Hasil untuk "Cartography"

Yumin Chen, Xicheng Tan, Jinguang Jiang et al.

Building emergency communication in disaster areas is a key problem that emergency response needs to solve. Ad hoc Network (ANET) can quickly establish communication networks when public communication infrastructure is disrupted. At present, ground emergency communication deployment based on ANET usually relies on the operator’s experience, which struggles to ensure high-quality deployment in complex urban environments. This paper proposes an ANET nodes spatial optimization deployment algorithm based on 3D Spatial Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (3DSEPSO). A wireless communication transmission rate model that depends on surface buildings and trees is constructed using ground truth communication data. The algorithm incorporates a fitness evaluation model, particle chromosome structure, and an evolutionary mechanism to intelligently deploy ANET nodes. By considering the spatial distribution of buildings and trees, the algorithm can achieve optimal data transmission quality by using a given number of ANET nodes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms empirical approaches and traditional methods in terms of data transmission rates and quality. Thus, the algorithm provides better support for emergency rescue teams by facilitating more effective and reliable emergency communication.

Gabriel Andrade Silva, Gabriel Andrade Silva

This text investigates the precarious rebellion of a queer body in performance, utilizing the concepts of "escrevivências" (Conceição Evaristo, 2018), cartography (Suely Rolnik, 2018), and performance (Tânia Alice, 2016) as research tools. The study establishes a field of reflection on macro and micropolitical practices, examining experiences within these spheres and their intersection with the analysis of the performance "Uniformizing-myself," carried out by one of the authors. The research focuses on describing the aforementioned performance, conceiving it as a micropolitical practice in which the queer body becomes a site of resistance and political expression. The text below is performative yet experimental, where the authors seekto present alternative forms of academic writing, incorporating the bodily and subjective experiences of the queer body into their writing experience. Thus, the aim is to contribute to expanding the understanding of body and sexuality politics while simultaneously subverting conventional academic writing practices.

Florian Ledermann

ABSTRACT This paper compiles guidelines for minimum dimensions of cartographic symbology from the literature on map design for printed and digital maps. Such minimum dimensions are relevant not only for the design of cartographic symbology, but also as fundamental parameters affecting the visual hierarchy of the overall map and the cartographic generalization of its elements. However, this review shows that only few studies have actually verified minimum dimensions in controlled empirical experiments, and most authors seem to have based their recommendations on anecdotal evidence or theoretical considerations only. Conclusions for a future research agenda in cartography, ranging from ethical questions to calls for empirical research on minimum dimensions, are drawn from the presented findings.

Noel Dyer, C. Kastrisios, Leila De Floriani

ABSTRACT Hydrographic sounding selection is the process of generalizing high-resolution bathymetry data to a more manageable subset capable of supporting nautical chart compilation or bathymetric modeling, and thus, is a fundamental task in nautical cartography. As technology improves and bathymetric data are collected at higher resolutions, the need for automated generalization algorithms that respect nautical cartographic constraints increases, since errors in this phase are carried over to the final product. Currently, automated algorithms for hydrographic sounding selection rely on radius- and grid-based approaches; however, their outputs contain a dense set of soundings with a significant number of cartographic constraint violations, thus increasing the burden and cost of the subsequent, mostly manual, cartographic sounding selection. This work presents a novel label-based generalization algorithm that utilizes the physical dimensions of the symbolized depth values on charts to avoid the over-plot of depth labels at scale. Additionally, validation tests based on cartographic constraints for nautical charting are implemented to compare the results of the proposed algorithm to radius and grid-based approaches. It is shown that the label-based generalization approach best adheres to the constraints of functionality (safety) and legibility.

Lukáš Brodský, Vít Vilímek, Miroslav Šobr et al.

Supraglacial lakes (SGL) are a specific phenomenon of glaciers. They are important for ice dynamics, surface mass balance, and surface hydrology, especially during ongoing climate changes. The important characteristics of lakes are their water storage and drainage. Satellite-based remote sensing is commonly used not only to monitor the area but also to estimate the depth and volume of lakes, which is the basis for long-term spatiotemporal analysis of these phenomena. Lake depth retrieval from optical data using a physical model requires several basic assumptions such as, for instance, the water has little or no dissolved or suspended matter. Several authors using these assumptions state that they are also potential weaknesses, which remain unquantified in the literature. The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of maximum detectable lake depth for water with non-zero suspended particulate matter (SPM). We collected in-situ concurrent measurements of hyperspectral and lake depth observations to a depth of 8 m. Additionally, we collected water samples to measure the concentration of SPM. The results of empirical and physically based models proved that a good relationship still exists between the water spectra of SGL and the lake depth in the presence of 48 mg/L of SPM. The root mean squared error for the models ranged from 0.163 m (Partial Least Squares Regression—PLSR model) to 0.243 m (physically based model), which is consistent with the published literature. However, the SPM limited the maximum detectable depth to approximately 3 m. This maximum detectable depth was also confirmed by the theoretical concept of Philpot (1989). The maximum detectable depth decreases exponentially with an increase in the water attenuation coefficient g, which directly depends on the water properties.

Antonio Caparrós Ruiz

Purpose – This study aims to analyse the inequalities in access to teleworking in Spain. More specifically, the study examines what factors determine remote working in a pre-pandemic period and during the state of alarm (March 2020). Moreover, the study examines whether telecommuting is related to the likelihood of suffering emotional disorders during lockdowns. Design/methodology/approach – The methodological approach followed to analyse access to teleworking mainly consists of the estimation of ordered response models. Two datasets are used: the first is the Survey on Equipment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Households, conducted by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) in the pre-pandemic period (2018). The second is the Social Survey 2020. Habits and Living Conditions of the Andalusian Population during the State of Alarm, conducted by the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia (IECA) once the state of alarm was declared in Spain. Findings – The results obtained indicate that ICT training is a key element in helping to explain the likelihood of working from home. However, some groups of workers might experience difficulties in their transition to teleworking. This could increase labour market segmentation and hinder the transition to the knowledge economy. Moreover, the findings detect that employees working both on the company premises and from home are more likely to suffer emotional disorders. Originality/value – The paper sheds new empirical evidence on teleworking in Spain and Andalusia, including some novel methodological aspects to estimate the regressors’ effects on the probability of working from home.

G. Touya, Xiang Zhang, Imran Lokhat

ABSTRACT The automation of map generalization has been keeping researchers in cartography busy for years. Particularly great progress was made in the late 90s with the use of the multi-agent paradigm. Although the current use of automatic processes in some national mapping agencies is a great achievement, there are still many unsolved issues and research seems to stagnate in the recent years. With the success of deep learning in many fields of science, including geographic information science, this paper poses the controversial question of the title: is deep learning the new agent, i.e. the technique that will make generalization research bridge the gap to fully automated generalization processes? The paper neither responds a clear yes nor a clear no but discusses what issues could be tackled with deep learning and what the promising perspectives. Some preliminary experiments with building generalization or data enrichments are presented to support the discussion.

Santiago Mora Van Cauwelaert

Durante el siglo XIX, la morfología territorial de México —así como la de muchos países latinoamericanos— se vio modelada y transformada profundamente por fenómenos bélicos y políticos cuya trascendencia define hasta el día de hoy la geografía nacional. En este periodo, el papel de los geógrafos, cartógrafos e historiadores fue crucial para definir y proyectar una imagen del país en ciernes. Antonio García Cubas fue uno de los personajes más importantes en la conformación de la idea de una geografía de México durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.

Jack A. Orenstein

Jörn Seemann

Abstract Though Humboldt’s travels to the Americas have been analyzed from a wide range of viewpoints, there are specific aspects that still await further investigation. Little is written about Humboldt in the field, specifically how he moved between different locations and simultaneously measured and mapped places and phenomena. The aim of this article is to discuss the triad movement-measure-ment-map that led to the development of specific practices of knowledge building on the move. Humboldt’s search for the connections between the watersheds of the Orinoco and the Amazon rivers and the resulting maps and drawings are used as an example to point out his cartographic impulse in his quest to understand and explain the physical world. Zusammenfassung Obwohl Humboldts Reisen nach Amerika unter ver-schiedenen Gesichtspunkten analysiert wurden, gibt es bestimmte Aspekte, die noch weiter untersucht werden müssen. Wenig ist jedoch über Humboldt im Feld geschrieben, insbesondere darüber, wie er sich zwischen verschiedenen Orten bewegte und gleichzeitig Lokalitäten und Phänomene maß und kartierte. Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Triade Bewegung-Messung-Landkarte zu diskutieren, die zur Entwicklung spezifischer Praktiken des „Wissenschaffens“ in Bewegung führte. Humboldts Suche nach den Verbindungen zwischen den Wassereinzugsgebieten des Orinoco und des Amazo-nasflusses sowie die daraus resultierenden Karten und Zeichnungen dienen als Beispiel, um seinen kartografischen Impuls bei seinem Bestreben, die physische Welt zu verstehen und zu erklären, hervorzuheben. Resumen Aunque los viajes de Humboldt a las Américas han sido analizados desde una amplia gama de puntos de vista, hay aspectos específicos que aún esperan una mayor investigación. Poco se escribe sobre Humboldt en el campo, específicamente cómo se movió entre diferentes lugares y simultáneamente midió y cartografió lugares y fenómenos. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir la tríada movimien-to-medición-mapa que condujo al desarrollo de prácticas específicas de construcción de conocimiento en movimiento. La investigación de Humboldt de las conexiones entre las cuencas hidrográficas del Orinoco y del Amazonas y los mapas y dibujos resultantes se utiliza como un ejemplo para señalar su impulso cartográfico en su búsqueda para comprender y explicar el mundo físico.

Jeanette Plantin

C. Kinkeldey, A. Maceachren, J. Schiewe

Zahra Dabiri, Thomas Blaschke

Scale is a critical factor when studying patterns and the processes that cause them. A variety of approaches have been used to define the concept of scale but confusion and ambiguities remain regarding scale types and their definitions. The objectives of this study were therefore (1) to review existing types and definitions of scale, and (2) to systematically investigate the ambiguities in scale definitions and to determine the applicability of the various scale types and definitions. Through a comprehensive literature review, we identified seven types of scales and designed a survey for the seven definitions of scale and interviewed 150 scientists. The results show that the more cartography related types of scale are relatively well known while the more abstract dimensions are less known and are most ambiguous. Based on graphical examples, participants were asked which spatial scales are most relevant for their work. Surprisingly, composite objects such as a forest stand were most relevant followed by individual objects such as single trees and, lastly, more generalized categorizes or meta-objects such as “forested area”. We have drawn some conclusions that will help to clarify the different types of scale in regard to their practical use.

G. Ramchand, Peter Svenonius

A. Griffin, A. Robinson, R. Roth

ABSTRACT This article introduces a special issue of the International Journal of Cartography that envisions the future of cartographic research. Following a process of collaborative ideation among International Cartographic Association (ICA) commissions, their members and other allied scholars and professionals, five articles have been crafted to highlight challenges and opportunities for cartographic research in the decades ahead. The first article characterizes the evolution of cartographic research through analysis of the activities of the ICA. Next, we present four new research agendas on persistent problems in cartographic research, big data and geovisual analytics, designing across map use contexts and use and user issues.

R. Roth, K. S. Ross, A. Maceachren

In this paper, we address the topic of user-centered design (UCD) for cartography, GIScience, and visual analytics. Interactive maps are ubiquitous in modern society, yet they often fail to “work” as they could or should. UCD describes the process of ensuring interface success—map-based or otherwise—by gathering input and feedback from target users throughout the design and development of the interface. We contribute to the expanding literature on UCD for interactive maps in two ways. First, we synthesize core concepts on UCD from cartography and related fields, as well as offer new ideas, in order to organize existing frameworks and recommendations regarding the UCD of interactive maps. Second, we report on a case study UCD process for GeoVISTA CrimeViz, an interactive and web-based mapping application supporting visual analytics of criminal activity in space and time. The GeoVISTA CrimeViz concept and interface were improved iteratively by working through a series of user→utility→usability loops in which target users provided input and feedback on needs and designs (user), prompting revisions to the conceptualization and functional requirements of the interface (utility), and ultimately leading to new mockups and prototypes of the interface (usability) for additional evaluation by target users (user… and so on). Together, the background review and case study offer guidance for applying UCD to interactive mapping projects, and demonstrate the benefit of including target users throughout design and development.

A. Maceachren, M. Kraak

Marina-Ramona Rujoiu-Mare, B. Mihai

Abstract This paper describes a methodology to obtain a land cover dataset for a selected Subcarpathian area from Prahova County, Romania. It proposes a combined Remote Sensing, GIS and Cartography approaches in order to produce an accurate land cover layer at regional and local scales for an area where the land cover features are various and complicated in configuration. The area between Prahova and Teleajen rivers is characterized by complex landforms as hills and depressions with active and dynamic geomorphic processes. This paper presents a model integrating a supervised classification derived from Landsat OLI images with currently available land cover models, as well as GIS processing results of data fusion and cartographic techniques for feature representation on the map, at different scales. Another research direction was to use some normalized differenced indices to separate the spectral classes, and to assess and validate the results from the classification. Land cover map was obtained using: 1) land cover classes derived from supervised classification of Landsat 8 OLI image data, and; b) land cover features extracted from two land cover models (CORINE Land Cover and GlobeLand30), integrated with the classification dataset. The results were confronted and validated with ground truth points generated from orthophotos and other satellite images. The layouts are generated at different scales in order to compare and validate the land cover categories.

Robert E. Roth

This article provides a review of the current state of science regarding cartographic interaction, a complement to the traditional focus within cartography on cartographic rep- resentation. Cartographic interaction is defined as the dialog between a human and map, mediated through a computing device, and is essential to the research into interactive car- tography, geovisualization, and geovisual analytics. The review is structured around six fundamental questions facing a science of cartographic interaction: (1) what is cartographic interaction (e.g., digital versus analog interactions, interaction versus interfaces, stages of interaction, interactive maps versus mapping systems versus map mash-ups); (2) why pro- vide cartographic interaction (e.g., visual thinking, geographic insight, the stages of sci- ence, the cartographic problematic); (3) when should cartographic interaction be provided (e.g., static versus interactive maps, interface complexity, the productivity paradox,flexibil- ity versus constraint, work versus enabling interactions); (4) who should be provided with cartographic interaction (e.g., user-centered design, user ability, expertise, and motivation, adaptive cartography and geocollaboration); (5) where should cartographic interaction be provided (e.g., input capabilities, bandwidth and processing power, display capabilities, mobile mapping and location-based services); and (6) how should cartographic interac- tion be provided (e.g., interaction primitives, objective-based versus operator-based versus operand-based taxonomies, interface styles, interface design)? The article concludes with a summary of research questions facing cartographic interaction and offers an outlook for cartography as a field of study moving forward.

K. Mansfield, D. Horton, N. Johnson et al.

Dengue viruses (DENV) cause countless human deaths each year, whilst West Nile virus (WNV) has re-emerged as an important human pathogen. There are currently no WNV or DENV vaccines licensed for human use, yet vaccines exist against other flaviviruses. To investigate flavivirus cross-reactivity, sera from a human cohort with a history of vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) were tested for antibodies by plaque reduction neutralization test. Neutralization of louping ill virus (LIV) occurred, but no significant neutralization of Murray Valley encephalitis virus was observed. Sera from some individuals vaccinated against TBEV and JEV neutralized WNV, which was enhanced by YFV vaccination in some recipients. Similarly, some individuals neutralized DENV-2, but this was not significantly influenced by YFV vaccination. Antigenic cartography techniques were used to generate a geometric illustration of the neutralization titres of selected sera against WNV, TBEV, JEV, LIV, YFV and DENV-2. This demonstrated the individual variation in antibody responses. Most sera had detectable titres against LIV and some had titres against WNV and DENV-2. Generally, LIV titres were similar to titres against TBEV, confirming the close antigenic relationship between TBEV and LIV. JEV was also antigenically closer to TBEV than WNV, using these sera. The use of sera from individuals vaccinated against multiple pathogens is unique relative to previous applications of antigenic cartography techniques. It is evident from these data that notable differences exist between amino acid sequence identity and mapped antigenic relationships within the family Flaviviridae.