Tropical monsoons play a critical role in shaping regional and global climate systems, with profound ecological and socio-economic impacts. However, their long-term prediction remains challenging due to the complex interplay of regional dynamics, global climate drivers, and large-scale teleconnections. Here, we introduce a unified network-based framework for predicting monsoon precipitation across diverse tropical regions. By leveraging global 2-meter air temperature fields, this approach captures large-scale climate teleconnections, such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Rossby waves, enabling accurate forecasts for four key monsoon systems: the South American, East Asian, African, and Indian monsoons. Our framework achieves remarkable forecasting accuracy with lead times of 4-10 months, outperforming traditional systems such as SEAS5 and CFSv2. Beyond its predictive capabilities, the framework offers flexibility for application to other regions and climate phenomena, advancing our understanding of global climate dynamics. These findings have far-reaching implications for disaster preparedness, resource management, and sustainable development.
Stefano Pantaleone, Marta Corno, Albert Rimola
et al.
Among the biogenic macroelements, phosphorus is the one bringing the most fascinating and unsolved mysteries for what concern its prebiotic history. It possibly landed on Earth as a metal phosphide (Schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P), throughout the Heavy Meteor Bombardment during the Archean Era. Its subsequent corrosion by water led to P-oxygenated compounds, which is the subject of this kinetic computational study, thus complementing our previous thermodynamic characterization. The reaction was studied at periodic DFT level, simulating the water corrosion reaction on the reactive Fe2NiP Schreibersite (001)2 surface. Results show that the timescale of the reaction at 350 K is of few hours.
The general circulation of the atmosphere (GCA) carries out a constant and unidirectional transfer of air masses, therefore its influence is manifested in the distribution of precipitation around the globe due to the occurrence of rain shadow behind mountain barriers. Over the territory of Russia, GCA manifests itself in the form of westerly winds, which cause a decrease in precipitation on the leeward side of the Ural Mountains and the Central Siberian Plateau. The contribution of the orographic component to the spatial variability of precipitation on average reaches 50-60% of the monthly precipitation amounts. Forecasting the magnitude of the orographic effect is close to predicting the transfer rates in GCA, the measurement of which has not yet been satisfactorily provided. A possible promising way to solve the problem is to develop special algorithms similar to those used for detecting Madden-Julian oscillations.
Characterization of topology and dimensionality of spectral feature spaces provides insight into information content. The objective of this study is to characterize topology and spectral dimensionality of spectral mixing spaces representing a diversity of built environments in urban areas worldwide using both spaceborne and airborne imaging spectroscopy. Comparing complementary types of dimensionality reduction to render high dimensional spectral mixing spaces allows for characterization of both spectral dimensionality and mixing space topology. Using a diverse collection of 30 decameter-resolution urban core subscenes imaged by the EMIT spaceborne imaging spectrometer and 5 sub-decameter-resolution urban gradient flight lines imaged by the AVIRIS-NG airborne imaging spectrometer, we conduct such characterizations. Global scale topology of low order principal component-derived mixing spaces resembles the Substrate, Vegetation, Dark (SVD) triangular topology of globally diverse composite mixing spaces found in numerous earlier studies - but these spaces are also characterized by multiple (2-3) distinct substrate endmembers and a wide variety of less common spectra corresponding to synthetic anthropogenic materials. Local scale topology from 2D and 3D UMAP manifold embeddings reveals the presence of multiple spectrally distinct impervious substrate mixing continua corresponding to geographically distinct built environments.
We present a novel optomechanical inertial sensor for low frequency applications and corresponding acceleration measurements. This sensor has a resonant frequency of 4.7Hz, a mechanical quality factor of 476k, a test mass of 2.6 gram, and a projected noise floor of approximately 5E-11 m s-2. per root-Hz at 1Hz. Such performance, together with its small size, low weight, reduced power consumption, and low susceptibility to environmental variables such as magnetic field or drag conditions makes it an attractive technology for future geodesy missions. In this paper, we present an experimental demonstration of low-frequency ground seismic noise detection by direct comparison with a commercial seismometer, anda data analysis algorithms for the identification, characterization, and correction of several noise sources.
Nikolai Avreline, Sergey V Kutsaev Ph. D., Alexandre Avreline
et al.
Abstract In conventional linear accelerators, the beam is accelerated with a synchronous harmonic of the radio frequency field where the electric field component is collinear with the beam direction. This approach requires the design of complex accelerating structures, especially for low-energy heavy ions. If the beam motion were sustainably coupled to transverse electromagnetic fields, this could significantly simplify the accelerating structure design, and even allow acceleration with free-space waves. However, despite the long history of the proposed concept for accelerating low-velocity ion beams, it has not found practical application, partially because of the complexity of the technical design. In this paper, we present a practical design approach for this undulator-based accelerator for low-energy heavy-ions, reminiscent of the inverse free electron laser operating principle, but in a different parameter space.
Amélie Cohu, Matias Tramontini, Antoine Chevalier
et al.
Muon rate models play a key role in converting measured data into information on the density distributions of a target. Any given muography measurement, either in transmission or in scattering mode, requires a proper modelization of the muon flux according to the localization and to the atmospheric conditions. Two approaches are commonly used: either through semi-empirical models calibrated on existing data or via Monte-Carlo simulations. The former requires extrapolations to the field experiment conditions while the latter offers the advantage of tackling down in an unique way all relevant parameters such as barometric conditions, geomagnetic field, atmosphere density etc. Although significant progress were made in the last decades, precision muography experiments require more and more accuracy on the models, especially for the muons close to the horizon where large disparities still remain. In this paper we present detailed results obtained with the CORSIKA simulation framework to emphasize and quantify the impact of the environmental conditions on the sensitivity of muography measurements.
Both exposure of stratum corneum to neutral pH buffers and blockade of acidification mechanisms disturb cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis and stratum corneum integrity/cohesion, but these approaches all introduce potentially confounding variables. To study the consequences of stratum corneum neutralization, independent of hydration, we applied two chemically unrelated superbases, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine or 1,8-diazabicyclo [5,4,0] undec-7-ene, in propylene glycol:ethanol (7:3) to hairless mouse skin and assessed whether discrete pH changes alone regulate cutaneous permeability barrier function and stratum corneum integrity/cohesion, as well as the responsible mechanisms. Both 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine and 1,8-diazabicyclo [5,4,0] undec-7-ene applications increased skin surface pH in parallel with abnormalities in both barrier homeostasis and stratum corneum integrity/cohesion. The latter was attributable to rapid activation (<20 min) of serine proteases, assessed by in situ zymography, followed by serine-protease-mediated degradation of corneodesmosomes. Western blotting revealed degradation of desmoglein 1, a key corneodesmosome structural protein, in parallel with loss of corneodesmosomes. Coapplication of serine protease inhibitors with the superbase normalized stratum corneum integrity/cohesion. The superbases also delayed permeability barrier recovery, attributable to decreased beta-glucocerebrosidase activity, assessed zymographically, resulting in a lipid-processing defect on electron microscopy. These studies demonstrate unequivocally that stratum corneum neutralization alone provokes stratum corneum functional abnormalities, including aberrant permeability barrier homeostasis and decreased stratum corneum integrity/cohesion, as well as the mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities.
The relationship between broiler breast meat color and pH, moisture content, water-holding capacity (WHC), and emulsification capacity (EC) was investigated. In each of three replicate trials, fillets were collected from three different commercial processing plants according to breast meat lightness (L*) values as follows: lighter than normal (light, L* > 53), normal (48 < L* < 53), and darker than normal (dark, L* < 46). Color values of lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) were measured at 0 and 24 h after collection. Fillets were then ground and homogenized prior to determining color, pH, moisture, WHC, and EC of the ground meat. There was a significant difference among the three color groups (light, normal, and dark) in L*, a*, pH, WHC, and EC. The L* values of whole raw breast fillets had significant negative correlation coefficients with ground meat EC (-0.9237), pH (-0.9610), and a* (-0.6540). Emulsification capacity had significant positive correlations with pH (0.9572) and water-holding capacity (0.7080). WHC had significant correlations with a* (0.8143), moisture (-0.7647), and pH (0.7963). Lighter-than-normal meat was associated with low pH, high moisture, low EC, and low WHC. These results indicate that wide differences in raw breast meat color exist and that these differences may be used by poultry further processors as an indicator of fillets with altered functional properties.
To build insight into the atmosphere and ocean, it is useful to apply qualitative reasoning to predict the geophysical fluid dynamicss of worlds radically different from our own such as exoplanets, earth in Nuclear Winter, other solar system worlds, and far future terrestial climates. Here, we look at atmospheric and oceanic dynamics on a flat earth, that is a disc-shaped planet rather like Sir Terry Pratchet's fantasy Discworld. Altough this has the disadvantage that this geometry is a completely imaginary, there is a rich larray of videos by flat earth proponents whose errors illuminate how concepts can be misconceived and misapplied by amateurs and freshman science studients. As such, this case is very useful to geophysics instructors. We show that weather and ocean flows on a flat, nonrotating earth and a rotating spherical planet are wildly different. These differences are a crushing debunk of the flat earh heresy, if one were needed. The "high contrast" of these very different atmospheres and oceans is valuable in instilling the open-mindedness that is essential in understanding excoplanets and Nuclear Winter and Post-Climate-Apocalypse earth.