Driven by the ongoing dietary transition in Western countries, numerous research studies focus on new sustainable plant-based sources. Oilseeds, known for their high lipid and protein content, represent a promising option. This review focuses on the protein quality of oilseeds and their potential to meet population wide nutritional needs. Although the nutritional value of the protein of oilseeds is generally lower than that of animal proteins, due to deficiencies in certain indispensable amino acids (particularly lysine) and reduced digestibility, several strategies can enhance their value. Combining oilseeds with legumes to achieve complementary amino acid profiles, processing techniques such as dehulling and oil extraction, as well as bioprocesses (fermentation/germination), all contribute to improved protein quality. Moreover, oilseeds provide bioactive peptides and polyunsaturated fatty acids which often exhibit anti-inflammatory and/or pro-anabolic effects. In conclusion, oilseeds are valuable sources of both protein and lipids, and current dietary guidelines support increased consumption of these seeds among the general population.
F. H. Awlqadr, Othman Abdulrahman Mohammed, S. Qadir
et al.
ABSTRACT The growing health concerns associated with saturated and trans fats have increased the demand for natural, plant‐based fat alternatives with functional and nutritional benefits. Oleogels, formed by structuring liquid oils with gelators, offer a promising strategy to mimic the physical properties of solid fats while preserving the healthful qualities of unsaturated oils. In this study, chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) seed oil—rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and oleic acids—was explored as a base oil for oleogelation using rice bran wax (RBW), a natural, sustainable structuring agent. The oil was extracted using Soxhlet extraction and analyzed for its fatty acid composition and key physicochemical properties. Oleogels were developed using three RBW‐to‐oil ratios (3:7, 2:8, and 1:9) and assessed for oil binding capacity, antioxidant activity, thermal behavior, texture, structural integrity, and antimicrobial potential. Among the tested formulations, the 3:7 RBW‐to‐oil ratio demonstrated the most favorable performance in terms of oil retention, oxidative stability, and mechanical strength. Structural characterization via FTIR and XRD confirmed the formation of a physically structured gel network, while DSC analysis revealed stable thermal behavior. Antioxidant and antimicrobial assays indicated that all oleogels retained bioactivity, with differences depending on the wax content. The study confirms that RBW is an effective gelator for chickpea oil, enhancing its functionality and shelf stability. These findings highlight the potential of chickpea oil‐based oleogels, particularly the 3:7 formulation, for use in health‐oriented food products such as spreads, bakery fats, and meat alternatives, offering a sustainable and nutritionally improved replacement for conventional solid fats.
Nowadays, oleogels have gained attentions as promising fat substitutes. Lipid-based compounds, mono- and diacylglycerols, fatty acids (FAs), fatty alcohols, waxes, sterols, ceramides, and phospholipids exhibit excellent oil-gelling potential due to their structural similarity to triacylglycerols. This review addresses how oleogels composition affects their nutritional functionality and further applications in food industry. The properties of oleogels structured by lipid-based compounds depend on structurant (concentration, type, ratio), solvent oil (type, FA profile, minor polar components), and processing conditions (cooling rate, shear force). Synergistic effects between FAs and fatty alcohols have been confirmed, and a thermodynamics-based screening model has been developed to assist identification of potential oil-structuring combinations, though further validation is needed. Oleogel offers health benefits contributed by its structure, oleogelator, and solvent oil type, including replacing harmful fats, delaying lipid release, inhibiting lipid-lipase interactions, and delivering bioactives, but long-term safety studies, especially for FAs and fatty alcohols, are required. Thus, modulating gel processing conditions and the composition of structurants and solvent oils can tailor the properties of oleogels, enhancing their nutritional function and broadening potential applications in food industry with desired product quality. Oleogels have been successfully applied in bakery, dairy, meats, spreads, margarine, confectionary, frying medium, and delivery systems, with complete fat substitution strategies developed for cheese, meat, spreads, and margarines. Further research could explore their nutritional roles and applications in functional foods, particularly considering the regulatory limitations and the influence of long-term consumption on human metabolisms.
Oxidative and physical stability of 3% and 7% beeswax‐candelilla wax (BW‐CDW, 1:1) oleogels prepared with flaxseed (FSO), soybean (SBO), and olive oils (OO) were evaluated during storage at 25°C and 4°C. Peroxide values (PV) and conjugated diene values (CDV) of BW‐CDW oleogels were lower than bulk oils after storage at 4°C for 180 days, and those of 7% wax oleogels were lower than 3% wax oleogels, indicating the protection effect by oleogelation. In contrast, these oleogels had lower oxidative stability than bulk oils at 25°C, indicating the prooxidant activity of waxes. PV of 7% BW‐CDW SBO oleogel increased slower than commercial margarine fat (CMF) at both storage temperatures, while its CDV increased faster at 25°C. Gel strength (firmness and cohesiveness) of oleogels decreased at both temperatures. Gel strength of CMF decreased faster than oleogels at 25°C, while it was steady at 4°C. Gel strength of OO oleogels dramatically decreased during storage at 4°C, which was likely due to large oil crystals formed that broke the wax crystal network at 4°C. Solid fat content and melting enthalpy of oleogels increased, indicating that new crystals formed during storage, which, however, did not provide higher gel strength. New spherulite crystals appeared during storage at 4°C, which might be the reason for decreased gel strength. Overall results indicated that BW‐CDW oleogels had the oxidative and physical stability comparable to CMF, except for OO oleogels stored at 4°C.
Miftahurrahmi, Estiasih Teti, Mahatmanto Tunjung
et al.
Rice bran oil (RBO) is valued for its bioactive compounds, which are beneficials for food and health. The oil characteristics from pigmented rice brans, such as red and black, are still limitedly explored. This study investigates RBO extracted from white (WRB), red (RRB), and black (BRB) rice brans using modified three-phase partitioning (TPP). The highest rice bran oil yield is observed at 2 hours of extraction for all rice brans, demonstrating the best oxidative stability. All rice bran oils had linoleic acid as the dominant fatty acid. The advantage of rice bran oil is the presence of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, phytosterols, tocotrienols, and γ-oryzanol. Black rice bran oil had the highest phenolics, anthocyanins, γ-oryzanol, and tocotrienols, contributing to its highest oxidative stability. The highest phytosterols level was found in red rice bran oil. Meanwhile, white rice bran oil had the superiority due to the highest flavonoid content. This study provides some insights about characteristics of pigmented rice bran oils for future applications.
To address the issues of low automation level， harsh working environment and high labor intensity of current offshore modular drilling rigs， an automated drilling rig system suitable for offshore fixed platform was newly developed. The drilling rig system is equipped with key drilling equipment such as dual driller ring network integrated control system， automatic horizontal catwalk， composite monkey board pipe racker， full hydraulic rotary table and five-cylinder mud pump for the first time on domestic platform， achieving automated transportation of pipes to/from drill floor， basic unmanned operation in drill floor wellhead and monkey board areas， and comfortable centralized operation in mud pump room and driller room. Field application results show that the supporting automation equipment effectively meets field operation requirements， significantly improving the working environment of personnel and greatly reducing labor intensity. The supporting dual driller integrated control system enables unified centralized management of drilling rig parameters and control， ensuring convenient and safe operation. The supporting five-cylinder drill pump achieves optimal operational performance while offering lighter total weight and more spacious field operation conditions， embodying a man-oriented operation and maintenance concept. The successful development and application of the drilling rig system provide reference basis and technical approaches for building new offshore modular drilling rigs and automation upgrading of aging platforms in the future.
Chemical engineering, Petroleum refining. Petroleum products
ObjectiveIn China, there is a significant geographical mismatch between methanol production and demand. Production is concentrated in the coal-rich regions of Northwest China, while demand is primarily in the economic belts of Central and Eastern China, such as east and south China. This mismatch has resulted in extensive cross-regional transportation of methanol from west to east and north to south. Currently, methanol transportation through highway is dominant in China, facing significant cost challenges and carbon emission pressure. The traditional methanol transportation system struggles to meet the needs of industrial development. MethodsThe economic efficiency of multimodal methanol transportation was systematically analyzed, and a low-cost, low-energy transportation solution was developed to provide theoretical support and practical pathways for the efficient circulation of the methanol industry under the new energy system. Using the data on production capacity, output and consumption of China’s methanol industry from 2020 to 2024, along with pipeline transportation price and enterprise transportation cost survey data disclosed by PipeChina, the cost breakdown structure method was adopted to quantitatively analyze the costs of 4 transportation modes: highway, railway, pipeline, and waterway. A unit transportation cost calculation model was established to compare the economic efficiency and carbon emissions of different transportation modes. In response to the difficulties in methanol transportation and considering the dispersed and small-scale production and demand of methanol, a multimodal transportation scheme featuring “agglomeration” at both ends was proposed, and its feasibility was verified through cost sharing and transportation volume calculation. ResultsPipeline is most economical for methanol transportation, with unit costs for newly built pipelines ranging from RMB 0.18 to 0.28/(t·km). Co-transportation using existing refined oil pipelines can further reduce costs to RMB 0.16−0.25/(t·km). The multimodal transportation model featuring “agglomeration” at both ends enables long-distance, low-cost transport between methanol production and consumption areas, reduces energy consumption, and supports the green transformation of the economy and environmentally-friendly development. ConclusionThe implementation of an optimized transportation system, centered on pipeline transportation with agglomeration at both ends, should focus on promoting: ① the construction of dedicated methanol loading and unloading facilities and cross-regional pipeline networks to address the challenges posed by decentralized production and demand; ② breakthroughs in batch transportation technology for refined oil pipelines to improve purity control during co-transportation; and ③ the establishment of a multimodal transport coordination mechanism at the policy level to minimize institutional costs in the transshipment process.
CHEN Jun, WANG Haimei, CHEN Xi, TANG Yong, TANG Liangrui, SI Rong, WANG Huijun, HUANG Xianzhu, LENG Bing
To address the challenges of rapid production decline and low recovery of shale oil wells, it is imperative to supplement formation energy and explore innovative development methods. Compared with conventional waterflooding, CO2 exhibits superior injectivity and miscibility with crude oil, making it an effective oil displacement medium. Simultaneously, CO2 is a major greenhouse gas and a key target for emission reduction. Therefore, exploring CO2 huff-n-puff in shale oil reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery while simultaneously achieving carbon sequestration has significant practical value. However, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology in shale oil is still in its exploratory stage, facing challenges such as immature numerical simulation techniques and the lack of large-scale injection-production operations. To investigate the mechanisms and key controlling factors of enhanced oil recovery through CO₂ injection in shale oil, this study employed numerical simulation techniques, integrating logging data, geological parameters, and fracturing operation data to model the formation and distribution of hydraulic fractures. A composite discrete fracture network numerical model combining both artificial and natural fractures was established to analyze the oil recovery enhancement mechanisms of CO2 huff-n-puff. The study clarified the influence patterns of reservoir engineering parameters in CO₂ huff-n-puff on both cumulative oil increment and CO₂ storage capacity, and determined the primary controlling factors among these parameters. The results showed that CO2 huff-n-puff restored production capacity in shale oil wells by replenishing formation energy, extracting light and intermediate components from shale oil, and leveraging CO2 diffusion, oil viscosity reduction, and expansion effects. Considering both oil recovery and storage, the optimal injection strategy for a single well included: initiating when daily oil production declined to just above 8 m3, injecting 15 000-24 000 tons of CO₂ at a rate of 500-900 t/d, shut-in duration of 30-50 days, and conducting 2-3 huff-n-puff cycles. Among the shale oil reservoir engineering parameters, injection volume was identified as the primary factor, with a weight of 0.48. These findings provide technical guidance and evaluation support for the implementation of CCUS technology in shale oil reservoirs.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
The choice of the type of protective agent against corrosion of agricultural machinery parts is determined primarily by the safety of the protected surfaces during non-working periods and environmental safety when protective agents come into contact with them as a result of their operation: soil cultivation, sowing, planting, harvesting of agricultural crops, etc. Many anti-corrosion protection agents are known: restoration of initial paint and varnish coatings, use of temporary protective compounds (bitumen, oils, rust converters and corrosion inhibitors, in rare cases, PVC lubricants, inhibited compounds NG-204, NG-203, “Kormin”, water-wax compounds, etc. are used). The listed means have a number of disadvantages: high cost, high labor intensity of application and depreservation of protective, as well as negative environmental consequences. In connection with the above, the purpose of the work is to determine the anti-corrosion properties of rendered animal fats as relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly materials. To achieve this goal, studies were carried out using samples of steel St.3, coated with rendered beef, horse and pork fats. The studied samples were pre-weighed, coated with the appropriate fats and placed under a canopy from November 2019 to September 2020. It should be noted that the preservation of the fat film depends on its thickness and weather and climatic conditions. During the observations, the preservation and condition of the coatings were monitored monthly, the mass of the samples was determined, and the moments of corrosion occurrence were recorded during daily inspection. The measurements showed the development of corrosion processes at negative temperatures (-4…-5°C) and relative air humidity within 75…85%. It should be noted that external manifestations of corrosion have been observed on unprotected samples since March. Samples with beef fat films show a threefold decrease in the corrosion rate compared to unprotected ones. No corrosion was observed on samples with pork and horse fat coatings.
S. Onacik-Gür, Anna Żbikowska, Iwona Szymańska
et al.
Oleogels are a new trend in food technology aimed at enhancing the nutritional value of products that contain solid fats. Solid fats are rich in nutritionally unfavorable saturated fatty acids (FAs), but oleogels (lipid systems derived from oleogelator and oils) are in unsaturated FAs. The use of oils rich in oxidation-prone unsaturated FAs in pastry products requires the use of an antioxidant, such as green tea extract (GTE). However, new products with altered composition should also be acceptable to consumers. The purpose of this study was to carry out a sensory evaluation of short-dough biscuits obtained with 1% of GTE and high-oleic oleogels and to find what may influence consumers’ anticipated perception. Products with monoacylglycerols (MAG) and candelilla wax (CLX) oleogels and non-gelled high-oleic rapeseed oil (HORO) were found to have equal or better sensory quality compared to products with traditional baker’s (palm) fat (PF). In terms of sensory attributes, products with ethyl cellulose oleogels were the most distinct from the other biscuits. Their sensory qualities were significantly lower, with a more noticeable rancid odor and taste. Products with CLX and MAG oleogels were more preferred than those with PF, as consumers were more likely to purchase them based on sensory impressions. Information about the presence of GTE and HORO in the formulation was shown to affect the perception of the product. Similarly, the information about the low saturated fat content encouraged consumers to purchase such products. Based on this, it can be concluded that displaying this type of information can help educate consumers, support better decision-making, and promote the selection of more nutritious options.
Pottery is exposed to many damage factors, including effects of salts, soot, and fats as a result of the soil it is buried in. And because of storing the wax in pottery vessels, or using it to close the pottery vessel. Pottery vessels are also used to preserve food products, such as milk, oils, and other products that appear on the texture of ancient pottery. Therefore, pottery cleaning is one of the first steps in the preservation process, and is the most important and accurate conservation work. Due to the inaccuracy of traditional cleaning, the study aims to evaluate and compare the cleaning with nanomaterial's. Agarose poultices loaded with SDS or Vulpex cleaning agent were prepared in the presence of Nano titanium dioxide. Different analytical techniques, such as the transmission electron microscope (TEM), USB digital optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX), and measurement of color change have been used to evaluate the cleaning materials and the cleaning process. The results of the microscopic investigation used in the evaluation process revealed that using TiO2 SDS NPS poultice and TiO2 Vulpex NPS poultice perfectly removed salt, soot, dust, and wax deposits from the pottery samples' surface. The results of elemental analysis by (SEM-EDX) showed the salts and soot percentage of the treated samples with TiO2 SDS NPS poultice and TiO2 Vulpex NPS poultice respectively. The measurement of color change revealed that the treated samples with TiO2 SDS NPS poultice gave unnoticeable alteration to the human eye.
Gilda Avendaño Vásquez, Bryan Ochoa Martínez, Karen Aylin Vargas García
et al.
The negative health effects associated with foods containing saturated and trans fats have prompted the search for healthier alternatives that preserve both sensory and technological quality. This study evaluated the use of candelilla wax-structured oleogels as substitutes for hydrogenated fats in cake-type bread, with emphasis on batter structure and crumb texture. The iodine value of the edible oils and the one with the most favorable unsaturation profile was selected to formulate the oleogel used and the oil and water adsorption capacity of three selected flours were determined. Among them, flour H2 exhibited consistent oil adsorption across the three types of oil tested, with no significant differences compared to the water control, suggesting a more stable interaction with lipid components. Therefore, it was used for cake-type bread. Formulations were assessed for batter density, baking yield, total porosity, mean pore size, and instrumental texture parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, adhesiveness, stickiness, and chewiness). Oleogel-based batters showed higher density (0.90 g/cm³) and lower baking yield (13 %), indicating a more compact structure. No significant differences were observed in total porosity (≈ 0.3–0.8 %) or mean pore size (8.4–17.5 mm) compared to those made with shortening. However, the presence of smaller (≈ 8.4 mm) and more uniform pores in oleogel formulations reinforced the internal crumb structure and reduced susceptibility to deformation, thereby preserving mechanical integrity. Regarding texture, oleogel formulations exhibited a more cohesive and elastic crumb, supporting their use as a functional alternative in baked goods. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v19iEspecial.1919
Robertson and Seymour proved that for every finite tree $H$, there exists $k$ such that every finite graph $G$ with no $H$ minor has path-width at most $k$; and conversely, for every integer $k$, there is a finite tree $H$ such that every finite graph $G$ with an $H$ minor has path-width more than $k$. If we (twice) replace ``path-width'' by ``line-width'', the same is true for infinite graphs $G$. We prove a ``coarse graph theory'' analogue, as follows. For every finite tree $H$ and every $c$, there exist $k,L,C$ such that every graph that does not contain $H$ as a $c$-fat minor admits an $(L,C)$-quasi-isonetry to a graph with line-width at most $k$; and conversely, for all $k,L,C$ there exist $c$ and a finite tree $H$ such that every graph that contains $H$ as a $c$-fat minor admits no $(L,C)$-quasi-isometry to a graph with line-width at most $k$.
Ricardo Emanuel Vaz Vargas, Afrânio José de Melo Junior, Celso José Munaro
et al.
In the oil industry, undesirable events in oil wells can cause economic losses, environmental accidents, and human casualties. Solutions based on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Early Detection of such events have proven valuable for diverse applications across industries. In 2019, recognizing the importance and the lack of public datasets related to undesirable events in oil wells, Petrobras developed and publicly released the first version of the 3W Dataset, which is essentially a set of Multivariate Time Series labeled by experts. Since then, the 3W Dataset has been developed collaboratively and has become a foundational reference for numerous works in the field. This data article describes the current publicly available version of the 3W Dataset, which contains structural modifications and additional labeled data. The detailed description provided encourages and supports the 3W community and new 3W users to improve previous published results and to develop new robust methodologies, digital products and services capable of detecting undesirable events in oil wells with enough anticipation to enable corrective or mitigating actions.
Lucie Ribourg-Birault, A. Meynier, Simon Vergé
et al.
Air-in-oil foams, or oleofoams, have a great potential for food applications as they can at least partially replace animal or hydrogenated fats, without compromising on textural properties. Yet, there are some challenges to tackle before they can largely be implemented for real-life applications. One of those is the lack of data regarding their oxidative stability. This is an important point to consider, as although using oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is highly desirable from a nutritional perspective, these fatty acids are particularly prone to oxidation, which leads to major degradations of food quality. This work thus aimed to investigate the oxidative stability of oleofoams prepared with omega-3 PUFA-rich vegetable oils (rapeseed or flaxseed oil) and various types of high melting point lipid-based oleogelators (stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate and stearyl alcohol) when incubated at room temperature. The physical structure and stability of the oleofoams was monitored by various techniques (visual observations, microscopy, DSC, NMR, SAXS and WAXS). Lipid oxidation was assessed by combined measurements of primary (conjugated diene hydroperoxides) and secondary (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances – TBARS) products. We found that the oxidative stability of oleofoams was higher compared to that of the corresponding bulk oil. This protective effect was also found when the oil was simply mixed with the oleogelator without incorporation of air bubbles (i.e., forming an oleogel), and was somewhat modulated depending on the type of oleogelator. These results suggest that oleogelators and the structural changes that they induce limit the cascaded propagation of lipid oxidation in oil-continuous matrices, which is promising in the perspective of future applications.
The article is devoted to the problem of searching for complexly constructed oil and gas traps on the territory of the Chechen Republic. The prospects for identifying complexly screened traps in the Lower Maikop, Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic strata are assessed. The characteristic complex features of Upper Cretaceous strata are described. The south-eastern part of the Chechen Republic, the edge zones of the Advanced Ranges and the Zaterechnaya Plain were identified as promising areas for identifying hydrocarbon accumulations associated with various types of complexly screened traps. The main tasks and recommendations for carrying out exploration activity to increase the resource base of hydrocarbons are listed.
Objective Seal rings and gaskets are deemed indispensable sealing components for the safe operation of pure hydrogen/ hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas pipelines. Therefore, investigating their performance in hydrogen environments holds great significance for the safe operation of these pipelines. Methods This study focused on reviewing the advancements in research concerning seal rings and gaskets both in China and abroad. It delved into pivotal aspects, including prevalent seal materials for hydrogen environments, the mechanism of hydrogen permeation through seal rings accompanied by hydrogen absorption induced swelling and blister fracture, as well as the compression resilience and creep relaxation of gaskets in non-hydrogen environments, and hydrogen embrittlement of gaskets within hydrogen environments. Results Current researches on the properties of seal rings and gaskets in non-hydrogen environments have achieved promising progress. However, since pure hydrogen or hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas pipelines are still in the stage of initial development, researches on the properties of seal rings and gaskets in these environments are deficient, and many weak points relating to this area are requiring urgent care. Conclusion Hydrogen permeation through rubber O-rings occurs at the molecular level, and this process is influenced by gas pressure and external temperatures. Notably, carbon black and silicon dioxide, serving as filling materials, exhibit significant variations in hydrogen absorption within rubber materials. This necessitates a deeper examination of alternative filling materials and additives to understand their effects on hydrogen absorption. The volumetric expansion of rubber seal materials is observed in hydrogen environments, involving distinct mechanisms of swelling induced by hydrogen absorption and blister fracture. Acknowledging sudden drops in ambient pressure as an indispensable condition for blister fracture and transparent EPDM rubber as the main object of the blister fracture research, this paper advocates further investigation into other hydrogen-compatible rubber materials and the impact of varying hydrogen blending ratios on O-ring swelling. It also underscores the deficiency of in-situ mechanical experimental research on gaskets in contact with hydrogen, emphasizing the crucial need to establish a quantifiable relationship between hydrogen blending ratios and the mechanical performance parameters of gaskets.
Cheryl A. Hawkes, Victoria Goss, Elina Zotova
et al.
Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension in adult offspring. Midlife hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that the ageing brain may be impacted by early life environment. We found that exposure to a high fat diet during gestation and lactation induced changes in multiple components of the neurovascular unit, including a downregulation in apolipoprotein E and fibronectin, an upregulation in markers of astrocytes and perivascular macrophages and altered blood vessel morphology in the brains of adult mice. Feeding of high fat diet after weaning increased lipid droplets in the brain and influenced the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species, but did not affect the neurovascular unit. Sustained high fat diet over the entire lifespan resulted in additional decreases in levels of pericytes and collagen IV, changes in phospholipid composition and impaired perivascular clearance of Beta-amyloid (A-Beta) from the brain. In humans, vascular A-Beta load was significantly increased in the brains of aged individuals with a history of hypercholesterolemia. These results support a critical role for early dietary influence on the brain vasculature across the lifespan, with consequences for the development of age-related cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
Analysis of the established maps of reservoir pressure activity in V5 and B1 productive levels to determine their piezomaxima and piezominima in the reservoir area, to substantiate the mechanism for the formation of anomalous reservoir pressures, the foci of the occurrence of water-hydrocarbon fluids of the catagenesis zone and to determine the sources of hydrocarbon in the Vendian - Lower Cambrian strata of the Midlle Botuoba oil-gas-condensate field.