Hasil untuk "Archaeology"

K. R. Sreenivas, Timothy R. Bedding, Daniel Huber et al.

TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) has produced long-term photometry for millions of stars across the sky. In this work, we present an asteroseismic catalogue of 19,151 red giants in the TESS Continuous Viewing Zones using sectors 1--87 (Years 1--7). We visually assessed the power spectra for oscillations, and then applied the computationally efficient nuSYD method to confirm reliability. We identified an increase of 80% in the number of previously known oscillating red giants at a TESS magnitude $>$ 8. We determined the frequency of maximum power ($\rm ν_{max}$) and the large frequency separation ($\rm Δν$) using the pySYD pipeline, achieving typical precisions of 1.5% and 1%, respectively. We classified the stars into Red Giant Branch (RGB) and Core Helium Burning (CHeB) classes using a Convolutional Neural Network. Using spectroscopic data for 10,298 stars with reliable asteroseismic measurements, we have been able to measure stellar mass and radii with precisions of 7.5% and 2.8%, which is comparable to that from 4-yr $Kepler$ data. A comparison of the seismic radii with Gaia radii shows excellent agreement. With three years of TESS data, the asteroseismic parameters are precise enough to identify the RGB bump and delineate the Zero Age Helium Burning edge. Combined with astrometric data, these parameters reveal established trends across the Galactic plane, providing a valuable set of uniformly determined asteroseismic parameters for Galactic Archaeology.

Dyna Ibrahim, Chiaki Kobayashi

Tracing the cosmic path of galaxies requires an understanding of their chemical enrichment and merging histories. One of the most important constraints is the internal structure of galaxies, notably the internal distribution of elements acting as fossils in extra-galactic archaeology. Using our cosmological chemodynamical simulations, which include all relevant physical processes and the latest nucleosynthesis yields, we investigate the evolution of radial metallicity gradients of stellar populations and the interstellar medium within each galaxy. This work explores the role of supernova feedback on the metallicity gradients by comparing three feedback models, ejecting energy in thermal, stochastic and mechanical forms. At $z=0$, the mechanical feedback model produces the gradient--mass relations of stars and gas both in excellent agreement with observations; gradients are the steepest at intermediate-mass ($M_*\sim10^{10}M_\odot$) and become flatter in massive galaxies probably by major mergers. For each model, we predict similar gradient--mass relations up to $z=4$ and find that the mechanical feedback model gives flatter gradients of both stars and gas for lower-mass galaxies ($M_*<10^{10}M_\odot$) possibly due to the suppression of star formation and metal ejection by stellar feedback. With all feedback models, most galaxies have negative gas-phase metallicity gradients up to $z=5$, suggesting an inside-out growth, which is consistent with other cosmological simulations but not with recent observations at $z\sim1$--2.5. We find a mild redshift evolution of gradients up to $z=4$, while there seems to be an evolutionary transition at $z=5$ where the metallicity gradients become steep for gas and stars. These should be investigated with higher-resolution simulations and observations.

Anna R. Gallazzi, Stefano Zibetti, Mark Sargent et al.

The cosmic Middle Ages, spanning the last 8-10 Gyr of the Universe, is a critical period in which massive early-formed systems coexist with global star formation quenching in less massive galaxies, yet galaxies experience further dynamical, morphological and chemical evolution. Understanding the relative role of internal drivers and of interaction with the evolving large-scale structures remains a highly complex and unsettled issue. To make transformative progress on these questions we must characterize the physical and kinematic properties (integrated and spatially resolved) of stellar populations in galaxies, fossil record of their past star formation and assembly histories, together with gas properties, across a wide range of masses and environmental scales, over this critical cosmic epoch. Volume-representative samples of 10^6 galaxies down to 10^9 solar masses are essential to fully trace the complex interplay between physical processes and to physically connect progenitor and descendant galaxy populations. This demands a deep and extensive survey with high signal-to-noise, medium-resolution, rest-frame optical spectroscopy. Current and planned facilities in the 2020-2030s cannot simultaneously achieve the required sample size, spectral quality, mass limit, and spatial coverage. A dedicated large-aperture spectroscopic facility with wide-area high-multiplex MOS and large field-of-view IFU is needed to provide transformative insights into the physical mechanisms regulating star formation and galaxy evolution.

Hang Yang, Liang Gao, Qi Guo et al.

Using 6 Milky Way analogues with two different numerical resolutions from the Auriga simulation, we investigate the total mass, spatial distribution and kinematics of the Population III star relics in the Milky Way analogues at $z=0$. These relics (primarily second generation stars) formed over a wide redshift range, from about $z=22$ to $z=4$, with an average formation redshift of $z \sim 10.0$, and comprise about $2\times10^{-5}$ of the entire galactic stellar population. The disk and bulge components host only a small fraction of these relics, contributing less than $12$ percent in total. The stellar halo, in particular the outer stellar halo of which galactic radius $r>30$ kpc, hosts the largest fraction (about 46 percent on average), with an average of one relic star for per $4,000$ to $10,000$ stars, making it a promising region for observational searches. Additionally, around $18$ percent of the Population III star relics are found in satellite galaxies, with smaller and older satellite galaxies tending to contain a higher proportion of these stars. Thus, low-mass and early-formed satellite galaxies are also ideal targets for finding such relics, although some satellite galaxies may lack them entirely. The spatial distribution and kinematics of these stars show good numerical convergence across different simulation resolutions. Our results provide valuable guidance for searches of the Population III star relics and offer insights for interpreting findings from ongoing and future stellar archaeology surveys.

Arunima Arunima, Mark Krumholz, Michael Ireland et al.

The conservation of stellar actions is a fundamental assumption in orbit reconstruction studies in the Milky Way. However, the disc is highly dynamic, with time-dependent, non-axisymmetric features like transient spiral arms and giant molecular clouds (GMCs) driving local fluctuations in the gravitational potential on top of the near-axisymmetric background. Using high-resolution magnetohydrodynamic simulations that incorporate gas dynamics and star formation, we quantify the rate at which these effects drive non-conservation of the actions of young stars from Myr to Gyr timescales. We find that action evolution is well described as a logarithmic random walk, with vertical action evolving more rapidly than radial action; the diffusion rate associated with this random walk is weakly dependent on the stellar birth environment and scales approximately linearly with the galactic orbital frequency at a star's position. The diffusion rates we measure imply a fundamental limit of $\sim 100$ Myr as the timescale over which stellar orbits can be reliably reconstructed using methods that assume action conservation. By comparing diffusion rates for younger stars to those measured for an older and more vertically-extended control population, we conclude that radial action evolution is driven primarily by transient spiral arms, while vertical action evolution is driven by gravitational scattering off gaseous structures. Our results have significant implications for galactic archaeology and disc dynamics studies, necessitating a closer look at the timescales over which actions are assumed to be conserved in the disc.

Guillaume F. Thomas, Giuseppina Battaglia, Robert J. J. Grand et al.

Context. One of the primary goals of Galactic Archaeology is to reconstruct the Milky Way's accretion history. To achieve this, significant efforts have been dedicated to identifying signatures of past accretion events. In particular, the study of integrals-of-motion (IoM) space has proven to be highly insightful for uncovering these ancient mergers and understanding their impact on the Galaxy's evolution. Aims. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a state-of-the-art method for detecting debris from accreted galaxies, by testing it on four Milky Way-like galaxies from the Auriga suite of cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulations. Methods. We employ the innovative method from Lövdal et al. (2022) to identify substructures in the integrals-of-motion space within the local stellar halos of the four simulated galaxies. This approach enables us to evaluate the method's performance by comparing the properties of the identified clusters with the known populations of accreted galaxies in the simulations. Additionally, we investigate whether incorporating chemical abundances and stellar age information can help to link distinct structures originating from the same accretion event. Results. This method is very effective in detecting debris from accretion events that occur less than 6-7 Gyr ago but struggles to detect most of the debris from older accretion. Furthermore, most of the detected structures suffer from significant contamination by in-situ stars. Our results also show that the method may also generate artificial detections. Conclusions. Our work show that the Milky Way's accretion history remains uncertain, and question the reality of some detected structures in the Solar vicinity.

Jonah C. Rose, Mariangela Lisanti, Paul Torrey et al.

We introduce a new suite of 1,024 cosmological and hydrodynamical zoom-in simulations of Milky Way-mass halos, run with Cold Dark Matter, as part of the DREAMS Project. Each simulation in the suite has a unique set of initial conditions and combination of cosmological and astrophysical parameters. The suite is designed to quantify theoretical uncertainties from halo-to-halo variance, as well as stellar and black hole feedback. We develop a novel weighting scheme that prioritizes regions of the input parameter space, yielding galaxies consistent with the observed present-day stellar mass--halo mass relation. The resulting galaxy population exhibits a wide diversity in structural properties that encompasses those of the actual Milky Way, providing a powerful statistical sample for galactic archaeology. To demonstrate the suite's scientific utility, we investigate the connection between a galaxy's merger history, focusing on Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus~(GSE) analogs, and its present-day properties. We find that galaxies with a GSE analog have lower star formation rates, more compact disks, and more spherical stellar halos. Crucially, significant halo-to-halo scatter remains, demonstrating that matching more than the most significant events in the Milky Way's past is necessary to recover its present-day properties. Our results highlight the necessity for large statistical samples to disentangle the stochastic nature of galaxy formation and robustly model the Milky Way's unique history.

Fabrizio Barone, Marco Casazza

This study proposes a new approach to the interpretation of Greek Doric-style temples, based on the integration of its tangible and intangible dimensions as a cultural heritage asset. Rooted on the Greek concept of techne, the work considers a unifying design principle, integrating both structural and functional aspects within the architectural style. A multidisciplinary perspective was adopted, combining archaeological, documentary, and metrological analysis of 41 Doric temples from the 6th to the 4th century BC, located in Greece and Magna Graecia. Starting from the evidence of a statistical correlation among key geometric parameters, these quantitative data are re-interpreted through a geometrical physics vibroacoustic model. The results demonstrate that structural elements act as acoustic attenuators, minimizing environmental forces (particularly wind) on the temple cell's walls. The study also suggests that slight deviations from the classic East-West orientation were adopted to reduce the acoustic coupling with prevailing local winds. The Archaeological Park of Paestum (Salerno, Italy) provides significant evidence for this hypothesis, as its temples, despite their different construction periods, share a consistent orientation, distinct from the city's street grid. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of Greek know-how, being a part of the intangible dimension of cultural heritage and traditional ecological knowledge related to the architectural design in relation to the environmental factors.

Valérie Pichot, Thomas Faucher, Aude Simony et al.

Alessandro Trinca, Rosa Valiante, Raffaella Schneider et al.

Early JWST observations are providing growing evidence for a ubiquitous population of accreting supermassive black holes (BHs) at high redshift, many of which appear overmassive compared to the empirically-derived local scaling relation between black hole mass and host galaxy stellar mass. In this study, we leverage predictions from the semi-analytical Cosmic Archaeology Tool (CAT) to reconstruct the evolutionary pathways for this overmassive BH population, investigating how they assemble over cosmic time and interact with their host galaxies. We find that the large $M_{\rm BH}-M_{\rm star}$ ratios can be explained if light and heavy BH seeds grow by short, repeated episodes of super-Eddington accretion, triggered by major galaxy mergers. On average, we find that BH-galaxy co-evolution starts in earnest only at $z < 8$, when $\simeq 30\%$ of the final galaxy stellar mass has formed outside the massive black hole host. Our model suggests that super-Eddington bursts of accretion last between $0.5-3$ Myr, resulting in a duty cycle of $1-4 \%$ for the target BH sample. The boost in luminosity of BHs undergoing super-Eddington accretion helps explaining the luminosity function of Active Galactic Nuclei observed by JWST. At the same time, a large population of these overmassive BHs are predicted to be inactive, with Eddington ratio $λ_{\rm Edd} < 0.05$, in agreement with recent observations.

Ozer Can Devecioglu, Serkan Kiranyaz, Turker Ince et al.

The exploration of underwater environments is essential for applications such as biological research, archaeology, and infrastructure maintenanceHowever, underwater imaging is challenging due to the waters unique properties, including scattering, absorption, color distortion, and reduced visibility. To address such visual degradations, a variety of approaches have been proposed covering from basic signal processing methods to deep learning models; however, none of them has proven to be consistently successful. In this paper, we propose a novel machine learning model, Co-Operational Regressor Networks (CoRe-Nets), designed to achieve the best possible underwater image restoration. A CoRe-Net consists of two co-operating networks: the Apprentice Regressor (AR), responsible for image transformation, and the Master Regressor (MR), which evaluates the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the images generated by the AR and feeds it back to AR. CoRe-Nets are built on Self-Organized Operational Neural Networks (Self-ONNs), which offer a superior learning capability by modulating nonlinearity in kernel transformations. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated on the benchmark Large Scale Underwater Image (LSUI) dataset. Leveraging the joint learning capabilities of the two cooperating networks, the proposed model achieves the state-of-art restoration performance with significantly reduced computational complexity and often presents such results that can even surpass the visual quality of the ground truth with a 2-pass application. Our results and the optimized PyTorch implementation of the proposed approach are now publicly shared on GitHub.

Evans K. Owusu, Sven Buder, Ashley J. Ruiter et al.

Trends in the enrichment of elements with stellar ages are a powerful avenue to identify unexplained origins of the elements. We investigate the stellar abundance trends of low to intermediate-mass stars using the GALAH DR3 high-resolution spectroscopic dataset of 6234 solar-type stars. Our study explores the elemental abundance [X/Fe] of sodium (Na) with age. We find a pronounced enrichment in [Na/Fe] at super solar metallicity (i.e., [Fe/H] above 0) in the old sequence of Milky Way disc stars, a trend demanding a deeper understanding of the underlying source(s) responsible for the nucleosynthesis. This progressive [Na/Fe] enrichment at the young end of the old sequence has essential implications for Galactic archaeology. In this work, we propose a novel selection technique for separating the Milky Way's thick and thin disc stellar populations (i.e., old and young sequences) based on the observed [Na/Fe] rise of roughly 0.1 dex for stars around 5 - 8 Gyr old. We also compare our selection method to the conventional [Mg/Fe] vs [Fe/H] selection approach, and we find that our new Na-based selection method better disentangles the overlap between young- and old-sequence disc stars at these intermediate ages. This is especially true at super solar [Fe/H], where [Mg/Fe] vs [Fe/H] or [alpha/Fe] vs [Fe/H] separation approaches exhibit a lot of overlap. This new selection method should help us better understand the Milky Way disc's formation history.

Virginia García-Entero, Noel Moreira, Sergio Vidal Álvarez et al.

Presentamos dos capiteles tardorromanos inéditos elaborados en mármol blanco de Almadén de la Plata (Sevilla), según demuestran los análisis arqueométricos realizados (petrografía, microscopía óptica, catodoluminiscencia óptica, difracción de rayos X y geoquímica isotópica (87Sr/86Sr). Las piezas están reutilizadas como benditeras en la iglesia de Santa María Magdalena en la localidad toledana de El Viso de San Juan. La revisión de la documentación de archivo referente a la propia iglesia desde inicios del siglo XVI (expedientes de Reparación de Templos y Visitas Pastorales), nos permite situar la primera mención a las mismas en un inventario de inicios del siglo XX y proponer para los capiteles un origen en el cercano yacimiento de Santa María de Abajo (Carranque, Toledo) donde pudieron haber formado parte de la decoración arquitectónica de su edificio palacial, a partir de paralelos documentados en este enclave.

Milovanović Milan, Bikić Vesna

In the process of establishing the Institute of Archaeology, the role of Vladimir Petković turned out to be crucial. Starting in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and ending in the post-war Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, the process had a constant which was contained in the idea and intention to organize and coordinate archaeological research in Serbia under the umbrella of a scientific institution. The initiation of the process, regarding that, lasted a little more than ten years and had several stages. The beginning was marked by a change at the head of the main museum institution - the History and Art Museum, in the spring of 1935. Instead of Vladimir Petković, that year Milan Kašanin was appointed as the director of the museum, and the change did not take place in a peaceful manner and without controversy. The decision to leave the museum after several years probably influenced Petković to implement the first attempt to form the Institute of Archaeology. It can be assumed that he, together with Nikola Vulić, during the summer of 1935, prepared a plan for the formation of an archaeological scientific organisation that would be a counterpart to the museum, and certainly have a role in coordinating planned scientific studies of archaeological sites, monuments, and material culture in the territory of Serbia. The strongly emphasised need for the coordination of archaeological work in the country was stated very concisely first in the Decree on the establishment of the Institute of Archaeology of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the summer of 1939. It can even be stated that within some of the proposed articles of the document, the predetermined dominance of the Institute over other institutions can be observed. The reason that led the Minister of Education, Stevan Ćirić, to convene the Commission in order to take further steps towards the formation of a scientific organisation is currently unknown. In this paper, a well-founded assumption was made that one of the main reasons could be a reflection on the work of the Kondakov Institute in Belgrade, primarily due to the intention of its collaborators to conduct research in Yugoslavia. Petkovic’s position on the issue of expeditions carried out independently by foreigners was expressly negative. In addition, the arrival of the “Kondakovs” in Belgrade and the strained relations with the museum, where the former director was still on the sidelines, created a new opportunity for Petković to open the issue of establishing the Institute of Archaeology. Probably together with other Byzantologists (Grujić and others), Petković, as a leading figure in this field in the country, was able to influence representatives of the Ministry of Education to bring up the issue of forming a scientific archaeological institution. The proposed Founding Regulation lists certain tasks that the future scientific organisation would undertake. One of them was the supervision of fieldwork, but also a note that all research managers in the country would be obliged to submit a report to the Institute after the research has been completed. Such suggestions indicate that the Establishment Decree was written under Petković’s influence. The third attempt to establish the Institute of Archaeology based on Petković’s initiative would take place after the Liberation. Under the auspices of the new state leadership, the Academy implemented a programme for the formation of scientific institutions based on the example of the USSR. According to the programme, one of the first institutes that was supposed to be formed was the Institute of Archaeology, based on the proposal of Vladimir Petković, which was presented at the end of 1945. At the sessions, where the future manager was present, it was noted that the Institute of Archaeology should have the task of supervising field studies and coordinating the work of all professional institutions in the country. It seems that Petković once tried to officially found the Institute in 1946 after he requested a loan for excavating Caričin Grad and the necessary material for fieldwork in the name of war reparations. However, this idea was not realised, probably due to the writing of the Memoir on the establishment of academy institutes, which was compiled by Aleksandar Belić, the president of the SAS at that time, for the Presidency of the Government of the Republic of Serbia. In January 1947, Aleksandar Deroko’s Elaboration on the establishment of the Institute of Archaeology SAS was completed, in which one of the prominent tasks was to organise “collaboration” with all related scientific institutions in the country and abroad. In the context of the circumstances at the time, we assumed that the Elaboration was compiled under Petković’s supervision or influence. The content of this document was the basis used to draw up the statutes of the Institute of Archaeology SAS, which were handwritten by the future manager. The documentation for establishing the institution was intended for the Committee for Scientific Institutions, University and Higher Education Institutions of the Republic of Serbia. This social institution, specially formed by the state, aimed to approve budget funds and control the work of scientific organisations. On May 31, 1947, Vladimir Petković was appointed director of the Institute of Archaeology SAS by decree of the Committee. The formation of an archaeological scientific institution at SAS is a legacy from the interwar period. Numerous attempts to establish the Institute of Archaeology, whose leading initiators were Miloje Vasić and Vladimir Petković, bore fruit only after the Second World War. The work of the newly founded institution in the new state during the time of its first administrator, Vladimir Petković, was established on the old idea of coordinating archaeological works within the country, which was an attempt to organise the complex situation in the sector of monument and archaeological heritage both inter-institutionally on domestic soil and with interested foreign partners. The systematic study of monument complexes and archaeological sites throughout the country is organised using a multidisciplinary approach and in conjunction with carefully designed research topics and appropriate field activities. The Institute of Archaeology tries to maintain the same approach even today, constantly improving it with the help, above all, of methods from natural sciences and remote sensing.

Francesca Meneghetti

Despite being a visible phenomenon, the theoretical aspects of miniaturisation have been investigated only in the last decade and seldom applied to miniatures found in archaeological excavations. Scholars rarely paid attention to Late Cypriot (LC) miniatures and usually understood them as votives. Albeit not entirely rejectable, this interpretation does not acknowledge the archaeological context and social background in which miniatures circulated. Recent archaeological and anthropological researches show that miniatures are far more complex objects. Rather than simply being votives, toys, and cheap copies of their bigger counterpart, the miniatures are multifaceted expressions of the material culture. The paper combines theoretical works on miniaturisation and two case studies (miniature oxhide ingots from Enkomi and miniature pottery from Athienou), to review the role of miniatures in LC material culture and society.

Abraham Loeb

The Galileo Project is the first systematic scientific research program in search for potential astro8 archaeological artifacts or remnants of extraterrestrial technological civilizations (ETCs) or potentially active equipment near Earth. Taking a path not taken, it conceivably may pick some low-hanging fruit, and without asserting probabilities -- make discoveries of ETC-related objects, which would have far-reaching implications for science and our worldview.

Z. Prudil, A. J Koch-Hansen, B. Lemasle et al.

We report the discovery of high velocity candidates among RR~Lyrae stars found in the Milky Way halo. We identified 9 RR~Lyrae stars with Galactocentric velocities exceeding the local escape velocity based on the assumed Galaxy potential. Based on close examination of their orbits', we ruled out their ejection location in the Milky Way disk and bulge. The spatial distribution revealed that seven out of 9 pulsators overlap with the position of the Sagittarius stellar stream. Two out of these seven RR~Lyrae stars can be tentatively linked to the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy on the basis of their orbits. Focusing on the high-velocity tail of the RR~Lyrae velocity distribution we estimate the escape velocity in the Solar neighborhood to be $v_{\rm esc}=512^{+94}_{-37}$\,km\,s$^{-1}$~($4$ to $12$\,kpc), and beyond the Solar neighborhood as $v_{\rm esc}=436^{+44}_{-22}$\,km\,s$^{-1}$~and $v_{\rm esc}=393^{+53}_{-26}$\,km\,s$^{-1}$~(for distances between $12$ to $20$\,kpc and $20$ to $28$\,kpc), respectively. We utilized three escape velocity estimates together with the local circular velocity to estimate the Milky Way mass. The resulting measurement $M_{\rm 200}=0.83^{+0.29}_{-0.16} \cdot 10^{12}$\,M$_{\odot}$ falls on the lower end of the current Milky Way mass estimates, but once corrected for the likely bias in the escape velocity (approximately $10$ percent increase of the escape velocity), our mass estimate yields $M_{\rm 200}=1.26^{+0.40}_{-0.22} \cdot 10^{12}$\,M$_{\odot}$, which is in agreement with estimates based on different diagnostics of the Milky Way mass. The MW mass within $20$\,kpc then corresponds to $M_{\rm MW} \left(r < 20\,\text{kpc} \right)=1.9^{+0.2}_{-0.1} \times 10^{11}$\,M$_{\odot}$ without correction for bias, and $M_{\rm MW} \left(r < 20\,\text{kpc} \right)=2.1^{+0.2}_{-0.1} \times 10^{11}$\,M$_{\odot}$ corrected for a likely offset in escape velocities.

Mengyuan Xiao, Tao Wang, David Elbaz et al.

One of the most prominent features of galaxy clusters is the presence of a dominant population of massive ellipticals in their cores. Stellar archaeology suggests that these gigantic beasts assembled most of their stars in the early Universe via starbursts. However, the role of dense environments and their detailed physical mechanisms in triggering starburst activities remain unknown. Here we report spatially resolved Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the CO $J= 3-2$ emission line, with a resolution of about 2.5 kiloparsecs, toward a forming galaxy cluster core with starburst galaxies at $z=2.51$. In contrast to starburst galaxies in the field often associated with galaxy mergers or highly turbulent gaseous disks, our observations show that the two starbursts in the cluster exhibit dynamically cold (rotation-dominated) gas-rich disks. Their gas disks have extremely low velocity dispersion ($σ_{\mathrm{0}} \sim 20-30$ km s$^{-1}$), which is three times lower than their field counterparts at similar redshifts. The high gas fraction and suppressed velocity dispersion yield gravitationally unstable gas disks, which enables highly efficient star formation. The suppressed velocity dispersion, likely induced by the accretion of corotating and coplanar cold gas, might serve as an essential avenue to trigger starbursts in massive halos at high redshifts.

Abdullah bin Awaid Al-Otaibi

(AR) تًمثل دراسات التاريخ الاجتماعي ومنها موضوع الدراسة (الإرث عند العرب قبل الإسلام)، جانباً مهماً من حياة الأمم والشعوب؛ ونظراً لاختلاف طريقة كسب العرب (البدو – الحضر) للأموال، اختلف نظام الإرث بينهم، بالرغم من اتفاقهم على توزيع الإرث وفق الأعراف والتقاليد القبلية إما للنسب أو السبب. ولرسوخ هذا العُرف القبلي نجد أن العمل به قد استمر بالرغم مما ألحقه من أضرار في حياة بعض فئات المجتمع العربي قبل الإسلام حتى السنة الثالثة من الهجرة النبوية، وتحديداً بعد غزوة أحد عندما نزلت آيات المواريث، حيث نجد أن الشرع الحكيم يذكر تفاصيل الميراث في القرآن الكريم، في حين كانت أغلب الأحكام الشرعية تُذكر في القرآن مجملة وتبينها السنة بالتفصيل. وبالتالي فإن هذه الدراسة سوف تخدم أحد أحداث السيرة النبوية، وما يتعلق بأموال خديجة بنت خويلد رضي الله عنها التي توفيت في السنة العاشرة من البعثة. وستعتمد هذه الدراسة على نصوص مختارة، سواءَ أكانت نقوشاً أو شعراً جاهلياً، أو ما تم ذكره في المصادر والمراجع العربية والمعربة والأجنبية. (EN) Studies of social history, including the subject of the study (Heritage in Arab regions before Islam), are an important aspect of the life of all peoples. Due to the different ways of earning money by Arabs (Bedouins - urban), the heritage distribution method differed among them, despite their agreement to distribute heritage according to the tribal customs and traditions, either in ancestry or effect. Concerning the consolidation of this tribal custom, we find that it continued despite its damages that inflicted on the life of some groups of Arab society before Islam until the third year of the Prophet's migration, specifically after the Battle of Uhud when the Quranic verses of heritage were revealed. We find that the Sharia mentions the details of heritage in the Holy Quran. Most of the Islamic Shariah provisions were generally mentioned in the Quran and clarified in detail in Sunnah. Therefore, this study will discuss an important point in the biography of the Prophet Muhammad related to the wealth of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, may Allah be pleased with her, who died in the tenth year of the Prophet's Messengership. This study will depend on selected texts, whether they were inscriptions or pre-Islamic poetry, or what was mentioned in Arabic, translated, and foreign sources and references.

R. M. I. D Gamage, S. Basnet, E. Cortina Gil et al.

Muon tomography or muography is an emerging imaging technique that uses cosmogenic muons as the radiation source. Due to its diverse range of applications and the use of natural radiation, muography is being applied across many fields such as geology, archaeology, civil engineering, nuclear reactor monitoring, nuclear waste characterization, underground surveys, etc. Muons can be detected using various detector technologies, among which, resistive plate chambers (RPC) are a very cost effective choice. RPCs are planar detectors which use ionization in a thin gas gap to detect cosmic muons, already used since years in major particle accelerator experiments. We have developed a muon telescope (or muoscope) composed of small scale RPCs. The design goal for our muoscope is to be portable and autonomous, in order to take data in places that are not easily accessible. The whole setup is light and compact, such to be easily packed in a car trunk. Individual RPCs are hosted in gas-tight aluminium cases. There is no need for gas bottles, once the chambers are filled. The muoscope can be controlled from a reasonable distance using wireless connection. In this paper, we summarize the guiding principles of our project and present some recent developments and future prospects, including a long-term stability study of the resistivity of the semiconductive coating obtained with serigraphy.