Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

Wanakorn Rattanawong, Akarin Hiransuthikul, Prakit Anukoolwittaya et al.

Abstract Background Migraine is one of the leading causes of disability among all neurological diseases, yet major gaps persist in diagnosis and access to effective treatment, particularly in low- and middle-income regions. Southeast Asia and East Asia are characterised by marked socioeconomic diversity, variable healthcare infrastructure, and limited availability of migraine-specific therapies. We aimed to assess physician-reported barriers to migraine diagnosis and management across Southeast Asian and East Asian countries. Methods The South-East Asia Local breAch on MigraiNe Treatment (SEALANT) study was a multinational, cross-sectional, web-based survey conducted between Nov 1, 2024, and Aug 31, 2025. Physicians involved in migraine care from Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand were eligible. Survey domains included diagnostic barriers, clinic accessibility, acute and preventive treatment practices, awareness of medication overuse headache, access to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)–targeted therapies, and migraine-related stigma. Countries were categorised by World Bank income classification. Data were analysed descriptively, and comparisons were made across income groups. All results are based on physicians’ perceptions of routine clinical practice rather than objectively verified patient-level data. Results A total of 686 physicians participated (mean age 39.0 years [SD 9.9]), of whom 79.8% were neurologists. Overall, 70.0% of respondents reported an insufficient number of neurology/headache clinics, increasing to 87.2% in lower-middle-income countries. Physicians reported that approximately 60.0% of patients were correctly diagnosed with migraine before specialist consultation, while 44.9% were perceived to experience diagnostic delays exceeding one year. According to physician reports, acute migraine management relied predominantly on non-specific analgesics, with opioids remaining widely available and prescribed across all income settings. Reported use of migraine-specific acute therapies and preventive treatments was limited. Although CGRP-targeted preventive therapies were widely regarded by physicians as effective (77.1%), many perceived that these treatments should not yet be reimbursed. Conclusion Substantial and inequitable gaps persist in migraine diagnosis and management across Southeast Asia and East Asia, as perceived by physicians, driven by shortages of specialist services, delayed diagnosis, reliance on non-specific treatments, and restricted access to migraine-specific therapies. Addressing migraine as a public health priority through health-system strengthening, education, and equitable access to evidence-based treatments is essential to reduce disability in the region.

K. Li, R. Tan, W. Qiao et al.

<p>The high level of ozone throughout the troposphere is an emerging concern for East Asia and Southeast Asia. Here, we analyze available surface ozone measurements from the past two decades (2005–2021) over eight countries, with 10 ozonesonde and aircraft measurements within this region. At the surface, the seasonal mean ozone over 2017–2021 varies from 30 nmol mol<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> (i.e., 30 ppb) in Southeast Asia to 75 nmol mol<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> in<span id="page11576"/> summer in northern China. The metric of seasonal 95th percentile ozone can identify the multiple hot spots of ozone pollution of over 85 nmol mol<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> in Southeast Asia. The new World Health Organization (WHO) peak-season ozone standard indicates that both East Asia and Southeast Asia face a widespread risk of long-term exposure. The surface ozone increase in South Korea and Southeast Asia from 2005 was leveling off or even decreasing in the past decade, while the ozone increase in the 2000s over China has amplified since 2013. Surface ozone trends in Japan and Mongolia were flat in the past decade. In the troposphere, the available measurements show an overall increasing tendency at different altitudes from a three-decade perspective, although the trend in the past decade remains unclear due to data availability. The difference in the tropospheric ozone level between East Asia and Southeast Asia is likely due to the high background ozone from the stratospheric intrusion over Northeast Asia. In terms of ozone controls, our results suggest that anthropogenic emissions determine the occurrence of high ozone levels, but the underappreciated strong ozone climate penalty, particularly over Southeast Asia, will make ozone controls harder under a warmer climate.</p>

Siwei Lou, Yu Huang, Yukai Zou et al.

Summary: The proportionality between urban building expansion and population growth is a key indicator of sustainable development, yet its global patterns and drivers remain underexplored. This study investigates the discrepancies between building volume and population growth rates (ΔR) across 1,744 cities in 12 major global economies from 2000 to 2020 using satellite-based building volume and population databases. Results reveal significant regional disparities: cities in East and Southeast Asia tend to construct buildings at rates exceeding population growth, while many cities in Europe and North America show conservative building developments with ΔR close to or lower than zero. Socioeconomic factors such as gross domestic product (GDP), population size, and spatial clustering around the regional economic centers further explain these patterns, particularly in economies of the Global South. These findings emphasize the need for region-specific approaches and strategies to achieve sustainable urban development.

Shuzhi Long, Sheng Li

Asiatic black bears (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>) are a large carnivore, widely distributed in East, South, and Southeast Asia. However, they have experienced dramatic population decline across this range due to various anthropogenic threats. The great demand for bear parts in the black market exposes this species to intense pressure of being poached and then illegally traded. Meanwhile, the continuous expansion of anthropogenic land use results in the sharpening of human–bear conflicts. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive search and collected information of the poaching, illegal trade, and human–bear conflict events related to Asiatic black bears reported in China during 2010–2020. By systematically searching judicial adjudicative documents and news reports, we identified 351 (64 poaching, 221 illegal trade, and 90 conflict) events across the country. The results showed that Southwest China was a hotspot across all categories (41, 149 and 40 events, respectively). Bear paws were the most common type of bear parts found in illegal trade (52.1%), and the most frequently reported human–bear conflict form was human injury from bear attacks (at least 52 people injured and another 7 killed). By determining the status of black bears being poached, traded, and their conflicts with humans in China, these results will provide important insights into the further research and conservation of this iconic species.

Shuai Wang, Tao Zhang, Dongming Li et al.

Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) remains a significant global health challenge, with its prevalence generally declining due to advances in healthcare and reduction in key risk factors. However, smoking continues to be a major contributor to the burden of PUD. This study analyzes the temporal and spatial patterns of PUD burden attributable to smoking globally from 1990 to 2021, providing insights for public health interventions. Methods: Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 database, we assessed deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR). Trends from 1990 to 2021 were evaluated using average annual percentage change (AAPC), and predictive analyses performed to understand past and future patterns. Results: In 2021, 29,390 deaths and 816,999 DALYs were caused by PUD attributable to smoking worldwide. From 1990 to 2021, deaths, DALYs, ASMR (AAPC: −4.05), and ASDR (AAPC: −4.18) showed significant declines globally. Males experienced a higher burden than females across all metrics. At the national and regional levels, low and low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) areas exhibited higher ASMR and ASDR than high-SDI regions, with East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia contributing the highest burden. Future projections indicate a continued decline in the burden of PUD attributable to smoking over the next decade. Conclusion: Despite global declines in the burden of PUD attributable to smoking, substantial disparities persist, particularly in underdeveloped regions. Focused anti-smoking policies and targeted resource allocation are necessary to reduce the disease burden and address regional inequalities.

Verchenko A.L.

The article examines the channels of Soviet-Chinese cooperation in cinematography in the 1950s. As in other sectors of the national economy, in the film industry Soviet specialists assisted Chinese colleagues in restoring work in the first years after the formation of the PRC. They established professional contacts and a mechanism of bilateral cooperation, which took place in the form of joint filming of documentary, feature, scientific and educational films, mutual exchanges of films, newsreels, festivals and film weeks, and delegation exchanges. In the shortest possible time China managed to establish its film production and join the global film business. The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China shared an ideological platform and an understanding of the importance of cinema as an essential tool for propaganda and education of the people. Cinema helped Soviet and Chinese viewers get acquainted with each other’s history and modern life, to deepen mutual understanding and friendly relations, which have undoubtedly benefited inter-State relations. However, under the influence of political factors by the end of the 1950s the cooperation began to decline and came to the end in 1962.

Jie Huang, Ying Xiang, Tao Wu et al.

The newt genus Tylototriton is widely distributed in east, southeast, and south Asia. Previous studies have shown that basic surveys of this genus are far from comprehensive, and unknown species still exist within the group. In this study, we described a new species of this genus, Tylototriton gaowangjienensis sp. nov., from Gaowangjie National Nature Reserve in Hunan Province, China, based on evidence from molecular identification and morphological comparisons. Additionally, we conducted phylogenetic analysis of the genus to elucidate the taxonomic status of the new species. Based on combined mitochondrial 16S rRNA and ND2 gene sequences, the phylogenetic tree supported the new species as a member of the T. wenxianensis species subclade in the subgenus Yaotriton. It can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) medium-sized body; (2) finger tips extending beyond the snout while forelimbs stretched forward; (3) tips of forelimbs and hindlimbs reaching and overlapping when folded towards the body; (4) snout edge round; (5) absence of small papillae in the male cloacal fissure; (6) dorsal ridges narrow, with width smaller than the eye diameter; (7) head length (HDL) greater than head width (HDW) (HDL/HDW = 1.04~1.22); (8) orange markings absence on the parotoid; (9) nodule-like warts on body sides continuous; (10) vomerine teeth not connected at the tip, extending to the occipital bone at the posterior end.

Jian Liao, Zhenqi Wu, Haojie Wang et al.

Dragonflies are sensitive to climate change due to their special habitat in aquatic and terrestrial environments, especially <i>Pantala flavescens</i>, which have extraordinary migratory abilities in response to climate change on spatio-temporal scales. At present, there are major gaps in the documentation of insects and the effects of climatic changes on the habitat and species it supports. In this study, we model the global distribution of a wandering glider dragonfly, <i>P. flavescens</i>, and detected the important environmental factors shaping its range, as well as habitat shifts under historical and future warming scenarios. The results showed a global map of species ranges of <i>P. flavescens</i> currently, including southern North America, most of South America, south-central Africa, most of Europe, South, East and Southeast Asia, and northern Oceania, in total, ca. 6581.667 × 10⁴ km². BIO5 (the max temperature of warmest month) and BIO13 (the precipitation of wettest month) greatly explained its species ranges. The historic refugia were identified around the Great Lakes in the north-central United States. Future warming will increase the total area of suitable habitat and shift the type of suitable habitat compared to the current distribution. The habitat suitability of <i>P. flavescens</i> decreased with elevation, global warming forced it to expand to higher elevations, and the habitat suitability of <i>P. flavescens</i> around the equator increased with global warming. Overall, our study provides a global dynamic pattern of suitable habitats for <i>P. flavescens</i> from the perspective of climate change, and provides a useful reference for biodiversity research and biological conservation.

Hartanto Hartanto, Dwi Astuti

As a new legal product, Omnibus Law was designed as a breakthrough to answer the overlapping and disharmony issues of law in Indonesia. This study used a normative research method, namely statutory approach (Statute Approach) and conceptual approach (Conceptual Approach). The results of the study indicated that the establishment of the Omnibus Bill on Family Resilience was intended to contribute to creation of a better order, protect families and build a harmonious and successful society, raising a better generation. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the Omnibus Law on Family Resilience which presages the existence of private rights and also creates legal uncertainty in the society, causing legal chaos. The study identified several problems that emerged from this bill. Firstly, there is no valid data related to the reasons for its necessity. Secondly, the bill contradicts the above regulations, especially related to private rights. To address these two problems, there is a need for a reconsideration of this law.

Kucherenko G.N.

Thailand's foreign policy approach is currently characterized by international experts as “bamboo diplomacy”. This concept implies that just as bamboo is both strong and flexible, Thai policy is consistent and adaptable, responsive to changes in the world. The conflict between China and the United States over influence in Southeast Asia and the Russia-Ukraine crisis have put Thailand under severe pressure, forcing the kingdom to be even more attentive to its policy of balancing between the sides, potentially altering the Thai position on the global stage. This article will examine the factors influencing Thai foreign policy strategy and its future prospects after the 2014 coup d'état. The main scholarly methods used in the article are comparison and analysis.

Eunji Lee, Soo In Kim, Kyunghee Jung-Choi et al.

<h4>Objective</h4>We assessed the association between household decision-making and mental well-being among Asian immigrant women residing in Korea. We also investigated if the impact varies by the regional origin and examined potential factors for joint decision-making.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a cross-sectional study using the Korean National Survey of Multicultural Families 2015 and logistic regression. We analyzed data from 11,188 married immigrant women ages 20 to 59 who were originally from East Asia or Southeast/South Asia and co-living with their spouses. We defined households as joint-decision, wife-decision, or husband-decision based on who decides how living expenses are spent. Mental well-being encompassed a depressive mood for two consecutive weeks, and life and marital satisfaction.<h4>Results</h4>After controlling for covariates, we showed that immigrant women in husband-decision households were more likely to have depressive mood (odds ratio [OR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-1.38), poorer life satisfaction (OR 1.49, 95% CI: 1.24-1.78), and poorer marital satisfaction (OR 1.81, 95% CI: 1.47-2.22) than women in joint-decision households. Immigrant women in wife-decision households had a similar but slightly lower odds of poor mental well-being. This association was less prominent for Southeast/South Asian origin than East Asian origin, while the age-adjusted prevalence rates of poor mental well-being among them were higher than their East Asian counterparts. Factors that restricted the odds of husband-decision did not necessarily guarantee wife-decision.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This study suggests one-sided decision-making can be a risk factor for immigrant women's poor mental well-being, while joint decision-making is protective. Differences across regional origins suggest domestic decision-making might be a less important predictor for mental well-being in immigrants more occupied with adapting to the host society. Factors for joint decision-making should be addressed to improve the mental well-being of immigrant women.

Qi ZHAI, Minxia HUANG, Dianhong LYU et al.

Lumpy skin disease(LSD) is an animal infectious disease caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus(LSDV) that produces nodular lesions in cattle, and is widespread in East, South and Southeast Asian countries, causing serious economic losses to the local cattle industry. Currently, LSD is managed as a second-class animal disease in China. Since 2019, more than ten provinces in China have reported LSD epidemics, whose situation is very serious. At present, the superior cell for LSDV isolation and proliferation is Madin-Darby bovine kidney(MDBK). As a member of the Goat Pox Virus genus of the Poxviridae family, LSDV has a virus particle diameter about 290 nm × 270 nm, with two existence forms. The viral genome is complex and huge, about 151 kb, and contains more than 150 genes. Currently, only approximately 40 LSDV strains containing the whole genome sequence information are stored in the GenBank database. In addition to field wild strains, recombinant strains of field wild strains and vaccine strains have also emerged in some parts of Asia in recent years, and the prevalent recombinant strains are pathogenic, which poses new challenges for development of vaccine and preparation of prevention and control strategies for LSD in the future. The study mainly summarizes the etiology of LSD and the progress in the genome-wide study of LSDV strains in different regions of Africa, Europe and Asia, with a view to providing references for the prevention and control of LSD and further researches.

Kulneva P.V.

The article assesses the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic on the state of economic relations between the two leaders of East Asia – China and Japan. The author points out the problems that affected economic indicators of the two countries, compares the consequences of the pandemic for their economies and analyzes the dynamics of bilateral economic cooperation. The analysis of statistical data and recent publications suggests that thanks to the close bilateral ties that had developed by the beginning of the pandemic, the main areas of Sino-Japanese cooperation have demonstrated surprising resilience. Moreover, due to the global nature of the problems that have arisen and rapid economic recovery of the PRC, China is becoming a territory of relative stability for Japanese entrepreneurs and even a locomotive for the recovery of Japanese economy. In conclusion, the author notes that the pandemic is not over yet and the state of international economic relations in the new reality requires further monitoring.

nfn Harriyadi

The Ancient Mataram Kingdom has various inscriptions contain information about society’s social life. Java Island was mentioned several times in foreign literature and in several sites were found artifacts from outside Java. This condition indicates the possibility foreign ethnic have a direct relationship with the Javanese community. This study’s objective is to obtain several inscriptions that mention foreign ethnic in the Ancient Mataram period in the 7th to 11th centuries. Data are collected from various secondary sources that contain information about the existence of foreign ethnic. The results of this study show that Java Island was visited by foreign ethnic from North India, South India, East Asia (China), and Southeast Asia. The emergence of foreign communities in Java was caused by the improvement of the trade and economy sector which was supported by local authorities. The presence of traders that provide economic benefits for the authorities and local communities can create a diverse society and live in harmony.   Kerajaan Mataram Kuno memiliki bergaram tinggalan prasasti yang memuat informasi kehidupan sosial masyarakat. Pulau Jawa beberapa kali disebutkan dalam literatur asing dan beberapa situs ditemukan artefak dari luar Jawa. Kondisi demikian memberikan indikasi adanya kemungkinan etnis asing yang menjalin hubungan langsung dengan masyarakat Jawa. Tujuan kajian ini adalah mendapatkan berbagai prasasti yang menyebutkan keberagaman etnis masyarakat Mataram Kuno pada abad ke-7 hingga ke-11. Data dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber sekunder yang memuat informasi mengenai adanya etnis asing yang tinggal di jawa. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Pulau Jawa pada masa Matram Kuno telah disinggahi oleh komunitas asing yang berasal dari India Utara, India Selatan, Asia Timur (Cina), dan Asia Tenggara. Latar belakang munculnya komunitas asing di Jawa adalah berkembangnya sektor ekonomi perdagangan yang mendapat dukungan dari penguasa lokal. Kehadiran para pedagang yang memberikan keuntungan ekonomi bagi penguasa dan masyarakat lokal mampu menciptakan masyarakat yang beragam dan hidup harmonis.

Jian Zhou, T. Jiang, Yanjun Wang et al.

Wenbin Liu, Wee Ho Lim, Wee Ho Lim et al.

Based on the large ensembles of the half a degree additional warming, prognosis, and projected impacts historical, +1.5 and +2 °C experiments, we quantify changes in the magnitude of water availability (i.e., precipitation minus actual evapotranspiration; a function of monthly precipitation flux, latent heat flux, and surface air temperature) below normal conditions (less than median, e.g., 20th percentile water availability). We found that, relative to the historical experiment, water availability below normal conditions of the +1.5 and +2 °C experiments would decrease in the midlatitudes and the tropics, indicating that hydrological drought is likely to increase in warmer worlds. These cause more (less) people in East Asia, Central Europe, South Asia, and Southeast Asia (West Africa and Alaska/Northwest Canada) to be exposed to water shortage. Stabilizing warming at 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C would limit population impact in most of the regions, less effective in Alaska/Northwest Canada, Southeast Asia, and Amazon. Globally, this reduced population impact is ~117 million people.

Julius Cesar Imperial Trajano

This paper conducts a qualitative policy analysis of current challenges to safety culture and security culture in Southeast Asia and emerging best practices in Northeast Asia that are aimed at strengthening both cultures. It analyses lessons, including strengths and limitations, that can be derived from Northeast Asian states, given the long history of nuclear energy in South Korea, China and Japan. It identifies and examines best practices from Northeast Asia’s Nuclear Security Centres of Excellence in terms of boosting nuclear security culture and their relevance for Southeast Asia. The paper accentuates the important role of the State in adopting policy and regulatory frameworks and in institutionalising nuclear education and training programmes to deepen the safety-security cultures.Best practices in and challenges to developing a nuclear safety culture and a security culture in East Asia are examined using three frameworks of analysis (i) a comprehensive nuclear policy framework; (ii) a proactive and independent regulatory body; and (iii) holistic nuclear education and training programmes. The paper argues that Southeast Asian states interested in harnessing nuclear energy and/or utilising radioactive sources for non-power applications must develop a comprehensive policy framework on developing safety and security cultures, a proactive regulatory body, and holistic nuclear training programmes that cover both technical and human factors. Such measures are crucial in order to mitigate human errors that may lead to radiological accidents and nuclear security crises. Key lessons from Japan, South Korea and China such as best practices and challenges can inform policy recommendations for Southeast Asia in enhancing safety-security cultures. Keywords: Nuclear energy, Nuclear safety culture, Nuclear security culture, Nuclear policy, Nuclear energy governance, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia

Vijayan R, Afshan G, Bashir K et al.

Ramani Vijayan,1 Gauhar Afshan,2 Khalid Bashir,3 Mary Cardosa,4 Madhur Chadha,5 Pongparadee Chaudakshetrin,6 Khin Myo Hla,7 Muralidhar Joshi,8 Francis O Javier,9 Asif Gul Kayani,10 Andi Takdir Musba,11 Sasikaan Nimmaanrat,12 Dwi Pantjawibowo,13 Jocelyn C Que,14 Palanisamy Vijayanand15 1Department of Anaesthesiology, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Anaesthesiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; 3Department of Anaesthesia, Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; 4Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia; 5Department of Pain Medicine, Primus Hospital and Fortis Group of Hospitals, New Delhi, India; 6Pain Management Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; 7Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation, Yangon General Hospital, University of Medicine-1, Yangon, Myanmar; 8Department of Anaesthesia &amp; Pain Medicine, Virinchi Hospitals, Hyderabad, India; 9Pain Management Center, St Luke&rsquo;s Medical Center, Metro Manila, Philippines; 10Department of Anesthesiology, Kulsum International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan; 11Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; 12Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand; 13Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy, and Hospital Pain Management, Premier Bintaro Hospital, South Tangerang, Indonesia; 14Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines; 15Pain Management Department, Sri Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Background: The supply of controlled drugs is limited in the Far East, despite the prevalence of health disorders that warrant their prescription. Reasons for this include strict regulatory frameworks, limited financial resources, lack of appropriate training amongst the medical profession and fear of addiction in both general practitioners and the wider population. Consequently, the weak opioid tramadol has become the analgesic most frequently used in the region to treat moderate to severe pain.Methods: To obtain a clearer picture of the current role and clinical use of tramadol in Southeast Asia, pain specialists from 7 countries in the region were invited to participate in a survey, using a questionnaire to gather information about their individual use and experience of this analgesic.Results: Fifteen completed questionnaires were returned and the responses analyzed. Tramadol is used to manage acute and chronic pain caused by a wide range of conditions. Almost all the specialists treat moderate cancer pain with tramadol, and every one considers it to be significant or highly significant in the treatment of moderate to severe non-cancer pain. The reasons for choosing tramadol include efficacy, safety and tolerability, ready availability, reasonable cost, multiple formulations and patient compliance. Its safety profile makes tramadol particularly appropriate for use in elderly patients, outpatients, and for long-term treatment. The respondents strongly agreed that tighter regulation of tramadol would reduce its medical availability and adversely affect the quality of pain management. In some countries, there would no longer be any appropriate medication for cancer pain or the long-term treatment of chronic pain.Conclusions: In Southeast Asia, tramadol plays an important part in the pharmacological management of moderate to severe pain, and may be the only available treatment option. If it were to become a controlled substance, the standard of pain management in the region would decline. Keywords: tramadol, questionnaire, indications, efficacy, safety, controlled substance

Regmi, GR, Huettmann, F, Suwal, MK et al.

Species distribution models are a key component for understanding a species’ potential occurrence, specifically in vastly undersampled landscapes. The current species distribution data for the Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis are outdated, but suggest a patchy distribution in moist broadleaved forests in South and Southeast Asia. Therefore, in this study, we used a species distribution model to explore the potential climatic niche of this species and assess its distribution and potential barriers in 12 South and Southeast Asian countries. We combined primary and secondary species occurrence records from different countries. We applied Classification and Regression Tree (CART), TreeNet (boosting), RandomForest (bagging) and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) machine-learning algorithms with elevation as well as 19 bioclimatic variables for the first ensemble predictions ever completed for this species. Our results suggested that the predicted distribution of the Assamese macaque is strongly associated with precipitation of warmest quarter (BIO18), temperature annual range (BIO7) and temperature seasonality (BIO4). Our prediction shows a continuous potential climatic niche of the species from east of the Kaligandaki River in Nepal to Lao People’s Democratic Republic. There are also potential niche patches in Bhutan, Southeast China, Thailand and Cambodia, while Pakistan and Afghanistan have no potential niche for the species. We believe that our workflow presents a new conservation-oriented open access research template to progress empirical primate conservation worldwide.

P. Sternai, J. Avouac, L. Jolivet et al.

The tectonic and topographic evolution of southeast Asia is attributed to the indentation of India into Eurasia, gravitational collapse of the uplifted terrains and the dynamics of the Sunda and other western Pacific subduction zones, but their relative contributions remain elusive. Here, we analyse 3D numerical geodynamic modelling results involving a collision-subduction system and show that vigorous asthenospheric flow due to differential along-strike slab kinematics may contribute to the surface strain and elevations at collision-subduction transition zones. We argue that protracted northward migration of the collisional front and Indian slab during south to south-westward rollback subduction along the Sunda margin might have produced a similar asthenospheric flow. This flow could have contributed to the southeast Asia extrusion tectonics and uplift of the terrains around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and protruding from southeast Tibet. Therefore, we suggest that the tectonics and topographic growth east and southeast of Tibet are controlled not only by crustal and lithospheric deformation but also by asthenospheric dynamics.