de las personas migrantes.

Ânderson Marcelo Schmitt

O presente artigo analisa as relações que se desenvolveram na região da fronteira platina durante a Guerra Civil Rio-grandense, entre os anos de 1835 e 1845. Este local fazia-se importante não apenas para alianças políticas e militares entre grandes chefes, mas como lugar de possibilidades para pessoas comuns que a enxergavam como espaço de opções em um contexto belicoso. Desta forma, a partir da apreciação de documentação contemporânea ao conflito e dos pressupostos da Nova História Militar, a fronteira platina é analisada levando-se em conta seu caráter idiossincrático, que se fazia extremamente importante e influente no cotidiano das pessoas que habitavam a região no momento da guerra.

Henrique Sartori de Almeida Prado, Tomaz Espósito Neto

As Relações Internacionais são permeáveis a mudanças. Consequentemente, a análise do comportamento dos atores internacionais não pode ficar resumida a uma única visão de mundo ou de um único modelo proposto. Acompanhando as mudanças globais ocorridas nas últimas décadas, novos atores se beneficiam das ações cooperativas internacionais, dos novos ambientes decisórios e de políticas públicas nacionais que buscam a inserção e a indução nestes novos espaços. Desta maneira, as entidades subnacionais têm-se qualificado cada vez mais para participar das oportunidades ofertadas neste cenário, a descentralização das ações e a ampliação o rol de atores desta relação.

Daniel Izuzquiza, SJ

Thauan Santos

O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo propor que a integração regional seja conduzida como uma política pública, levando-se em conta a região sul-americana e dando especial destaque para o papel da paradiplomacia. A justificativa reside na oscilação desse processo, que, sobretudo após a década de 1990, depende ora da conjuntura doméstica dos países, ora das influências externas. Será feita uma análise das políticas públicas voltadas para o aprofundamento da integração regional, particularmente focada na perspectiva do Brasil, evidenciando sua estreita relação com a política externa brasileira (PEB). Para tal, levar-se-ão em conta as políticas públicas da Comissão Permanente para o Desenvolvimento e a Integração da Faixa de Fronteira (CDIF), da Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Regional do Ministério de Integração Nacional. Destaca-se a necessidade de avaliar a região de fronteira uma vez que ela é direta e indiretamente afetadas pelas interações transfronteiriças, com o próprio país (governos municipal, estadual e federal) e com os países vizinhos (paradiplomacia).

Kenji Kondoh

Aurelia Álvarez Rodríguez

Miran Komac, Andreja Barle Lakota

Slovenia has a rather comprehensive legal framework and specific implementing policies to regulate Roma issues. Nevertheless, the improvement of the standard of living of the Roma can only be measured in incremental units. A similar finding also applies to education. So, what went wrong? Roma pupils enter primary school without the adequate prior knowledge required in Slovene schools. Thus, they simultaneously need to fill their educational gaps and gain new knowledge. A solution thereto is to be provided by the school. The latter is thus burdened with excessive responsibility and obligations as regards ensuring the development of the Roma minority, i.e. it is entrusted with tasks it is unable to perform. The basic hypothesis of this paper is that preschool education and various forms of non-formal education implemented (if possible) in Roma settlements lead to an increase in the human and social capital of the members of the Roma ethnic minority.

Slaven Kale

Josip Faričić, Lena Mirošević, Vera Graovac Matassi

U radu se razmatra utjecaj depopulacije na kulturnu baštinu hrvatskih otoka. Višegodišnjim istraživanjem relevantnih statističkih podataka, proučavanjem postojeće literature, arhivskim i terenskim istraživanjem hrvatskih otoka utvrđeno je da je depopulacija najvažniji demografski proces na većini hrvatskih otoka. Smanjenje broja stanovnika ujedno znači smanjenje broja nositelja otočnog identiteta, odnosno različitih sastavnica materijalne i nematerijalne kulturne baštine. Budući da je na otocima sve manje stanovnika mlađe dobi (uz koje se vezuju biološka vitalnost i ekonomska održivost) te da je mlađe stanovništvo snažno zahvaćeno tercijarizacijom gospodarstva i modernizacijom cjelokupnoga života, smanjuje se mogućnost međugeneracijskoga prijenosa tradicionalne otočne kulture. To se posebno odnosi na nematerijalnu kulturnu baštinu poput jezika (bogatog leksika uključujući mnoštvo toponima), glazbe (pučko glagoljaško pjevanje i dr.), vještina (u izradi ribarskih i poljoprivrednih alata i sl.), običajâ i dr. Pritom valja istaknuti da se u suvremenom vrednovanju otočnog prostora, ponajprije putem turizma, pojedini elementi kulturne baštine uglavnom doživljavaju kao kulturne okamine vrijedne prigodnoga interesa, premda upravo kulturni turizam može pridonijeti predstavljanju i zaštiti te optimalnoj gospodarskoj upotrebi otočne kulturne baštine.

Laura Šakaja, Reinhard Henkel

One of the aspects of social changes during the transitional period in most post-socialist countries was the revival of religion. The revival of Churches that accompanied the national upsurge in some countries was associated with the growth of post-socialist nationalism. This discussion focuses on the development of a different, transnational religious option in an area of ethnic conflict. It analyses the development of the Baptist Church in the post-conflict region of Banovina. The paper is based on interviews conducted mostly among representatives and members of the Baptist Church. After the Croatian Homeland War, in Banovina there was an increase in the number of members of this Church. Among new members the majority were ethnic Serbs, persons from mixed marriages and former communists. Neither the Catholic Church nor the Serbian Orthodox Church were acceptable options to them. The authors conclude that the Baptist option was sustainable due to three factors. First, the development of the Church was based on an already existing tradition and on memories of events from World War II, which were activated by the new war situation at the beginning of the Nineties. Second, the Baptist Church ensured a middle, transnational option in an ethnically mixed setting, and in this way attracted all those who were looking for a neutrality niche in an ethnically strongly divided and conflictive society. Third, the active involvement and help of humanitarian organisations associated with the Baptist Church, during the war and the afterwards, helped to create an image of the Baptist Church as a shelter. These humanitarian activities made it possible for the Baptist Church to leave the shadows and become “visible”, and thus prevail over perceptions in which it was seen as an obscure sect.

Lloyd L. Wong