Hasil untuk "Philosophy"

A. Tocqueville

Abridged, with an Introduction by Patrick Renshaw. Democracy in America is a classic of political philosophy. Hailed by John Stuart Mill and Horace Greely as the finest book ever written on the nature of democracy, it continues to be an influential text on both sides of the Atlantic, above all in the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe. De Tocqueville examines the structures, institutions and operation of democracy, and shows how Europe can learn from American success and failures. His central theme is the advancement of the rule of the people, but he also predicts that slavery will bring about the 'most horrible of civil wars', foresees that the USA and Russia will be the Superpowers of the twentieth century, and is 150 years ahead of his time in his views on the position and importance of women.

Samoa Ishii

F. Rawlins

Yuan-Sen Ting, André Curtis-Trudel, Siyu Yao

Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming astronomical research, yet the scientific community has largely treated this transformation as an engineering challenge rather than an epistemological one. This perspective article argues that philosophy of science offers essential tools for navigating AI's integration into astronomy--conceptual clarity about what "understanding" means, critical examination of assumptions about data and discovery, and frameworks for evaluating AI's roles across different research contexts. Drawing on an interdisciplinary workshop convening astronomers, philosophers, and computer scientists, we identify several tensions. First, the narrative that AI will "derive fundamental physics" from data misconstrues contemporary astronomy as equation-derivation rather than the observation-driven enterprise it is. Second, scientific understanding involves more than prediction--it requires narrative construction, contextual judgment, and communicative achievement that current AI architectures struggle to provide. Third, because narrative and judgment matter, human peer review remains essential--yet AI-generated content flooding the literature threatens our capacity to identify genuine insight. Fourth, while AI excels at well-defined problem-solving, the ill-defined problem-finding that drives breakthroughs appears to require capacities beyond pattern recognition. Fifth, as AI accelerates what is feasible, pursuitworthiness criteria risk shifting toward what AI makes easy rather than what is genuinely important. We propose "pragmatic understanding" as a framework for integration--recognizing AI as a tool that extends human cognition while requiring new norms for validation and epistemic evaluation. Engaging with these questions now may help the community shape the transformation rather than merely react to it.

H. A. Deane

Egon E. Bergel, H. Reichenbach

Agustín Serrano de Haro

Mi ensayo examina el innovador concepto de euaparición del cuerpo que la fenomenóloga sueca Kristin Zeiler propuso para describir las situaciones de la experiencia en que la corporalidad viene a darse como «grata, fácil, buena». Zeiler partía del planteamiento general de Drew Leder acerca de que el modo dominante de presencia del cuerpo en la experiencia es más bien su «ausencia», la trasparencia fenoménica que le hace pasar inadvertido. El artículo revisa y discute la tipología que Zeiler ofrece de esas apariciones propicias y ocasionales en que la corporalidad rompe con su discreción habitual. Pero en este contexto de análisis propongo recurrir a los conocidos fenómenos de agitación del cuerpo en medio del entusiasmo estético, de estremecimiento somático por la admiración intensa o ante la noticia feliz. En semejantes situaciones en que el cuerpo debiera permanecer desatento, ignorado, el «dulce escalofrío en el pecho» que Husserl somete a consideración en los Studien zur Struktur des Bewusstseins arroja una luz misteriosa sobre la participación del cuerpo, no tan discreta, en la dinámica de la experiencia intencional.

Anneloes Van Baar, Marjolein Verhoeven, David Hessen et al.

BackgroundMonitoring and screening children's development from infancy into early childhood is important for prevention purposes, as potential delay may best be addressed as soon as possible. For an efficient monitoring system, standardized online tools with population specific norm scores are needed. An online system, “Ontwikkeling Voorop! 0–6,” was created to evaluate Communication, Gross and Fine Motor functioning, Problem Solving and Personal-Social Behavior of children aged 0–6, using caregiver reports.MethodsPilot studies evaluated the first versions of the system. Next, data were collected of a representative sample of 1690 Dutch children aged 0-6 years (mean = 24.6 months, SD = 19.1, 50.5% male). Norm scores were modeled for each developmental domain on the conditional distribution of the total raw scores based on the children's age. Reliability and validity of the system was investigated.ResultsNorm scores on a scale from 0–100 centiles were created per age in months. Internal consistency measures (ω = 0.88–0.93 per domain) as well as repeated and inter-rater assessments indicated good reliability with moderate to strong correlations. Convergent validity was sufficient, with moderate to strong correlations between the results of the monitoring system and the Bayley-III-NL, WPSSI-IV-NL and Schlichting test for domains measuring similar constructs. Cut-off scores based on the 3rd, 10th and 90th centiles can be used to identify children in need of attention.DiscussionThe online system is a feasible and efficient way to monitor development of young children. It has standardized norm scores that are reliable and valid for the Dutch population.

Sebastian De Haro, Enrico Cinti

For more than half a century, dualities have been at the heart of modern physics. From quantum mechanics to statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, quantum field theory and quantum gravity, dualities have proven useful in solving problems that are otherwise quite intractable. Being surprising and unexpected, dualities have been taken to raise philosophical questions about the nature and formulation of scientific theories, scientific realism, emergence, symmetries, explanation, understanding, and theory construction. This book discusses what dualities are, gives a selection of examples, explores the themes and roles that make dualities interesting, and highlights their most salient types. It aims to be an entry point into discussions of dualities in both physics and philosophy. The philosophical discussion emphasises three main topics: whether duals are theoretically equivalent, the view of scientific theories that is suggested by dualities (namely, a geometric view of theories), and the compatibility between duality and emergence.

K. Burke

M. Brodbeck, Michael Polanyi

Caroline L. Jones, Markus P. Mueller

There has been a surge of recent interest in the Wigner's Friend paradox, sparking several novel thought experiments and no-go theorems. The main narrative has been that Wigner's Friend highlights a counterintuitive feature that is unique to quantum theory, and which is closely related to the quantum measurement problem. Here, we challenge this view. We argue that the gist of the Wigner's Friend paradox can be reproduced without assuming quantum physics, and that it underlies a much broader class of enigmas in the foundations of physics and philosophy. To show this, we first consider several recently proposed Extended Wigner's Friend scenarios, and demonstrate that some of their implications for the absoluteness of observations can be reproduced by classical thought experiments that involve the duplication of agents. Crucially, some of these classical scenarios are technologically much easier to implement than their quantum counterparts. Then, we argue that the essential structural ingredient of all these scenarios is a feature that we call "Restriction A": essentially, that a physical theory cannot give us a probabilistic description of the observations of all agents. Finally, we argue that this difficulty is at the core of other puzzles in the foundations of physics and philosophy, and demonstrate this explicitly for cosmology's Boltzmann brain problem. Our analysis suggests that Wigner's Friend should be studied in a larger context, addressing a frontier of human knowledge beyond quantum foundations: to obtain reliable predictions for experiments in which these predictions can be privately but not intersubjectively verified.

W. Heisenberg

E.A. Hines

Amy Rayland, Jacob Andrews

An increasing number of psychological interventions are shifting to online modes of delivery. One such intervention is peer-to-peer support, which in this context may provide internet users living with mental health disorders an opportunity to connect with and support others living with similar conditions. This paper presents a call for further research into how platforms such as Facebook could be used as channels for peer support and the mechanisms that may underlie their effectiveness. We discuss the background of peer support, how it has transitioned online, and consider theories and models that may have relevance. We also consider the importance of moderation within online peer support and the development of specific social network–based online interventions. We conclude that for social network sites to be used as peer-to-peer support interventions, more research is needed to understand their effectiveness, the role of moderation in these communities, and the mechanisms that produce the benefits experienced by users.

Charlene Ryan, Hélène Boucher, Gina Ryan

Parents play a variety of important roles in their children's musical development. However, whether they impact upon children's music performance education and experience has only begun to be considered. The current study sought to examine whether student perception of parent involvement in music and performance education is related to their experience of music performance anxiety. Sixty-two piano students aged 11 to 17 completed a questionnaire regarding their piano studies, their parents’ involvement in them, and their parents’ prior music education. They also completed measures of performance anxiety and self-esteem. Results indicated that parents’ prior music education was significantly associated with performance anxiety in their children. Participant age, self-esteem, and practice time were also significant variables. Measures of parent involvement in music studies and parent response to weak performances were not found to be significantly related to performance anxiety scores. Implications of these findings and directions for furthering this line of research are discussed.

J. E. Horvath, R. R. Fernandes, T. P. Idiart

The goal of this article is to give an overview of the current limitations and epistemological barriers in Science and Scientific Philosophy from a very general point of view. We first list and define the types of knowledge nous, doxa and episteme, and the Subject-Observer and Object(s) of study, to proceed showing the different types of barriers that difficult the knowledge of the physical world: limitations in the language, in the logic of the Subject-Observer. Later, we discriminate between technological barriers, (temporary) limits and absolute epistemic barriers. The last type of limits are presented and discussed in some detail: the quantum of action, Planck's scale and quantum gravity (showing the importance of the trans-Planckian scale for structure formation), the cosmological horizon (a limit to the present observable Universe) and the event horizons (disconnecting the inside of some spacetimes from the rest of the Universe). We argue that physical problems in which absolute barriers seem to determine the end of the attainable knowledge, are in fact amenable to be studied, at least indirectly.

Henrique Gomes, Carlo Rovelli

We give a conceptual exposition of aspects of gravitational radiation, especially in relation to energy. Our motive for doing so is that the strong analogies with electromagnetic radiation seem not to be widely enough appreciated. In particular, we reply to some recent papers in the philosophy of physics literature that seem to deny that gravitational waves carry energy. Our argument is based on two points: (i) that for both electromagnetism and gravity, in the presence of material sources, radiation is an effective concept, unambiguously emerging only in certain regimes or solutions of the theory; and (ii) similarly, energy conservation is only unambiguous in certain regimes or solutions of general relativity. Crucially, the domain of (i), in which radiation is meaningful, has a significant overlap with the domain of (ii), in which energy conservation is meaningful. Conceptually, the overlap of regimes is no coincidence: the long-standing question about the existence of gravitational waves was settled precisely by finding a consistent way to articulate their energy and momentum.

F. Allen

Ticiane Costa dos Santos, Walter Lisboa

A hospitalização, essencial para recuperação da saúde, costuma ampliar o sofrimento psíquico dos pacientes, na medida em que impõe uma rotina de cuidados, afasta o paciente da família e do meio social. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a compreensão psicodramática desse contexto e possibilidades de intervenção. Foi realizada uma articulação teórica com a experiência psicoterapêutica de enfoque psicodramático. Observou-se que a existência de conservas culturais hospitalares e limitações impostas pelo adoecimento gera perda da espontaneidade e cristalização no papel de doente, aumentando o sofrimento e prejudicando a recuperação do indivíduo. O estabelecimento de uma relação télica e o uso de técnicas psicodramáticas mostraram-se relevantes no resgate da espontaneidade e na promoção da saúde mental dos pacientes.