Considering the global increase in mean air temperature and society’s demand for a comfortable indoor microclimate, cooling solutions in buildings will play an essential role in achieving global climate goals. Researchers estimate that global energy consumption will be significantly affected by the energy required for cooling. Assessment of cooling demand potential is an essential step to further analyse cooling options for buildings in certain areas. Within the framework of this study, mapping of energy consumption for cooling in the city of Riga (Latvia) is carried out. Mapping allows to assess the demand in a spatial perspective, identifying areas with a denser energy demand indicator, and, accordingly, a higher potential for implementation of district cooling and this method can be used in other countries and cities as well. Energy consumption for cooling at the building level was calculated and visualized using cadastral data and building energy certificate data. The results show that the potential energy consumption for cooling in the city of Riga can reach up to 397 GWh per year and the largest proportion of energy consumption for cooling is predicted in the category of multi – apartment buildings (up to 155 GWh per year), highlighting the need to pay particular attention how cooling demand is addressed in residential building sector. Results can be further used to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of the district cooling implementation in parts of the city.
Vung Tau city is an area where management of land use planning (LUP) and urban planning is quite complicated and has been successful in building LUP database. However, this database still has limitations that must be addressed, including (1) lack of data layer on current land use for building LUP database, (2) incompleted LUP attribute database, (3) lack of metadata, (4) no connection between LUP database and digital legal materials and (5) no overlay cadastral database to data layer of current land use and LUP database. To solve these problems, this research used many methods such as: documents and data collection, inheritance, expert interview, data processing and analysis, mapping, GIS application, and IT applications. The results of this study showed that the structure of cadastral database of 8 wards was succesfully converted from existing structure (according to Circular 17/2010/TT-BTNMT) to the standard structure (according to Circular 75/2015/TT-BTNMT). The 2019 land inventory data was standardized and data layer of current land use for whole city was built. In addition, the LUP database (period 2010 - 2020) for Vung Tau was improved, including: supplementing attribute information, completing metadata, connecting LUP database with relevant digital legal records, overlaying cadastral database with LUP database and data layer of current land use. Briefly, our results could be a foundation to help Vung Tau manage land sustainably, contribute to successfully building national land database and meet the exploitation requirements of LUP information in accordance with the orientation of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment for study area.
The Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens are an example of combining cultural landscapes and urban green spaces. These types of areas preserve historical and cultural richness while meeting the green and social space needs of modern cities. The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of these two important heritages, which have cultural and historical value, on urban green spaces in the Diyarbakır Sur District. The presence of green areas in the Sur district has been determined in line with this objective. Field observations, Master Development plans, planning annotations, the “management plan”, land registry records, cadastral procedures, urban guidebooks, and digital mapping platforms were employed as methodologies. Inclusive and exclusive quantifications of the designated cultural landscape area were conducted. The study quantitatively reveals the presence of active green areas in two heritage areas intertwined with culture, nature and historical built environment. The fields of heritage and nearby environmental arrangements affect the amount of green space in the Sur district. These landscaping enhancements substantially elevated the per capita functional green space in the district, increasing it from 18.22 square meters to 37.75 square meters. Similarly, they increased the availability of parking spaces, with the per person spacedetermined as 16.64 square meters. This study thus recommends increasing the regulations in buffer zones that reflect the unity of traditional and modern elements, with sustainable approaches that are compatible with ecological balance and planned for the long term
This research focuses on a systematic literature review of the geospatial Linked Data (LD) publication at National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies in Europe (NMCA) responsible for land administration. We analysed scientific studies published from 2014 to 2023. Our research aimed to find out the reasons for the relatively slow adoption of geospatial data publication as LD. Therefore, we searched for the most common problems, solutions, and challenges for publishing prioritised data themes in NMCAs. Applied research methodology relies on well-established approaches such as analysing Population Problems, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Circumstances (PICOC) and backward snowballing. The eligibility process is presented by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We analysed nineteen extracted papers and identified twelve key issues from full-text reading. Frequency analyses resulted in the overview of the most frequently published geospatial themes as LD in several European countries. We addressed five research questions and concluded that in addition to systematic support for developing vocabularies and ontologies, trust, awareness, and knowledge about best practices could influence the success of LD publication at NMCAs.
The objective of this paper is to estimate smartphones’ location which support services that demand lane-level precision like high-occupancy vehicle (HOV), lane Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) estimation. We focus on developing a model based on raw location measurements collected in an open sky and light urban roads using datasets collected by hosts from Android smartphones. The application of mobile devices for most software products built for services such as cadastral surveying, mapping surveying applications, and navigation has been increasing due to the cost-effectiveness of GNSS smartphones. This paper aims to bridge the link between the geospatial information of detailed human behavior and the smartphone internet with improved granularity. It fixes the issue with the GNSS/INS integrated navigation system’s degrading data accuracy during an GNSS signal outage. We aim to improve the currently used GNSS/INS integration algorithm built on the AI approach. The position of a vehicle during a GNSS loss can be predicted utilizing a GNSS/INS integration methodology for land vehicle navigation based on position update architecture (PUA) employing LightGBM regression. It models the connection between INS data and changes in vehicle location using LightGBM
The purpose of the research presented in this article is to analyse landslide hazards by assessing the impact of the natural component of factors on land use within the Kosiv district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. The increasing number of negative consequences of landslide processes in the study area, and especially in the Carpathian region of Ukraine, requires the creation of new approaches to land resource assessment and civil engineering to reduce the negative impact of landslides on the environment and human activities. Methods. Landslide processes were studied using geophysical methods, GPS and geostatistical methods of data analysis. Based on the created mapping layer of the land cadastre and the landslide hazard map for Kosiv district, a vector analysis was performed to assess the risk in each area according to its cadastral number. Results. The environmental and geological risk of the natural component of landslide hazard factors was calculated using geoinformatics and geostatistical analysis tools with the use of QGIS. An important result of the research is the creation of landslide risk maps of land plots based on data from the State Land Cadastre using the Kadastr.Live Toolbar plugin. Scientific novelty. For the first time an analysis of the natural component of landslide hazard risks for the territory of Kosiv district was carried out as a basis for the assessment of such risks for individual cadastral zones. The regulatory and monetary assessments were clarified based on individual territories, for conducting economic activities that require hydrogeological research or changing the intended use of land.. Practical significance. By applying the methodology of dividing landslide risk assessment factors into natural and anthropogenic components, it becomes possible to identify areas within the study area with the highest probability of landslide development and activation. This method helps to study the characteristics of natural factors and is useful in assessing the risk of landslides..
Despite abundant data on the spatial distribution of contemporary human settlements, historical datasets on the long-term evolution of human settlements at fine spatial and temporal granularity are scarce, limiting our quantitative understanding of long-term changes of built-up areas. This is because commonly used large-scale mapping methods (e.g., computer vision) and suitable data sources (i.e., aerial imagery, remote sensing data, LiDAR data) have only been available in recent decades. However, there are alternative data sources such as cadastral records that are digitally available, containing relevant information such as building construction dates, allowing for an approximate, digital reconstruction of past building distributions. We conducted a non-exhaustive search of open and publicly available data resources from administrative institutions in the United States and gathered, integrated, and harmonized cadastral parcel data, tax assessment data, and building footprint data for 33 counties, wherever building footprint geometries and building construction year information was available. The result of this effort is a unique dataset that we call the Multi-Temporal Building Footprint Dataset for 33 U.S. Counties (MTBF-33). MTBF-33 contains over 6.2 million building footprints including their construction year, and can be used to derive retrospective depictions of built-up areas from 1900 to 2015, at fine spatial and temporal grain. Moreover, MTBF-33 can be employed for data validation purposes, or to train statistical learning models aiming to extract historical information on human settlements from remote sensing data, historical maps, or similar data sources.
Recently, multirotor UAVs have been widely used in high-precision terrain mapping, cadastral surveys and other fields due to their low cost, flexibility, and high efficiency. Indirect georeferencing of ground control points (GCPs) is often required to obtain highly accurate topographic products such as orthoimages and digital surface models. However, in practical projects, GCPs are susceptible to anomalies caused by external factors (GCPs covered by foreign objects such as crops and cars, vandalism, etc.), resulting in a reduced availability of UAV images. The errors associated with the loss of GCPs are apparent. The widely used solution of using natural feature points as ground control points often fails to meet the high accuracy requirements. For the problem of control point anomalies, this paper innovatively presents two new methods of completing data fusion by supplementing photos via UAV at a later stage. In this study, 72 sets of experiments were set up, including three control experiments for analysis. Two parameters were used for accuracy assessment: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2). The study shows that the two new methods can meet the reference accuracy requirements in horizontal direction and elevation direction (RMSEX = 70.40 mm, RMSEY = 53.90 mm, RMSEZ = 87.70 mm). In contrast, the natural feature points as ground control points showed poor accuracy, with RMSEX = 94.80 mm, RMSEY = 68.80 mm, and RMSEZ = 104.40 mm for the checkpoints. This research considers and solves the problems of anomalous GCPs in the photogrammetry project from a unique perspective of supplementary photography, and proposes two new methods that greatly expand the means of solving the problem. In UAV high-precision projects, they can be used as an effective means to ensure accuracy when the GCP is anomalous, which has significant potential for application promotion. Compared with previous methods, they can be applied in more scenarios and have higher compatibility and operability. These two methods can be widely applied in cadastral surveys, geomorphological surveys, heritage conservation, and other fields.
Land surface and environmental data (cadastral data) are extremely important in the functioning of the country and society. Upgrading the data is fundamental. Methods of traditional surveying (TM) or using modern remote data acquisition methods (PhM) are used for this purpose. The aim of the study is to compare the process of upgrading space and environmental data made by traditional methods and using modern remote data collection methods. The study established the following research hypotheses: (1) the election of the method of performing the cadastral data modernization process to consider effectiveness, productivity, profitability, quality (accuracy), reliability, and efficiency; (2) technical factors, as well as employee well-being and commitment, are equivalent motivators for the election of the cadastral data modernization method; (3) modern survey technologies using photogrammetric images are more efficient than traditional survey methods. The process evaluation methodology was tested on two objects located in Poland. The analyses considered both technical aspects and the comfort of the process contractors. The results showed that despite the higher unit price per cadastral plot (TM 180 PLN/cadastral plot, PhM 190 PLN/cadastral plot), the remote methods require less time commitment (TM-86 days; PhM-50 days) and involve reduced business travel (TM-65 days; PhM-29 days). The comfort of working with modern methods (PhM) is higher than with traditional measurement methods. In total, considering all the parameters studied, traditional methods required about 33% more commitment than modern remote methods of collecting surface and environmental data collection. Modern data acquisition methods are friendly to process contractors but gain less public acceptance than traditional methods (the level of border non-acceptance is higher in PhM methods than in TM (TM-3, Phm-8).
Due to the increasingly advanced digital devices, high resolution cameras and utility of fast processing, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have become a prominent feature of the various remote sensing procedures. Because the benefits of the technology may justify the use of data in topographic mapping, cadastral mapping or even engineering geodesy, we have conducted studies to determine the accuracy that can be achieved using UAV as an integrated data acquisition tool. First, we developed a test field in rural area for investigations. The results of the test flights conducted there were determined that what conditions influence the accuracy of the survey.
Current efforts aim to accelerate cadastral mapping through innovative and automated approaches and can be used to both create and update cadastral maps. This research aims to automate the detection of visible land boundaries from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery using deep learning. In addition, we wanted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of programming-based deep learning compared to commercial software-based deep learning. For the first case, we used the convolutional neural network U-Net, implemented in Keras, written in Python using the TensorFlow library. For commercial software-based deep learning, we used ENVINet5. UAV imageries from different areas were used to train the U-Net model, which was performed in Google Collaboratory and tested in the study area in Odranci, Slovenia. The results were compared with the results of ENVINet5 using the same datasets. The results showed that both models achieved an overall accuracy of over 95%. The high accuracy is due to the problem of unbalanced classes, which is usually present in boundary detection tasks. U-Net provided a recall of 0.35 and a precision of 0.68 when the threshold was set to 0.5. A threshold can be viewed as a tool for filtering predicted boundary maps and balancing recall and precision. For equitable comparison with ENVINet5, the threshold was increased. U-Net provided more balanced results, a recall of 0.65 and a precision of 0.41, compared to ENVINet5 recall of 0.84 and a precision of 0.35. Programming-based deep learning provides a more flexible yet complex approach to boundary mapping than software-based, which is rigid and does not require programming. The predicted visible land boundaries can be used both to speed up the creation of cadastral maps and to automate the revision of existing cadastral maps and define areas where updates are needed. The predicted boundaries cannot be considered final at this stage but can be used as preliminary cadastral boundaries.
The article includes the review of the analysis of foreign experience in determining the tax base. Analysis of the world experience demonstrates a variety of taxation systems of real property also including differences in their basic elements. In spite of multiple differences there are some similar features common to the majority of countries. Cadastral value is used for the purposes of taxation in Russia.The work on the modernization of the institute of cadastral value is enormous. It can take many years, because the methodology for determining the cadastral value still under development in Russia.The article presents the possibility of using effective practices of other countries. The use of foreign effective practices is permissible in order to increase the reliability of the valuation results, as well as preventing possible problems.
The influence of atmospheric air pollution on the health status of the city of Kiev has been monitored. A direct relationship between the increase in the concentration of harmful substances in the atmospheric air of the contaminated area and the increase in the incidence of the population, including diseases of the respiratory system, circulatory systems, blood and blood-forming organs, endocrine, nervous systems is established.
Problems of ensuring environmental safety are traditionally among the priority areas of state-legal regulation. National environmental policy is aimed at achieving the strategic goals: preservation of natural objects and complexes, ecosystems, maintenance of their integrity and life support functions, sustainable development of society, improvement of the quality of environment and life, improvement of population health and demographic situation, provision of environmental safety state. And this is possible only in carrying out the assessment and consistent reduction of environmental risks for human health. There is a high risk of emergencies of natural and man-made nature in Ukraine. In Ukraine there are 23,767 potentially dangerous enterprises and other objects, the accidents on each of which can lead to emergencies of anthropogenic and natural state, regional, local and object level. Each year, up to 300 emergencies of natural and man-made nature are recorded, resulting in death of people, causing significant economic losses. Environmental policy in modern conditions is considered as an integrated factor of social and economic development of Ukraine, which helps to ensure the transition to sustainable development of the economy and the introduction of an environmentally balanced system of nature use.
Provision of environmentally and technogenically safe living conditions of citizens and society, preservation of the natural environment and rational use of natural resources is assigned by the Law of Ukraine "On the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine" to the priorities of the national interests of Ukraine (Article 6).
The environment is considered safe when its state meets the criteria, standards, limits and norms, established in the legislation, concerning its purity (non-contamination), resource intensity (non-extinction), environmental sustainability, sanitary requirements, species diversity, and ability to satisfy citizens' interests.
Today there is an increase in anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere, which is manifested mainly due to its pollution, and therefore inevitably affects the state of ecosystems and human health. That is why the study of problems associated with atmospheric air pollution - an extremely important natural component of human life and human life - is now becoming particularly acute and urgent. At present, the total air pollution in the large and medium-sized cities of Ukraine is 2-4 times higher than the permissible level and is dangerous for the health of the population. Consequently, the problems of ensuring environmental safety for the population of Kyiv, as many large cities of Ukraine, are very relevant.
In connection with this, the article establishes a direct relationship between the increase in the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the contaminated area and the increase in the incidence of the population in the context of environmental safety.
Despite significant developments, 3D technologies are still not fully exploited in practice due to the lack of awareness as well as the lack of understanding of who the users of 3D will be and what the user requirements are. From a National Mapping & Cadastral Agency and data acquisition perspective, each new 3D feature type and element within a feature added (such as doors, windows, chimneys, street lights) requires additional processing and cost to create. There is therefore a need to understand the importance of different 3D features and components for different applications. This will allow the direction of capture effort towards items that will be relevant to a wide range of users, as well as to understand the current status of, and interest in, 3D at a national level. This paper reports the results of an initial requirements gathering exercise for 3D geographic information in the United Kingdom (UK). It describes a user-centred design approach where usability and user needs are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process. Web-based questionnaires and semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used as complementary data collection methods to understand the user needs. The results from this initial study showed that while some applications lead the field with a high adoption of 3D, others are laggards, predominantly from organisational inertia. While individuals may be positive about the use of 3D, many struggle to justify the value and business case for 3D GI. Further work is required to identify the specific geometric and semantic requirements for different applications and to repeat the study with a larger sample.