Hasil untuk "Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology"

Subrata Haldar, Somnath Mandal, Subhasis Bhattacharya et al.

Abstract The peri-urban region of Durgapur Municipal Corporation (DMC) area has experienced substantial socioeconomic changes throughout the last decade (2011–2023). Most of the literature focused on urban expansion, landuse changes and industrial expansion with little attention to complex interaction between urbanization, industrialization and their effects on livelihoods and quality of life (QoL). This study examines the socio-economic transformations in the peri-urban zone of the Durgapur Municipal Corporation (DMC) from 2011–2023, emphasizing how urbanization and industrialization shape livelihoods and quality of life (QoL). The study collected primary data and used satellite-driven data for constructing several indices like the Peri-Urban Development Index (PUDI), Peri-Urban Development Transition Index (PUDTI), Livelihood Diversity Index (LDI), and Quality of life (QoL). By the systematic sampling method, the study considered 830 households with 10% marginal error and 20% non-sampling for the primary survey. Furthermore, statistical analyses like multiple linear regression and ANOVA have been applied to identify the variation in QoL across the study units. The study reveals a positive association between livelihood diversification and PUDTI, underscoring how economic diversification supports socio-economic advancement in peri-urban areas. Multilinear regression analysis highlights that demographic and economic factors especially sex ratio, household mobility, and educational opportunities are stronger predictors of QoL than land use and infrastructure improvements. Additionally, ANOVA results show that inner peri-urban areas experience more substantial QoL improvements than outer areas, likely due to better access to educational institutions, healthcare, transportation, and banking facilities, which have all seen significant upgrades. Despite these advancements, the study also identifies challenges, including displacement from traditional occupations and rising income inequality. These findings underscore the need for integrated development policies to address the diverse and complex factors influencing urbanization and the well-being of peri-urban residents, offering valuable insights for policymakers aiming to foster balanced growth in peri-urban zones.

Чао Дин , Ибо Дин

Финансовое сотрудничество является важнейшим направлением в углублении делового сотрудничества стран БРИКС. В данной статье проанализированы публикации ученых из Китая, России и других стран, посвященные БРИКС с момента его создания, а также рассмотрены вопросы, которые интересуют ученых. Было обнаружено, что в 2014–2015 гг. и после 2022 г. количество исследований резко возросло, что, несомненно, связано с финансовыми санкциями, введенными США и европейскими странами против России. Ученые более позитивно оценивают перспективы финансового сотрудничества стран БРИКС и считают, что в условиях санкций и контрсанкций значение углубления сотрудничества становится еще очевиднее. В статье представлены результаты анализа литературы и данных о финансовом сотрудничестве стран БРИКС за последние пятнадцать лет с основным фокусом на вопросах финансового взаимодействия, выдвинутых на первый план Россией как председательствующей страной. Считается, что инициатива «Мост БРИКС» соответствует общим требованиям стран-членов по созданию финансовой инфраструктуры, независимой от США и стран Европы, и является новой попыткой и прорывом в реформировании международной экономической и финансовой системы, однако ее реализация сталкивается со многими внутренними и внешними вызовами. Авторы исследования пришли к выводу, что финансовое сотрудничество всегда было важным направлением делового сотрудничества стран БРИКС, но с расширением БРИКС достичь консенсуса между странами и реализовать его становится все труднее. В 2025 г., в период председательства Бразилии, финансовое сотрудничество по-прежнему остается одной из главных тем, однако переизбрание Трампа и использование им инструментов таможенной политики привели к новой нестабильности в международной экономической ситуации, а угроза о «дедолларизации» стран БРИКС также усложнит финансовое сотрудничество.

Татьяна Сергеевна Новикова, Ольга Игоревна Гулакова

Развитие российско-китайской торговли открывает возможности перехода к новому этапу научно-технологического развития за счет активизации государственной политики в условиях обострения геополитических проблем и усиления фрагментации мировой экономики. Целью статьи является разработка адекватного инструментария индикативного планирования для обоснования внешнеторговой политики России, базирующейся на приоритетном сотрудничестве с Китаем и другими дружественными странами, в условиях многополярного мира. Анализ фактической взаимной внешней торговли России и Китая за период 2013–2023 гг. выявил стремительный рост ее объемов при практически неизменной структуре, характеризующейся архетипом сырьевой направленности российского экспорта и высокой долей импорта из Китая продукции машиностроения. Введена классификация трех архетипов торговых отношений и рассмотрена возможность расширения товарообмена продукцией высоких переделов и высокотехнологичными товарами, базирующаяся на созданном потенциале научно-технологического взаимодействия двух стран. Новый импульс развитию внешней торговли России и Китая можно придать за счет реализации конкурентоспособных проектов региональной научно-исследовательской инфраструктуры, выступающих драйверами перехода к архетипу товарообмена высокотехнологичной продукцией. Для получения количественных оценок разработаны три взаимосвязанных модели: финансово-экономическая модель проекта создания НИИ, оптимизационная межотраслевая межрегиональная модель, расширенная за счет включения технологического способа проекта, и модель внешней торговли России и Китая. Разработанный подход был адаптирован на примере проекта «Академгородок 2.0» на период 2013–2030 гг. Для оценки влияния на торговлю различных политик и технологических изменений в статье рассмотрены базовый, предельный и инерционный сценарии. Экспериментальные расчеты показали, что прогнозируемая к 2030 г. структура внешнеторгового обмена России и Китая характеризуется существенным ростом доли машиностроения и химии в российском экспорте, что соответствует долгосрочным изменениям взаимного внешнеторгового обмена стран с высоким научно-технологическим потенциалом.

T. Buffel, Sophie Yarker, C. Phillipson et al.

This paper develops the argument that post-COVID-19 recovery strategies need to focus on building back fairer cities and communities, and that this requires a strong embedding of ‘age-friendly’ principles to support marginalised groups of older people, especially those living in deprived urban neighbourhoods, trapped in poor quality housing. It shows that older people living in such areas are likely to experience a ‘double lockdown’ as a result of restrictions imposed by social distancing combined with the intensification of social and spatial inequalities. This argument is presented as follows: first, the paper examines the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on older people, highlighting how the pandemic is both creating new and reinforcing existing inequalities in ageing along the lines of gender, class, ethnicity, race, ability and sexuality. Second, the paper explores the role of spatial inequalities in the context of COVID-19, highlighting how the pandemic is having a disproportionate impact on deprived urban areas already affected by cuts to public services, the loss of social infrastructure and pressures on the voluntary sector. Finally, the paper examines how interrelated social inequalities at both the individual and spatial level are affecting the lives of older people living in deprived urban neighbourhoods during the pandemic. The paper concludes by developing six principles for ‘age-friendly’ community recovery planning aimed at maintaining and improving the quality of life and wellbeing of older residents in the post-pandemic city.

Olusegun Aanuoluwapo Oguntona, Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa

The construction industry has been globally fingered as the major sector responsible for the continued deplorable state of the environment. The rising exploitation of the natural environment by the sector decapacitates the function of the flora and fauna to sustain life on earth. Therefore, the adoption and implementation of sustainability concepts in the construction industry are imperative to reduce the sector’s negative impacts on the environment. The growing field of biomimicry as a sustainability concept has increased global interest and call to maximize the numerous benefits offered by nature. This article is aimed at exploring biomimicry potentials in solving human challenges in a sustainable manner through responsible imitation, emulation, and drawing inspiration from nature. The first part of this paper explores the construction industry with rapt attention to its positive and negative impact on the human and natural environment. The second part provides a comprehensive overview of the biomimicry concept looking at its definitions, tenets, and sustainability standpoint. Finally, biomimicry inspiration, imitation, and emulation are discussed citing examples of their applications within and outside the built environment.

Denise Amaral, Daniela Moscon, Lindomar Pinto Silva

Este artigo analisa os fatores que influenciam a implementação da Política de Atenção à Saúde e Segurança do Trabalho do Servidor Público Federal – PASS no Instituto Federal de Educação da Bahia – IFBA. Os conceitos de Políticas Públicas, e sua fase de implementação foram usados. É um trabalho com abordagem quantitativa, usando regressão múltipla a uma amostra de 346 questionários respondidos, obtidos entre os meses de agosto e setembro de 2018. Os resultados apontam que a PASS não está efetivamente implementada, evidenciada pela falta de conhecimento dos servidores sobre ela e baixa participação deles nas ações desenvolvidas. Indicam também que os fatores variáveis contextuais, cultura organizacional, organização do aparato administrativo e recursos disponíveis são os que se relacionam com a eficácia no processo de implementação da política estudada.

Jeroen Bastiaanssen, Daniel Johnson, K. Lucas

The combined decentralisation of many firms and services and the increasing concentration of traditional public transport services in the main corridors of urban centres have made it more difficult for people to access jobs, in particular when residing outside these prime accessibility areas. This is the first national study within the context of Great Britain to examine whether better public transport job accessibility, modelled at the micro level of individuals, improves employment probabilities for people living in Great Britain. While previous studies have typically concentrated on US metropolitan areas, our study uses British national employment micro datasets to assess which urban and rural areas and population groups would benefit from better public transport services. In an important departure from most standard accessibility methodologies, we computed a public transport job accessibility measure applied nationwide and combined this with individual-level employment probability models for Great Britain. The models were corrected for endogeneity by applying an instrumental variable approach. The study finds that better public transport job accessibility improves individual employment probabilities, in particular in metropolitan areas and smaller cities and towns with lower car ownership rates and in low-income neighbourhoods. It further shows that mainly lower educated groups and young people would benefit from better public transport job accessibility. The findings in this study are important for policymakers in that they imply that, in particular, job seekers who rely on public transport services may benefit from more targeted public policies to improve their accessibility to employment and thereby their social mobility.

José Ángel García Gutiérrez, María del Pilar Mercader-Moyano

B. Elands, K. Vierikko, E. Andersson et al.

Abstract Biocultural diversity is an evolving perspective for studying the interrelatedness between people and their natural environment, not only in ecoregional hotspots and cultural landscapes, but also in urban green spaces. Developed in the 1990s in order to denote the diversity of life in all its manifestations―biological, cultural and linguistic―co-evolving within complex socio-ecological systems such as cities, biocultural diversity was identified in the GREEN SURGE project as a response to recent challenges cities face. Most important challenges are the loss of nature and degradation of ecosystems in and around cities as well as an alienation of urban residents from and loss of interaction with nature. The notion of biocultural diversity is dynamic in nature and takes local values and practices of relating to biodiversity of different cultural groups as a starting point for sustainable living with biodiversity. The issue is not only how to preserve or restore biocultural practices and values, but also how to modify, adapt and create biocultural diversity in ways that resonate with urban transformations. As future societies will largely diverge from today’s societies, the cultural perspective on living with (urban) nature needs careful reconsideration. Biocultural diversity is not conceived as a definite concept providing prescriptions of what to see and study, but as a reflexive and sensitising concept that can be used to assess the different values and knowledge of people that reflect how they live with biodiversity. This short communication paper introduces a conceptual framework for studying the multi-dimensional features of biocultural diversity in cities along the three key dimensions of materialized, lived and stewardship, being departure points from which biocultural diversity can be studied.

M. Ham, T. Tammaru, R. Ubarevičienė et al.

The book “Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: a Global Perspective” investigates the link between income inequality and residential segregation between socio-economic groups in 24 large cities and their urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and SouthAmerica. Author teams with in-depth local knowledge provide an extensive analysis of each case study city. Based on their findings, the main results of the book can be summarised as follows.Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries, which leads to a convergence of global trends. In many cities the workforce is professionalising, with an increasing share of the top socio-economic groups. In most cities the high-income workers are moving to the centre or to attractive coastal areas, and low-income workers are moving to the edges of the urban region. In some cities, mainly in lower income countries, high-income workers are also concentrating in out-of-centre enclaves or gated communities. The urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than citywide single-number segregation indices reveal. Taken together, these findings have resulted in the formulation of a Global Segregation Thesis. M. van Ham (B) · T. Tammaru · R. Ubarevičienė · H. Janssen Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Urbanism, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands e-mail: m.vanham@tudelft.nl H. Janssen e-mail: h.j.janssen@tudelft.nl T. Tammaru University of Tartu, Department of Geography, Vanemuise 46, 5104 Tartu, Estonia e-mail: tiit.tammaru@ut.ee R. Ubarevičienė Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Institute of Sociology, Department of Regional and Urban Studies, Vilnius, Lithuania e-mail: r.ubareviciene@tudelft.nl M. van Ham School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK © The Author(s) 2021 M. van Ham et al. (eds.), Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality, The Urban Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_1 3

Josemanuel Luna-Nemecio

El presente estudio guarda un doble propósito; en primer lugar se establecen los lineamientos teóricos conceptuales para entender la compleja relación entre la sustentabilidad y la resiliencia. Estas dimensiones se muestran como ejes de la producción del espacio urbano de cara a diagnosticar, analizar y proponer alternativas a la serie de problemas derivadas de la devastación ambiental contemporánea. En segundo lugar, el presente estudio cumple con la meta de presentar los artículos del Dossier "Los avatares de la ciduad en el siglo XXI". Siguiente una metodología aproximativa de corte cualitativo se llega a concluir que la sustentabilidad y resiliencia urbana son parte de las capacidades socioterritoriales para enfrentar las grandes adversidades e incertidumbres de nuestro tiempo.

Małgorzata Hanzl, Anna Tofiluk, Kinga Zinowiec-Cieplik et al.

The threats that arise from climate change and their associated economic, social, and environmental impacts are leading to the transformation of the spatial structures of cities. The growing demand for climate adaptability calls for the development of normative criteria for the design of forms of urban settings that integrate vegetation. Climate-responsive urban design reacts to the challenges of urban physics, which depend heavily on the forms of urban structures and the role of greenery. This method includes research on vegetation indexes and their impact on urban regulatory functions. The goal is to propose a comprehensive framework for assessing the functioning of urban public space, which considers the role and maintenance of green infrastructure. The intersection with the subject matter of analytical urban morphology is evident, in terms of the resolution of the urban fabric and its transformations over time. The framework of climate-responsive urban design also covers examining the parameters of surrounding built structures, such as the floor area ratio, the building coverage ratio, and building heights. In particular, the requirements of climate adaptation have an impact on the design of outdoor spaces in cities. In this article, we apply the selected methods that contribute to the climate-responsive urban design model to recommend the transformations of two urban nodes, in Lodz and Warsaw (Poland). Our goal is to indicate the future form of nodal public spaces with a focus on the needs of urban greenery, and to determine indicators for the local climate zone. After an initial literature review, we discuss a number of available indicators from the perspective of how they might contribute to determine the environmental conditions. We focus on urban water cycle, the requirement of trees for water, and insolation conditions.

Ildebrando Clemente

A. Ghaziani

Research on sexuality and space makes assumptions about spatial singularity: Across the landscape of different neighborhoods in the city, there is one, and apparently only one, called the gayborhood. This assumption, rooted in an enclave epistemology and theoretical models that are based on immigrant migration patterns, creates blind spots in our knowledge about urban sexualities. I propose an alternative conceptual framework that emphasizes spatial plurality. Drawing on the location patterns of lesbians, transgender individuals, same–sex families with children, and people of color, I show that cities cultivate “cultural archipelagos” in response to the geo–sexual complexities that arise from within–group heterogeneity. Rather than inducing spatially singular or scholastic outcomes, as some scholarship predicts, subgroup variations produce diverse yet distinct types of queer spaces. The analytic frame of cultural archipelagos suggests more generally that we cannot categorize urban or social worlds using simple binaries such as “the gayborhood” versus all other undifferentiated straight spaces. Thinking in terms of plurality provides a more generative approach to advance the study of sexuality and space.

L. Herslund, Antje Backhaus, Ole Fryd et al.

Abstract In this paper we examine the conditions and opportunities for establishing a functional green infrastructure under the pressure of urbanization in Addis Ababa and Dar es Salaam. Inspired by transition theory, we look for regimes and niches which support retainment of green space and their adaptive capacity based on interviews and workshops with key urban stakeholders. A top-down master planning paradigm combined with a green institutional framework preoccupied with beautification seem to block possibilities of supporting and integrating GI experiments coming from outside the regime. The master plans are vague, outdated before finalised and inefficient for coping with the fast pace of urbanization. In Addis Ababa, despite an emergent recognition of the role of the green infrastructure in the city plan, informal encroachment and planned large scale land-conversions to housing takes place. In Dar es Salaam, that subscribes to, but lacks a functional master plan, the regime seems paralysed and is too fragmented and engrossed with the pressing urbanization problems to prioritize a green infrastructure. For establishing a functional green infrastructure coalition partners from housing, road and urban agriculture authorities but also large land owners, informal settlers, urban farmers and local organisations are needed. Solutions must be attractive also for the actual green space managers − the individual plot- and condominium owners and local groups. Local niche experiments linking up to on-going coping strategies could push forward coalitions as well as generating knowledge on how to retain green areas while addressing water shortages, livelihood and urban farming.

M. O'Neill, A. Zanobetti, J. Schwartz

P. Sharkey