We consider theoretical models of the nanolaser and logic gates on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In our work, it is shown at pumping the nanoresonator of the nanolaser on CNT by optical radiation using a quantum dot as nano light emitted diode (LED), the coherent flow of surface plasmon-polaritons arises when the generation threshold is exceeded. The coherent plasmonic flow from the partially reflecting mirror of the nanolaser enters the attached CNT plasmonic waveguide. Plasmonic logic gates NOT and OR based on CNTs represent the complete functional basis for binary logic. The proposed nanolaser and logic gates on CNTs can be used in plasmonic circuitry in the telecommunication frequency band.
Aceronga Kwocan, Mohammed Dahiru Buhari, Kelechi Ukagwu
et al.
Due to the widespread installation of Base Stations, the power consumption of cellular communication is increasing rapidly (BSs). Power consumption rises as traffic does, however, this scenario varies from geolocation to geolocation because sites in rural and urban areas have variable traffic loads. Therefore, in order to address various power consumption issues, it is necessary to analyze these sites and offer valid data that network operators can employ. This study took into account the impact of traffic load on energy consumption both in rural and urban locations in western Uganda because prior models did not adequately account for the impact of traffic load on both rural and urban sites. Regression models are used to examine these effects of traffic load on power consumption. Based on measurements taken for twenty-eight days in a row in six urban and rural areas, linear models have been presented. The findings showed that both rural and urban BTS were well-fitted by the suggested linear models. Depending on the layouts of the sites, it was found that energy consumption varied along with traffic, with the number of transceivers present having an impact on both the traffic load and energy consumption.
Gas pipelines, transmission lines, overhead wires, transformers, GNSS navigation, and telecommunication systems are part of critical infrastructure. Industry, transportation, service operations, farming, and everyday life highly depend on this infrastructure. However, these systems are very sensitive to solar activity. Therefore, all activities above are vulnerable and defenseless against the catastrophic changes in Earth's cosmic environment. The Solar System is dominated by the influence of our star. A small fraction of the energy produced in the core of our star turns into a magnetic field and emits the constant high-velocity flow, the solar wind. Solar magnetic activity produces radiation and ejects matter from the upper atmosphere of our star. The magnetic field of the solar wind interacts with the planetary magnetic fields and atmospheres. These phenomena, called Space Weather have a serious influence on the radiation environment of Earth where telecommunication, Global Navigation Satellite System, meteorological, and other purpose satellites are located. The conductivity and transparency of the higher partly ionized atmospheric layer, the ionosphere also depend on solar radiation and activity. This fact makes the navigation and communication systems dependent on solar activity. Finally, the solar magnetic activity creates magnetic variations in the terrestrial magnetic field and induces currents in gas pipelines, transmission lines, overhead wires, and transformers. In this short briefing, we introduce the solar activity phenomena, and their influence on our planet's cosmic neighborhood and provide a detailed description of the Space Weather effects on critical infrastructure. We describe the Hungarian national and global space weather forecast centers and capabilities. Finally, we share some guidelines on how to prepare for extreme space weather events.
Irina Vorontsova, Roman Goncharov, Sergey Kynev
et al.
Numerically, a theoretical analysis of the noise impact caused by spontaneous Raman scattering, four-wave mixing, and linear channel crosstalk on the measurement-device-independent continuous variable quantum key distribution systems is conducted. The analysis considers symmetry and asymmetry of system paths, as well as possible channel allocation schemes, for a quantum channel located in C- and O-bans. Mathematical models for MDI CV-QKD system and the contributing noises description are provided. The secure key generation rate is estimated to state features of protocol operation when integrated with existing DWDM systems in the context of its implementation into telecommunication networks.
To tackle the challenge of inefficient utilization of spatiotemporal spectrum resources in heterogeneous networks, a reliable spectrum sharing strategy based on game theory was proposed for scenarios where multiple secondary users dynamically access through sensing spatiotemporal spectrum opportunities.Firstly, secondary users sensed the activity state of primary users through channel sampling and subsequently seek suitable spatiotemporal spectrum opportunities.Each secondary user aimed to access more spectrum resources while preventing quality degradation between primary users.Consequently, a negotiation of individual utilities between secondary and primary users was needed, in order to reach a mixed Nash equilibrium.When the secondary user's transmission power was abnormal, its behavior would be regarded as a violation.Then, a backoff time compensation algorithm was presented to penalize the secondary users, according to the number of violations and active nodes in the network.Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness of the spatiotemporal spectrum opportunities sharing strategy with the penalty mechanism.
Viet-Anh Nguyen, Anh H. T. Nguyen, Andy W. H. Khong
Packet loss concealment (PLC) is a tool for enhancing speech degradation caused by poor network conditions or underflow/overflow in audio processing pipelines. We propose a real-time recurrent method that leverages previous outputs to mitigate artefact of lost packets without the prior knowledge of loss mask. The proposed full-band recurrent network (FRN) model operates at 48 kHz, which is suitable for high-quality telecommunication applications. Experiment results highlight the superiority of FRN over an offline non-causal baseline and a top performer in a recent PLC challenge.
Hamza Kheddar, Soufiane Ouldkhaoua, Riadh Bouguerra
The telecommunication field has seen unprecedented growth in the last decade that has led to the release of several generations that have been committed to satisfy users by increasing the data rate and reducing the latency, especially in the 5G network. With fully commercialized 5G networks that is already launched in many country, Software-defined network (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) will facilitate the implementation of NS. SDN and NFV will serve as the basis for NS, allowing efficient use of both physical and virtual resources. This paper makes it possible to analyze, propose an efficient model, and utilize all of the available resources of the 5G network.
F. E. Onah, C. Ventura-Velázquez, F. H. Maldonado-Villamizar
et al.
We study an optomechhanical device supporting at least three optical modes in the infrared telecommunication band and three mechanical vibration modes. We model the coherent driving of each optical mode, independently of each other, to obtain an effective Hamiltonian showing the different types of parametric processes allowed in the device. We propose a bichromatic driving scheme, in the lossy optical cavity regime, under a mean field approximation, that provides the quantum simulation of a parametric oscillator with optical control of its parameters.
Objectives: With the consensus reached on the 6G vision of three-dimensional coverage, extreme performance, virtual real integration and ubiquitous intelligence, problems such as personalized service customization, proliferation of network element types and changeable scene superposition will bring more severe challenges to the network management and control system. For 6G networks, network elements, protocols, applications and architectures will be highly heterogeneous and complex. Native Intelligence and lite networks provide feasible ideas for 6G network architecture and function design. The 6G network with native intelligence, whose network elements have different levels of intelligence, can independently generate strategies to complete the network functions realized by the traditional manual configuration strategies, providing the basic conditions for more efficient network management and control. Starting from the network design idea of "Da Dao Zhi Jian", starting with efficient network management and control, the network architecture can be simplified, complex protocols can be simplified, manual operation and maintenance can be reduced, and the full scene network on-demand services can berealized through the rapid and efficient organization and allocation of multi-level resources in the whole network. At present, 5G network management, control and operation and maintenance systems are closed independently, focusing on solving specific scenario problems. Their security, intelligence and collaboration lack global planning and unified design, and it is difficult to meet the future immersive and personalized full scenario services and performance requirements. It is urgent to build a network management and control system and make breakthroughs in key technologies for 6G on-demand services. Methods: Facing the design requirements of intellicise network, this paper introduces intelligent knowledge space into the 6G control system. The knowledge space is responsible for collecting and extracting the network control experience and knowledge generated by super intelligent network nodes through intelligent computing to form a network control knowledge space. The perception of network needs, the sharing of network resources and the generation of global network control strategies play a role of a super brain. Finally, there is only one layer of knowledge space above the next generation network implementation infrastructure. The 6G management and control architecture as the management and control decision-making layer has native intelligence and minimalist optimization. Based on this, this paper proposes a 6G network management and control system based on knowledge space, which is called 6G-ADM(6G admin) for short. Results: In order to realize the personalized customization of 6G services and improve the performance of 6G services, the integration trend of network management, control and operation was explained. The development of network management and control system will conform to the trend of "intellicise network" and form an "intellicise integration of management and control system". The management and control system is native intelligent. The concept and strategy generation process of intelligent management and control tends to be simplified, but resources will be allocated in a more granular manner. 6G network will support personalized and immersive services in the whole scene and provide users with extreme performance experience such as extremely low delay and high reliability. 6G resources are abundant, but still limited. There is a contradiction between demand growth and resource consumption, which poses an important challenge to the high adaptation of fine-grained resources. This paper proposes 6G-ADM to improve network management and control knowledge, aiming to form a closed loop to support on-demand services, and effectively deal with the contradiction between demand growth and resource consumption in 6G networks. This paper considers that the sustainable on-demand service can be realized through native intelligence of network knowledge, and establishes a knowledge space to coordinate artificial intelligence and traditional artificial definition. Conclusion: As two key technologies to realize the closed-loop control function of 6G-ADM, this paper proposes a new network slicing method and an anomaly detection method based on knowledge space. 6G-ADM converts the closed-loop service policy including resource allocation and anomaly detection into the execution behavior of the global network elements. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Panagiotis Georgakopoulos, Tafseer Akhtar, Christos Mavrokefalidis
et al.
In today’s wireless communication systems, the exponentially growing needs of mobile users require the combination of new and existing techniques to meet the demands for reliable and high-quality service provision. This may not always be possible, as the resources in wireless telecommunication systems are limited and a significant number of users, usually located at the cell edges, can suffer from severe interference. For this purpose, a new Joint Transmission Coordinated Multipoint (JT-CoMP) scheme, in which the transmission points’ clustering is based on a coalition formation game, is deployed alongside with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in a Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) consisting of small cells. To further enhance the network’s performance, Multiuser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO) with Zero-Forcing (ZF) beamforming is applied. The proposed scheme’s performance, in terms of user throughput, is then compared to that of a scheme where JT-CoMP with static clustering is selected, a JT-CoMP scheme with clustering based on a greedy algorithm and a scenario where JT-CoMP is not deployed. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme reliably improves the throughput of users with poor wireless channels while guaranteeing that the performance of the rest is not severely undermined.
Network intelligence is the deep integration of AI technology and communication network hardware, software, systems, processes, etc.to improve process intelligence, reduce costs, increase efficiency, improve quality, accelerate technology innovation, and enable service agility.The autonomous network proposes to optimize user experience, automate management operations, and maximize resource efficiency by simplifying the network architecture, encapsulating autonomous domains, and providing closed loops for business/network operation control, which clarifies the target architecture and implementation path for network intelligence.Firstly, based on the layered architecture and evaluation framework of the autonomous network, the network intelligent technology system was summerized.Secondly, extensive research on relevant standards organizations, open source communities, industrial collaboration, and R＆amp;D and application status were conducted.Finally, gap analysis, collaborative suggestions and summary prospects for guiding the following-up industry development were provided in terms of the application requirements from operators in related practices.
As the key technology of the new generation IP network,SRv6 has gradually become the direction of network evolution in the 5G and cloud networks.The problems how to solve the problems of excessive head overhead,low payload efficiency,and difficult upgrading from the existing network has become the focus of the industry.Based on this technical problem,header compression design principles were proposed firstly,including mechanism compatible with standard SRv6 header encapsulation,inheriting the advantages of standard SRv6 and IPv6,compatible with existing network address plan,achieving an effective balance of compression efficiency and processing performance,and interconnecting with existing networks.Secondly,a G-SID header compression solution was proposed based on common prefix stitching,the key technical capabilities of G-SID container,COC flavor,and SID index were defined,and a network orchestration solution for mixed deployment of compressed and uncompressed networks was proposed.Finally,the progress of the G-SID solution in the industry’s international standards was introduced,and has been verified by the interoperability of multi-vendor equipment,and the pilot deployment on the existing network was planned to promote the rapid deployment of SRv6 on the entire network.
Peter C. Strassmann, Anthony Martin, Nicolas Gisin
et al.
We report a detailed study of the noise properties of a visible-to-telecom photon frequency converter based on difference frequency generation (DFG). The device converts 580 nm photons to 1541 nm using a strong pump laser at 930 nm, in a periodically poled lithium niobate ridge waveguide. The converter reaches a maximum device efficiency of 46 % (internal efficiency of 67 %) at a pump power of 250 mW. The noise produced by the pump laser is investigated in detail by recording the noise spectra both in the telecom and visible regimes, and measuring the power dependence of the noise rates. The noise spectrum in the telecom is very broadband, as expected from previous work on similar DFG converters. However, we also observe several narrow dips in the telecom spectrum, with corresponding peaks appearing in the 580 nm noise spectrum. These features are explained by sum frequency generation of the telecom noise at wavelengths given by the phase matching condition of different spatial modes in the waveguide. The proposed noise model is in good agreement with all the measured data, including the power-dependence of the noise rates, both in the visible and telecom regime. These results are applicable to the class of DFG converters where the pump laser wavelength is in between the input and target wavelength.
Niloofar Bahadori, Nima Namvar, Brian Kelley
et al.
Exploiting the millimeter wave (mmWave) band has recently attracted considerable attention as a potential solution to widespread deployment of device-to-device (D2D) communication challenges, namely, spectrum scarcity and interference. However, its directional nature makes the utilization of mmWave band a challenging task as it requires careful beam alignment between the D2D transmitter and receiver. In this paper, we investigate the impact of inaccurate angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation as a beam alignment impairment on the performance of a directional mmWave D2D network. We have used tools from stochastic geometry to quantify the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) coverage probability in the presence of beam misalignment, which can be applied to evaluate D2D network performance. Moreover, the analytical results are verified to be reliable and effective through extensive simulations. Finally, the coverage probability of the D2D network with erroneous beam alignment is compared to the network with perfect beam alignment. The numerical results indicate that the beam misalignment can lead to significant losses in the network's coverage probability.
Juan-Rafael Álvarez, Samael Sarmiento, José A. Lázaro
et al.
We demonstrate a quantum random number generator based on the random nature of the phase difference between two independent laser sources. The speed of random bit generation is determined by the photodetector bandwidth and the linewidth of the lasers used. The system implemented is robust and generates a probability distribution of quantum origin which is intrinsically uniform and thus in principle needs no randomness extraction. The phase is measured with telecom equipment routinely used for high capacity coherent optical communications, which allows to keep track of the phase drift of the lasers and is readily available in the telecommunication industry.
Saidiwaerdi Maimaiti, Gang Chuai, Weidong Gao
et al.
Abstract The massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology plays a key role in the next-generation (5G) wireless communication systems, which are equipped with a large number of antennas at the base station (BS) of a network to improve cell capacity for network communication systems. However, activating a large number of BS antennas needs a large number of radio-frequency (RF) chains that introduce the high cost of the hardware and high power consumption. Our objective is to achieve the optimal combination subset of BS antennas and users to approach the maximum cell capacity, simultaneously. However, the optimal solution to this problem can be achieved by using an exhaustive search (ES) algorithm by considering all possible combinations of BS antennas and users, which leads to the exponential growth of the combinatorial complexity with the increasing of the number of BS antennas and active users. Thus, the ES algorithm cannot be used in massive MIMO systems because of its high computational complexity. Hence, considering the trade-off between network performance and computational complexity, we proposed a low-complexity joint antenna selection and user scheduling (JASUS) method based on Adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo (AMCMC) algorithm for multi-cell multi-user massive MIMO downlink systems. AMCMC algorithm is helpful for selecting combination subset of antennas and users to approach the maximum cell capacity with consideration of the multi-cell interference. Performance analysis and simulation results show that AMCMC algorithm performs extremely closely to ES-based JASUS algorithm. Compared with other algorithms in our experiments, the higher cell capacity and near-optimal system performance can be obtained by using the AMCMC algorithm. At the same time, the computational complexity is reduced significantly by combining with AMCMC.
Inna Krasnokutska, Jean-Luc J. Tambasco, Xijun Li
et al.
Lithium Niobate on insulator (LNOI) photonics promises to combine the excellent nonlinear properties of Lithium Niobate with the high complexity achievable by high contrast waveguides. However, to date, fabrication challenges have resulted in high-loss and sidewall-angled waveguides, limiting its applicability. We report LNOI single mode waveguides with ultra low propagation loss of 0.4 dB/cm and sidewall angle of 75°. Our results open the route to a highly efficient photonic platform with applications ranging from high-speed telecommunication to quantum technology.
Abstract In this paper, we investigate the impact of hardware impairments on the outage performance and the instantaneous capacity of dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) satellite relay networks in the presence of co-channel interference. Specifically, the exact closed-form expression for the outage probability and the analytical expression for the instantaneous capacity of the system are derived over a shadowed-Rician fading channel, which provides a fast means to evaluate the impact of hardware impairments on the system performance. Our results demonstrate that the outage floor occurs and the capacity upper bound appears when the hardware impairments exist. In addition, simulation results were provided to verify the correctness of the analytical results.
The latest technological advancements in the telecommunications domain (e.g., widespread adoption of mobile devices, introduction of 5G wireless communications, etc.) have brought new stakeholders into the spotlight. More specifically, Over-the-Top (OTT) providers have recently appeared, offering their services over the existing deployed telecommunication networks. The entry of the new players has changed the dynamics in the domain, as it creates conflicting situations with the Internet Service Providers (ISPs), who traditionally dominate the area, motivating the necessity for novel analytical studies for this relationship. However, despite the importance of accessing real observational data, there is no database with the aggregate information that can serve as a solid base for this research. To that end, this document provides a detailed summary report for financial and statistic data for the period 2008-2013 that can be exploited for realistic econometric models that will provide useful insights on this topic. The document summarizes data from various sources with regard to the ISP revenues and Capital Expenditures (CAPEX), the OTT revenues, the Internet penetration and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), taking into account three big OTT providers (i.e., Facebook, Skype, WhatsApp) and ten major ISPs that operate in seven different countries.