Hasil untuk "Oral communication. Speech"

A. A. Smirnova

Introduction. Digitalization processes have been actively penetrating the life of a modern person in the last decade. Artificial intelligence in various forms and formats creates new linguistic knowledge about the communication process. By creating new features and rules of speech interaction in various types of network discourse, the problems of achieving the success of speech acts built through chatbots remain ineradicable. This problem is especially acute in the field of advertising and PR, where communication with target auditors and target groups of the public is one of the most important tools for achieving the company's goals.Methodology and sources. A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness and potential of chatbot communication necessitates this. Using the method of linguistic modeling, you can create conditions and prescribe certain “rules” for successful interaction between a person and a chatbot. To create models for the Russian-speaking and English-speaking spheres, it is necessary to conduct a frame analysis and construct concepts of concepts that dominate in advertising discourse, or rather its variety: the discourse of sales in the field of digital goods (cell phones). To do this, it is necessary to conduct a corpus analysis of texts: the texts of oral and written speech in the corpus collected independently will be analyzed, and the results of the sample in the NOW corpora (in English-corpora) and NCRL will be analyzed. Also, for the compilation of models, communication and conversion analyzes will be required.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, the article presents not only possible communication models that function in the discourse of sales in the field of digital goods (cell phones), as well as leading the greatest number of speech contacts to success, but also a universal algorithm for parsing chatbot communication in other discourses. In the course of the study, it was possible to obtain confirmation of the assumption of a significant difference between the English-language and Russian-language models of achieving speech success in chatbot communication.Conclusion. Preparation of a communication model updated from the point of view of a certain discourse and comparison of research data through the materials of two languages will help to identify similarities and differences for each area, and, among other things, will ensure an increase in the efficiency of the communication process built through chatbots in a business environment.

Lenka Pospíšilová

Psychiatric diseases include some logopaedic diagnoses. To understand them, it is necessary to distinguish between speech, language and social communication, deficits of which are also indicators of other mental disorders. Disruption of language development results in developmental language disorder, increasingly known abroad under the abbreviation DLD, and in the Czech Republic under the term "developmental dysphasia". This disorder belongs among neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which are characterised by a strong genetic background, structural abnormalities in the brain, and a tendency to persist throughout life. Because common features of NDDs have a mutual overlap, DLD creates a comorbid connection with other NDDs. This review article draws attention to the persistently reduced quality of life in individuals with DLD, and thus to the seriously high prevalence of typical psychiatric diseases and social pathology within this group of people. At the same time, it analyses the main cause of this comorbid connection and looks for a common solution within the discussion. For this reason, the paper is intended for clinical speech-language pathologists and paediatric psychiatrists, so that they can apply new findings in clinical practice and jointly advocate a systemic solution - by changing their own approach and raising public awareness.

Z. Ghoreyshi, R. Nilipour, Narges Bayat et al.

Nadezhda N. Shpilnaya

The purpose of the article is to analyse pragmatic variants of a dialogical text as a language unit. It is assumed that the pragmatic context of the dialogical text (dialogue) actualizing is associated with either informative or phatic intentions. Informative and phatic dialogues appear as pragmatic allotext of a dialogical text. The research methodology is based on the synthesis of derivational and anthropocentric language theories. The process of creating a dialogical text is considered, on the one hand, as a derivational process due to the suppositional relationship between the lexeme and the text, and on the other hand, as a process of interpreting the text in the pragmatic context of its actualization. The material for the study was the recording of oral and written speech of regular native speakers in an informal communication situation. The total number of analyzed speech patterns was 140 dialogic texts – 70 texts of each communication type. It is stated that the pragmatic actualization of the dialogical text is associated with the realization of paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections of lexemes. It is revealed that the syntagmatic model of a dialogical text genesis in informative communication is an adjoining model. A paradigmatic model of dialogic text genesis in informative communication is synonymy. In phatic communication, an attachment model was identified as a syntagmatic model of the genesis of a dialogical text. The paradigmatic model for the production of dialogic text in phatic communication is a homonym model.

Montserrat Benítez Fernández

résuMé: Dans cet article, on présente une réflexion sur les représentations d’animaux dans le patrimoine oral du Maroc. Un corpus de proverbes a été récolté et ceux relatifs aux animaux ont été d’abord sélectionnés puis comparés avec différentes sources, écrites et orales, telles que des textes sacrés, des « bestiaires » médiévaux, des sources littéraires ou des croyances populaires. L’intention de cette comparaison est d’éclaicir la valeur symbolique des animaux dans les proverbes, ainsi que d’essayer de trouver l’origine de ces proverbes. Cette information va permettre de donner des réponses à des questions telles que : Pourquoi ces proverbes restent-ils dans la mémoire collective ? Les animaux jouent-ils un rôle spécifique dans le maintien du proverbe ? Pourquoi sont-ils caractérisés dans les proverbes d’une façon et non pas d’une autre ? Resumen: En este artículo se reflexiona sobre el valor simbólico de los animales en el patrimonio oral de Marruecos. Para ello, se ha recopilado un corpus de proverbios y los relativos a los animales han sido seleccionados y comparados con distintas fuentes escritas y orales tales como los textos sagrados, bestiarios medievales, fuentes literarias o recopilaciones de creencias populares. La intención de esta comparación pretende aclarar el valor simbólico de los animales, así como buscar un posible origen de los proverbios. Todo ello permitirá proporcionar repuestas a preguntas como ¿por qué estos proverbios permanecen en la memoria colectiva? ¿Qué rol juegan los animales en la conservación del proverbio? ¿Por qué se caracteriza a los animales de una forma concreta en el proverbio?

Ségolène HOMFRAY-DAVIES, Eva SIZARET

La dyslexie persiste à l'âge adulte, malgré la rééducation orthophonique (Abadie & Bedoin, 2016), et concernerait 3-4% des étudiants à l’Université. Les déficits que présentent les dyslexiques (i.e. lenteur de lecture ; faible recherche d’informations dans un texte ; déficits phonologique, visuo-attentionnel, mnésique) entraînent, selon de nombreux auteurs, une difficulté à apprendre des langues étrangères. Or à l'Université, la majorité des cursus propose l’enseignement de l’anglais et l’obtention d’un Master nécessite la maîtrise d’au moins une langue étrangère. Ainsi, les étudiants doivent lire la littérature scientifique majoritairement anglophone, ou des Masters ont une grande proportion d’enseignements en anglais. Cela est problématique pour certains dyslexiques et nous constatons en clinique que les aménagements habituels proposés ne sont pas nécessairement les plus adaptés. Un des objectifs de l’étude était d’évaluer les niveaux de lecture et de compréhension écrite d’étudiants dyslexiques en langue anglaise, en comparant leurs performances avec celles de normo-lecteurs. Nous avons également cherché à déterminer si ces difficultés à l’écrit sont plus importantes en anglais qu’en français. Nous avons pour cela proposé une évaluation du niveau d’anglais et des épreuves de lecture et compréhension dans les deux langues. Les résultats montrent une lenteur de lecture et une compréhension de texte chutée en anglais chez les dyslexiques ; une compréhension de texte en anglais moins bonne qu’en français, non retrouvée chez les normo- lecteurs et indiquant un handicap majoré pour les dyslexiques ; un niveau d’anglais des dyslexiques moindre que celui des normo-lecteurs, mais la population étudiée est hétérogène. Cette étude amène à réfléchir à la variété des aménagements à mettre en place pour l’enseignement et l’évaluation de l’anglais des étudiants dyslexiques, selon leur niveau de lecture et de maîtrise de cette langue.

Lenka Pospíšilová

This review article presents findings on developmental dysphasia at the end of the second decade of the 21st century. The author shares her knowledge with the reader thanks to the preparation of doctoral thesis called Developmental dysphasia in the concept of neurodevelopmental disorders. This work explains the serious consequences of the disorder, explains the current concept of terminology (including the misleading error of the Czech translation), etiopathogenesis, symptomatology, comorbidities, diagnostics, and in part the related intervention strategies. Most of the article is based on recent conclusions from a major international forum.

Y. Goh, J. Choi, Seon Ah Kim et al.

Kiera N. Berggren, Man Hung, Melissa M Dixon et al.

Introduction: Herein we present an exploratory study of orofacial function in children with congenital myotonic dystrophy (CDM) vs. healthy controls. Methods: We evaluated 41 children with CDM and 29 healthy controls for speech and swallow function and for lingual and labial strength. Results: The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI), measuring tongue strength, and a lip force meter (LFM), measuring lip strength, had excellent interrater reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of 0.75 (n = 19, P < 0.001) and 0.96 (n = 20, P < 0.001), respectively. Mean overall lingual strength was 3.5‐fold less and labial strength was about 7‐fold less in CDM patients than in healthy controls. Eighteen of 24 children with CDM demonstrated dysarthria and an additional 11 participants were nonverbal. Dysarthria correlated moderately with lingual strength, age, and dysphagia. Strength measures correlated moderately with dysphagia. Discussion: Children with CDM have impaired orofacial functioning that affects communication and swallowing. Reliability of strength measures may be useful for future therapeutic trials. Muscle Nerve 58: 413–417, 2018

Kristine N Williams, C. Shaw, Alexandria Lee et al.

Alberto del Campo Tejedor

Durante la fiesta de la Candelaria (2 de febrero), los habitantes de La Puebla de los Infantes (Sevilla) celebran en torno a hogueras de olivo —candelas­—, en las que queman muñecos y singulares escenografías satíricas, mientras hombres y mujeres cantan sandingas, un tipo de copla eminentemente burlesca, donde cabe la pulla obscena y escatológica, considerada la sal y pimienta de la reunión festiva. Vinculando estas costumbres carnavalescas al tiempo liminar de turbulencia festiva que antecede al inicio de la primavera, este artículo se afana por comprender la lógica de degradación simbólica y renovación cósmica que subyace a las picantes canciones a través de las que los vecinos de La Puebla ­—y muy particularmente las mujeres— se divierten fustigando a la suegra, a la vecina, pero sobre todo al sexo opuesto, con el que se entabla una lucha ritual que pone de relieve el arcaico sentido apotropaico de la risa y la obscenidad, así como la creencia en la potencia fertilizadora que habría de nacer de la pugna de fuerzas contrarias pero complementarias.

Sophie Chesneau, Myriam Venne

Veneziano Edy

Non-literal language most often permeates interesting and informative narratives. These are the non-perceptible, inferential aspects of a story, such as the explanation of events, the attribution of internal, particularly mental, states to the characters of the story, or the evaluation of events by the participants and/or the narrator. The main aim of this paper is to examine whether non-literal uses can be promoted in 7-year-old French-speaking children’s narratives through the use of a short conversational intervention (SCI) which focuses the children’s attention on the causes of events. The results show that, after the SCI, the expression of non-literal aspects, even higher-order ones, may make their appearance or significantly increase in children’s stories. The reasons for the effectiveness of the SCI in the promotion of non-literal uses of language and narrative skills in general, as well as the importance of using the SCI as an evaluative instrument, are discussed.

M. Tanner, Linda A. Rammage, Lili Liu

J. Northern, M. Downs

A. Weiss

B. Akinbami

I. Hutchison

E. Tobey, Nicole L. Wiessner, J. Lane et al.