Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Oksana Ermolaeva

In most studies early Soviet borders are explored as sites of confrontational interactions between the newly created communist state and local communities. Alternatively, they emerge in scholarly research as spaces of illegal transborder exchanges and commodities transfers, resulting in the loss of official revenues and gains for informal economies. Later, in increasingly politicized contexts, these interactions resulted in the gradual “cleansing” and “sealing” of borders. The current article argues that to regain control over the borders during their transition from bridgeheads of the revolution and commodity transit zones to hermetically sealed barriers and fortress walls that occurred throughout the 1920s - 1930s, the Soviet state for some time struggled in vain to discipline not only local communities, which used the newly created borders for their own means, but multiple border controllers themselves - border guards, but primarily the customs apparatus located along Russia’s lengthy borders. For almost a decade in the specific conditions of Eastern and Northwestern Soviet border sectors, the latter refused to abide to increasingly restrictive working conditions, abandon their privileges and rights, and to submit to the new border control agency - the Soviet Main Political Directorate (GPU).

Resgi Widati Tria Lis Utami, R. Umi Baroroh, Nur Yusra Binti Yacob

This research aimed to create an assessment innovation in the form of a cognitive diagnostic assessment that is in accordance with the language skills that should be possessed by class XII of high school students. This study used a qualitative descriptive research method. The results of this study show that cognitive diagnostic assessment in Mahārah istimā’ consists of 10 questions. 2 questions are taken from the subject matter that has been studied in the two classes below in semester 2. 6 questions are from the subject matter in 1 class below in semesters 1 and 2. And 2 questions are from the subject matter to be studied. Types of tests are divided into objective and subjective tests. The objective test used is a multiple-choice, true-false test, and completes a brief description of the various questions heard by the teaching teacher. Meanwhile, the subjective test used is to complete the answers to the questions heard both in the form of discourse and dialogue in long descriptions.

Almizanul Hayat

All educational methods are based on the fact that the material cannot be taught properly except in a special way. One of the means in teaching the Arabic language is the use of language games. Language games are a new method in language education, and their applications have proven results in many countries that are interested in developing the teaching of their languages. Accordingly, the application of language games in teaching the Arabic language takes an important place because it depends on these two basics, namely play and joy. Language games are one of the methods used by the teacher in delivering study materials and have a major role in the success of students when learning. Based on these phenomena, the researcher wanted to search for linguistic games and use them to stimulate the students' desire to learn Arabic in the government preparatory school 3 Sabang. This research uses a procedural approach, which means that the researcher himself designs games directly in the field of research. The researcher found the results of the research, including that the design of language games and their use in teaching the Arabic language is good and effective.

Lyubov A. Bembeeva, Tatiana V. Lidzhikova

Introduction. The article introduces anthropological materials instrumental in tracing processes inherent to Middle Bronze Age Kalmykia’s population referred to as Catacomb culture. Goals. The work attempts an analysis of the age-sex structure in the Catacomb population to have inhabited the Sarpa Lowland. Materials and methods. The age-sex characteristics of the buried individuals have been identified via a comprehensive anthropological program involving traditional anthropology research techniques, documentation of stress markers revealed and physiological properties of skeletons, injuries and traumas. The study examines human skeletal remains from Catacomb burials nowadays primarily stored at the Osteological Materials Repository of Kalmyk Scientific Center (RAS). Data on missing anthropological materials have been reconstructed with the aid of photographs contained in corresponding field reports. Results. The undertaken research efforts aim at characterizing the archaeological sites to have yielded the anthropological materials; outlining age-sex properties of the buried individuals; identifying and describing some pathologies, physiological stress markers and traumas; comparing the paleopopulation to that of Middle Bronze Age Dagestan (neighboring region) for similarities and differences on certain demographic parameters. The insights into the newly introduced materials make it possible to trace processes of population formation across the Volga-Manych steppe in the Middle Bronze Age. The study is the first to use anthropological materials from Kalmykia’s excavations stored at Kalmyk Scientific Center (RAS) as object of paleodemographic research, and introduces new data into scientific discourse.

Alexander A. Suleymanov

Goals. The study attempts a historical and anthropological reconstruction of how cryogenic resources — material objects and forces of nature arising from the realm of cold (ambient temperature below 0 degrees Celsius) — were used in economies and everyday life of rural Yakutia’s communities in the 1920s–1980s. Materials and methods. The work analyzes archival materials, scientific literature and author’s field observations made in settlements of Khangalassky, Megino-Kangalassky, Amginsky, Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky Districts, and the urban locality of Zhatay (Yakutia, Russia) between 2017 and 2022. The most important elements of the methodological toolkit are basic principles of cryosophy implying analyses of phenomena inherent to the ‘cold world’ from perspectives of their resource potentials. Results. The most important outcome of Soviet modernization — along with collectivization and construction of settlements — proved the emergence of a new force in the process of human interaction with a complex of cryogenic factors — state. While before the 1920s rural dwellers were actually left to themselves, the Soviet era witnessed an extensive involvement of the government in the former’s relationship with cold. This resulted in the parallel existence of two oppositely directed trends. On the one hand, a number of once popular cryogenic practices either faded away or experienced a minimized demand. On the other hand, significance of others not only persisted but increased dramatically. Furthermore, some of the latter evolved to better meet actual needs of Yakutia’s rural communities, new techniques were created and developed to gain preferences from natural and geographic properties of the region. Unification and standardization are important characteristics of the then changes too. During that period, economic practices widespread in central regions of the country were actively introduced and, thus, diminished the diversity of ethnic ‘man-cold’ interaction practices. Supply improvement programs for large settlements led to decreased dependence of life sustenance systems on local resources and accordingly increased roles of communication routes, including winter roads and ice crossings. The emergence of large collective farms in Yakutia — as well as their extensive activities — gave rise to accelerated scales of icehouse construction. The extended areas of the former demanded farmland irrigation systems be as broadened, including with th use of cryogenic resources. Conclusions. Despite all the changes experienced by rural life patterns during the Soviet period of Yakutia’s history, cryogenic resources retained their significance both in the regional economy and everyday life.

Yuli Yasin, Muhammad Zein Rizky

This research aims to know the ruling on the validity of fasting by receiving a vaccine for the Coronavirus or not, through the fatwa of the Indonesian Council of Scholars, compared to the fatwas of the fatwa councils in the Islamic world, using the analytical and comparative methodology. Fasting is obligatory for Muslims in the month of Ramadan in particular, and it may be required in other months. On the other hand, the Coronavirus may spread in the world at the end of the year 2019. As of February 28, 2021, it has recorded one million and 335 thousand infections and 36 thousand and 166 deaths, and in Indonesia, which leads the government to take preventive measures, including positively receiving the Coronavirus vaccine for the people. And when Ramadan came, people were wondering about the ruling on taking it while fasting, and the Fatwa Committee of the Indonesian Council of Scholars issued a fatwa that fasting is not invalidated by receiving the vaccine, and it became clear that this fatwa agrees with the fatwas of the fatwa councils in the Islamic world.

Aybulat V. Psyanchin, Rezeda Z. Hizbullina, Liliya A. Zaripova

Introduction. The article reviews the history of the origin and development of meteorological observations in the East of Russia and some Eastern countries of Eurasia. Goals. The paper seeks not just to describe the sequence of events from the history of the development of meteorology as a science in the East, but rather to find patterns that lead to the chain of research on the nature of the region, identify the main stages or periods thereof, consider and clarify the development of meteorology in the East of Russia and Eastern Eurasia. Materials. The work employs a set of complementary research methods, such as theoretical analysis of geographical and historical literature on the problem under consideration; provides insights into archival materials and published sources; conducts comparative analysis of events from the history of the origin and development of meteorological science on the Eastern borders of our country. Conclusions. The study of archival materials and published sources made it possible to determine trends in the development of meteorological research in the region. The article primarily focuses on the influence of the Beijing Magnetic Meteorological and Main Physical Observatories on the emergence and development of the meteorological network of the East.

karim keshavarzi, Mohamed Ali Salmani

Jewish identity is based on the historical, cultural, and religious heritage of the Jews, and the poetic elements which draws the poet's attention to particular events and inspires him to record those events. This research is based on the analytical and adaptive method, the purpose of which is to investigate the concept of Jewish identity and its conceptual structure in Nayman Bialek and Mahmoud Darvish poetry. Mahmoud Darwish compares the Jewish identity with the Arabic identity in order to remove the Jewish-only quality from the Jewish identity and emphasizes on the resistance of the Jews and their help and assistance. In this way, Jewish prophets are portrayed as the heroes who can save the Palestinian people from the Zionist oppression. Bialek's genius has taken many steps in the transformation of Jewish poetry. He employs the myths and religious teachings of the Jews in the service of Zionist philosophy, which leads to the consolidation of the concepts of racism, patriotism, and atheism. This research reveals the Jewish identity in Bialek's poetry and shows that Bialek does not apply the religious teachings of the Jews to serving the glorious purposes, education or poetry, rather he uses it as a means to focus on the concepts of "displacement", "legacy" and "cruelty" to compare the Jewish past and present painful situations such as ghettos, and holocaust. The Jewish identity in Darwish's poetry is based on the story of Hajar, Ismail, and Habukhuk to show the occupation of Palestine by the Zionists and the distinction of religious Judaism and Zionist extremism.

Samar Attar

<p class="first" id="d394670e66">“The Clashing Religions at Turbulent Times” describes the tragic relationship between the Islamic Civilization and the West throughout history to the present day, and the reaction of 17th-, 18th- and 19th-century writers in Britain, and the rest of Europe, to the devastating historical events and numerous translations of Arabic and Islamic sources into Latin, English and other languages. Extraordinary zeal both in politics and religion leads to nothing but bloodshed and wars, and creates eternal enmity between nations. Social, political and religious toleration is a moral virtue and an essential key to our mutual peaceful coexistence in this world. </p>

A. V. Mazarchuk

The article summarizes results achieved by scholars representing different generations and linguistic traditions in studies of Mongolian sentence information structure. The notion of information structure was introduced by M. A. K. Halliday on the grounds of V. Mathesius’s theory of “the actual division of the sentence” (or “thematic-rhematic articulation of the sentence”), but the former developed his own view on this issue. The principal distinction between these two theories is that M. Halliday treats such entities as givenness, focus, topic, etc. as matters of individual cognitive process, whereas V. Mathesius considers them to depend mainly on context and “consituation”. Currently, M. A. K. Halliday’s information structure theory is deemed to be more consistent and, therefore, referred to more frequently. Nevertheless, back in the 1980s when first articles on Mongolian sentence information structure started to appear the views of the Prague Linguistic Circle were more widely accepted among Soviet specialists in Mongolian studies, and the pioneer works on information structure of a Mongolian sentence were written in the mould of structuralism. The first papers written on the subject belonged to Moscow and Leningrad scholars Z. K. Kas’yanenko (1973), M. N. Orlovskaya (1984), Z. V. Shevernina (1984), and the American linguist L. B. Hammar (Indiana University Bloomington) who had presented her Ph. D. thesis under the title “Syntactic and Pragmatic Options in Mongolian: a Study of Bol and N” (1983). Those works by the afore-mentioned linguists mostly concerned word order in a Mongolian sentence from the perspective of the “actual division”, and special particles, which are viewed in modern linguistics as topic, focus, verification, and emphasis markers. A couple of decades later, Mongolian scholars attempted to describe their native language in terms of the latest trends of the world linguistics and their works - those by M. Bazarragcha, Z. Guliranz, G. Jambalsuren, B. Purev-Ochir - have become a valuable source of examples, showing various types of structures, such as thetic sentences, sentences with preposition of rheme and so on. Lately several works on intonation in the contemporary Mongolian language have been published. However, unfortunately, one can hardly find any comprehensive study of the relation between information structure and intonation in modern Mongolian. This subject is likely to be a fruitful field for further research.

Amir B

The quality of learning Arabic at IAIN Bone still requires perfection. That means there are still many problems found such as from the aspect of teaching, students, method and the media. From the method aspect, lecturers tend to maintain the old method compared to exploring various methods that have been suggested by researchers in learning Arabic, in this case is Idafah. This tendency is one of the problem factors in understanding Arabic (Idafah). Learning Arabic, still desperately needs new innovations, because most of them (students) are khirrij (luaran) from public schools that do not have basic or even some who have never learned Arabic at all. Apart from that, the problems that are obtained are lack of facilities and infrastructure, facilities, language laboratories.

Baira Goryaeva, Alexandra Bayanova

The article describes the set of plots of Kalmyk fairy tales recorded by the Finnish scholar G. J. Ramstedt in the early 20th century. The phonetically transcribed and published by G. J. Ramstedt, Kalmyk fairy tales reflect the oral tradition of the Kalmyks. The 22 recorded fairy tales are as follows: one is about animals, 12 magic fairy tales, 3 heroic tales and 6 household ones. The comparative study of fairy-tale plots as recorded by G. J. Ramstedt made it possible to identify plots that have both international and local existence. Magic fairy tales with international plots have their own peculiarities in the Kalmyk fairy-tale tradition. So, some fairy tales with the same plot type develop along two different directions. Only one fairy tale about animals published by G. J. Ramstedt has local existence — there is no corresponding position on the Comparative Directory of Plots.Some fairy tales of local existence date back to the handwritten texts of Kalmyk literature. In the oral tradition of the Kalmyks, separate fairy tales are based on plots from the literary monument of Sidditukur (‘The Magic Corpse’), e. g., The Pig-Headed Medicine-Man. The fairy tale with the plot from the above mentioned collection was published by G. J. Ramstedt. It is noteworthy that the narrator gave a traditional description — in terms of Kalmyk folklore — of Shulma (‘witch’) and Mangas (‘demonic creature’). The folklore plot about the pig-headed medicine-man as recorded by the scholar differs from all the other variants available in the fairytale tradition of the Kalmyks due to the episode of the old medicine-man’s participation in a war.Another plot widely spread in the Kalmyk fairy-tale tradition and missing in the Comparative Directory of Plots — was also recorded by G. J. Ramstedt. This plot stems from the literary monument The History of Uneker Torliktu Khan, i. e. the genre of Buddhist avadanas. The book plots were perceived according to the aesthetics of folk tales: unclear motifs, images and realities were reinterpreted or replaced, stereotyped artistic structures — traditional formulas, common places, small genres of Kalmyk folklore — were included in the composition of the fairy tale.

V. Tepkeev

The initial stage of the Kalmyk-Noghai relations history still remains low-studied in many respects in the historiography due to the lack of sources. The author considers the relations of the two nomadic ethnic groups on the basis of already known publications and the recently found Russian archival materials. At the beginning of the 17th century the two nations greatly influenced on the political situation in the Northern Caspian and neighbouring regions. The Kalmyk-Noghai relations developed towards escalation of conflicts by which the first decades of the 17th century were marked. First of all, it was connected with the arrival of Kalmyk Taishi Kho-Urliuk with his subjects to this area. Thus it should be noted that in the initial stage of relations between two nomadic peoples there was not only an armed opposition accompanied by mutual attacks, but also attempts to negotiate peace agreements. However, numerous conflicts arising in the Great Noghai horde and the internal war among the Kalmyks in 1625 did not allow to peacefully settle contradictions and quarrels regarding the territory.

Navid Zarrinnal

Stanisz, Marek

The aim of this paper is to characterise the key existential metaphors used by Juliusz Słowacki in his works from the 1830’s. Looking at the images used by the author of Kordian, one can observe an original concept of a Romantic subject, his identity, ways of experiencing the world and himself, as well as the relations between the “self ”, the reality, and other people. The motifs which are present in Słowacki’s works from that time (the image of a man on “top of the world”, motifs of the dream of life, pondering in front of a grave, being enclosed in a crystal sphere, journey without a destination) focus only on a typically Romantic image of human greatness and loneliness in relation to the infinite universum. They also depict the world as an incomprehensible and hostile area governed by mechanic laws, a kingdom of inanimate matter. These motifs are coupled with metaphors expressing the wish to restore the cosmic order and “enchanting” the reality again by means of emotion and poetic imagination.

Vahid Safiyya

Hebrew and Arabic belong to the family of Semitic languages. This means that it is easy to show the similarities between the two languages, particularly in terms of grammatical rules. Original Hebrew texts state that Jews could author texts on the rules of their language only after going through a period of apprenticeship with Arab. They followed the Arab syntacticians in formulating Hebrew grammar rules. Hence, comparative study of the language rules of the two languages can shed light on the obscure areas and help remove many problems, some of which are impossible to solve other than by using comparative methods. Similarly, comparative study help Arabs keen on learning Hebrew and makes its learning easier for them.

Marija Mitrovič

Radomir Konstantinović’s Descartes’ Death has the characteristics of a novel, an autobiographical essay and a philosophical treatise. The protagonist of the novel, Father, professor of Civil Law, lives a life paved by the rules founded on Descartes’ rationality: for him, to serve the Law means to serve Order, perfect legality, repetition. Son admires his Father, but at the same time fears his infallibility and suffers from his tyranny of law, order and habit. In the Son’s eyes, Father is simultaneously almighty law and fear of law, as well as the law that terrorizes everyone around him. Everything changed in the 1990s when chaos ruled the outside world, Serbia and Belgrade: Son endeavoured to establish with this man of form and order such intimate relationships that he could not have achieved during Father’s life, because the Father was Law itself and the Son always and only an imperfect(ed) Disciple. The image related to Father–Lawyer or rather to Law as the art of equilibrium, is the image of a bicycle with the front wheel turned to the left which frequently reappears in the novel. <br/>Both in this novel–treatise and in his earlier works, Konstantinović expressed familiarity with postmodern thinking and the philosophical concepts of Montaigne and Pascal; one of the founders of scepticism, Montaigne, witnessed the crisis of values and heralded the impossibility of reaching the truth and the absolutes, while Pascal was doubtful of the proof of bare evidence, placing belief in irrational sensations above the rational conviction. However, in the 1990s one had to find a space also for Descartes, the author of the treatise on method, reason and the value of law. The Son now knows that Pascal’s world belongs to what is direct, to the market, „since directness kills: naivety has bloody hands“. He understands that Father’s world of rules is closer to him, that the world of dignity, rhetoric, equilibrium and law is closer than the law of directness and the world that lacks legal organization. In the overwhelming darkness the Son first repudiated Montaigne, then Pascal. Descartes remained. Father’s Descartes.<br/>When in 1989 Jacques Derrida thought for the first time of a parallel between literature, philosophy and law, he emphasized the precision of the English language in the definitions of the functioning of law: „to enforce the law“ reminds us that justice cannot be properly of the law or right in law if it does not possess force or refer to force from the start. At the beginning of justice there was logos, word or language, but this does not contradict another of Derrida’s statements: in the beginning there was force. And there, when discussing law and force, law as the force, Derrida brings from oblivion the philosophers most prominent in Konstantinović’s work: Descartes, Pascal and Montaigne. Not only with the first, but with the other two as well, Derrida finds the term: the mystical basis of authority, which refers to the authority produced by law and is the result of law. „Laws are not rightful in themselves, we do not respect them because they are rightful but because they possess authority.“<br/>We are faced with two beginner’s works: for the first time Derrida enters in deliberations about the relations between law, literature, philosophy and deconstructivism, while Konstantinović writes a novel–treatise, new in terms of structure and content (and still unperceived), where he explicates the ideas which Derrida deals with more densely and in a philosophical framework in his American Lectures. Derrida propagated the concepts which Konstantinović’s Son–narrator would present in his imaginary discussions with his Father and in his quotations from the thinkers quoted by Derrida. As if the author, Radomir Konstantinović, himself inclined to associative references and quotations applied as verifications of the narrative, believed that the crucial fact in his novel is that the main protagonist is a lawyer, the one who writes the law, defines legislations and deals with legal justice.<br/>

R. Turner