This article aims to present and lexicographically examine culinary loanwords in Portuguese. Our study shows that dictionaries do not always match what we can see in the language. However, we also found that borrowings have a big impact on Portuguese culinary vocabulary. The main aim of examining the selected examples is to detect some grammatical, spelling, and semantic inaccuracies. Dictionaries exhibit hesitation in spelling certain loanwords, as well as hesitations regarding the grammatical numer of borrowed terms and divergencies in the integration of foreign terms.
Existe entre los hispanohablantes una tendencia generalizada a la adhesión a las normas ortográficas, presumiblemente ligada al mantenimiento de la propia imagen. Las desviaciones suelen responder, en especial en entornos juveniles o virtuales, a una voluntad deliberada de pertenencia a cierto grupo o al desconocimiento. Uno de los fenómenos con mayores dificultades ortográficas es el uso intensificador del prefijo super-, en auge en las últimas décadas. Por ello, se plantea en este estudio un análisis panhispánico de las frecuencias de las diferentes variantes gráficas y su distribución en corpus con distintos grados de familiaridad, al tiempo que se buscan las posibles causas. Se valora, paralelamente, si ciertas consonantes iniciales en las bases pueden influir en la selección de dichas variantes.
This paper examines the morphological integration of nouns in bilingual children’s code-switching to investigate whether children adhere to constraints posited for adult code-switching. The changing nature of grammars in development makes the Matrix Language Frame a moving target; permeability between languages in bilinguals undermines the concept of a monolingual grammatical frame. The data analysed consist of 630 diary entries with code-switching and structural transfer from two children (aged 2;10–7;2 and 6;6–11;0) bilingual in Estonian and English, languages which differ in morphological richness and the inflectional role of stem changes. The data reveal code-switching with late system morphemes, variability in stem selection and word order incongruence. Constituent order is analysed in utterances with and without code-switching, and the frame is shown to draw sometimes on both languages, raising questions about the MLF, which is meant to derive from the grammar of one language. If clauses without code-switched elements display non-standard morpheme order, then there is no reason to expect code-switching to follow a standard order, nor is it reasonable to assume a monolingual target grammar. Complex morphological integration of code-switches and interaction between the two languages are discussed.
Subject and object relative clauses have been studied from the point of view of language acquisition and adult sentence processing. In the adult sentence processing literature, subject relative clauses (RCs) are read faster than object RCs (e.g., Frauenfelder et al. 1980 for French; King and Kutas 1995 for English; Schriefers et al. 1995 for Dutch). Similarly, children understand and produce subject RCs earlier and with greater accuracy than object RCs in a variety of languages with head-initial relative clauses, as English, Hebrew and Italian. These findings cannot be a coincidence but reflect the fact that what children acquire first is also easier to process by adults. In this article, we support this observation by investigating subject and object RCs in children and adults speaking French and Italian. These languages display subject and object relatives as in (1), but they also have a type of object relative in which the subject is postverbal. We replicate the observation that subject relatives are easier than object and show that object relatives as in (1b), with the embedded subject in preverbal position are easier than those with the embedded subject in postverbal position, both for children and adults. We offer an account of these findings in terms of Fodor and Inoue’s (2000) diagnosis model in light of the fact that acquisition involves processing.
A palavra horizonte em língua portuguesa pode ser compreendida, dentre tantos outros sentidos, como ponto de vista, domínio circunscrito de uma área, limiar de alguma coisa ou dimensão futura de algo. Logo, as acepções de horizonte para cada indivíduo ou coletivo serão múltiplas, o que possibilita o uso de horizontes no plural. Discursar sobre os horizontes da tradução é considerar a diversidade de campos, enfoques, abordagens e sujeitos envolvidos no ato da tradução enquanto produto e processo.
À travers l’analyse des articles de la Difesa della razza, revue antisémite publiée de 1938 et 1943 durant les lois raciales en Italie, il est intéressant de voir comment le fascisme adopta un discours fondé sur la notion de sang et de pseudo-race aryano-romaine pour définir le peuple italien de l’époque. À travers une reconstruction dévoyée de l’histoire et du passé italiens depuis l’Antiquité, les auteurs de cette revue, largement diffusée dans les écoles, les universités et chez les particuliers, créèrent de toutes pièces un prototype, voir un biotype d’Italien dont le sang serait resté pur depuis des siècles, et aurait été l’élément fondateur de l’esprit et du génie italiens. Pour entériner une telle idéologie, le recours à la gloire de la Rome antique, la mise sous silence des nombreuses invasions dans la Péninsule tout au long des siècles, ainsi que le rejet de la communauté juive italienne, pourtant si exiguë, seront les paramètres qui permettront au fascisme de créer son propre mythe de la race, base selon lui de la grandeur d’un peuple.
This work aims to discuss the representation of violence against women in contemporary literature according to gender studies. Based on the analysis of the short story “Marido”, by Portuguese writer Lídia Jorge, and the short story “Destino: Sé”, by Brazilian writer Simone Paulino, we aim to discuss the female stereotypes built throughout the narratives and their implications for a critique of violence against women in contemporary literature.
En este artículo desarrollamos una reflexión sobre el funcionamiento discursivo de los museos, en tanto institución social que participa del proceso de producción de archivos. Entendido como práctica de significación, el museo significa por la estabilización de trayectos de sentidos en la memoria discursiva. Sin embargo, no es sólo la memoria que estructura, desde el punto de vista discursivo, el archivo, sino principalmente el silenciamiento, que actúa como olvido necesario para la legitimación de una determinada memoria en vez de otras históricamente posibles. En este trabajo se analizan documentos históricos de la fundación de la ciudad de Pouso Alegre, ubicada en el sur del estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, y se describe el proceso de denominación de la ciudad así como los recortes en la memoria que cada nombre posibilita, abriendo espacio a diferentes interpretaciones.
Contracts are behavioural descriptions of Web services. We devise a theory of contracts that formalises the compatibility of a client to a service, and the safe replacement of a service with another service. The use of contracts statically ensures the successful completion of every possible interaction between compatible clients and services. The technical device that underlies the theory is the definition of filters, which are explicit coercions that prevent some possible behaviours of services and, in doing so, they make services compatible with different usage scenarios. We show that filters can be seen as proofs of a sound and complete subcontracting deduction system which simultaneously refines and extends Hennessy's classical axiomatisation of the must testing preorder. The relation is decidable and the decision algorithm is obtained via a cut-elimination process that proves the coherence of subcontracting as a logical system. Despite the richness of the technical development, the resulting approach is based on simple ideas and basic intuitions. Remarkably, its application is mostly independent of the language used to program the services or the clients. We also outline the possible practical impact of such a work and the perspectives of future research it opens.
The notions of class, subclass and virtual procedure are fairly well understood and recognized as some of the key concepts in object-oriented programming. The possibility of modifying a virtual procedure in a subclass is a powerful technique for specializing the general properties of the superclass. In most object-oriented languages, the attributes of an object may be references to objects and (virtual) procedures. In Simula and BETA it is also possible to have class attributes. The power of class attributes has not yet been widely recognized. In BETA a class may also have virtual class attributes. This makes it possible to defer part of the specification of a class attribute to a subclass. In this sense virtual classes are analogous to virtual procedures. Virtual classes are mainly interesting within strongly typed languages where they provide a mechanism for defining general parameterized classes such as set, vector and list. In this sense they provide an alternative to generics. Although the notion of virtual class originates from BETA, it is presented as a general language mechanism.
JOSÉ LEONARDO SERNA DÍAZ, JORGE ENRIQUE DÍAZ CORTÉS
El presente artículo muestra parte de un trabajo investigativo que actualmente se adelanta sobre el desarrollo de la comprensión crítica en los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Lingüística y Literatura y de primer semestre de otros programas académicos de la Universidad La Gran Colombia. Su objetivo es proponer estrategias didácticas para realizar una lectura crítica. Por esta razón, se expone el recorrido teórico-metodológico que se ha realizado para crear dichas prácticas; en la primera parte, se revisa de modo introductorio la problemática que gira alrededor de la comprensión lectora; en segundo lugar, se presenta el marco referencial, que expone distintas perspectivas de la lectura como concepto científico. Acto seguido, se relaciona un aspecto fundamental para el progreso de la indagación que tiene que ver con la incorporación del Análisis Crítico del Discurso y su relación adyacente con el conocimiento de las realidades presentes en los textos. Finalmente, se registran algunos avances metodológicos sobre la posibilidad, proyección y necesidad de fomentar este tipo de práctica lectora en el aula universitaria.