Hasil untuk "North Germanic. Scandinavian"

Maud Westendorp

This article gives a summary of the Swedish and Danish data on verb placement in the Nordic Word order Database (NWD; Lundquist et al. 2019). The data were collected using an elicited production paradigm. I discuss variation in verb placement in Danish in four constructions: in embedded clauses with respect to adverbs (embedded V2), in main clauses with respect to preverbal and sentence-medial adverbs, and in embedded and main clause wh-questions. The Swedish data cover embedded clauses only. The Swedish and Danish results are discussed in direct comparison to the verb placement patterns observed in the other North Germanic languages covered in the NWD.

Maud Westendorp

Norwegian has verb second (V2) word order in main but not embedded clauses. Although as a first approximation V2 is a phenomenon characteristic of root clauses, it has long been known that it occurs also in a restricted set of embedded clauses in Norwegian, as in many, if not all, of the other North Germanic languages. Many Norwegian dialects in addition allow deviations from the standard V2 word order in main clause interrogatives. Hence, the asymmetric verb second pattern seems to break down in different ways in Norwegian. This study presents new data from a large-scale elicited production experiment targeting the placement of the finite verb in both main and embedded clauses in Norwegian. The distribution of deviations from the standard word order pattern, and the constraints on the environments where these are produced, will be of primary concern. While classic accounts of verb second analyse it as involving a macro-parameter, I will argue based on the collected production data that it is necessarily decomposed in several ways, with variation in both main and embedded clauses guided by clause type, assertion, and specific lexical items.

Raees Calafato

Rising levels of immigration, especially from the Middle East and North Africa, have led to significant socio-demographic changes and increasing levels of linguistic diversity in Scandinavian countries. In parallel with these developments, a growing number of students in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark have started to learn Arabic at school and university. Learning Arabic presents both challenges and opportunities. For example, it furthers the goal of states to develop multilingual citizens, yet it also tasks educational institutions with designing Arabic courses that reflect the interests and aspirations of their students and provide them with the tools to make sustained progress. In order to accomplish this, it is important to first understand what motivates students to learn Arabic and the extent to which they use self-regulatory strategies to enhance their learning. This article reports on a study that explored the self-regulation and language learning motivation of university students (N = 96) learning Arabic in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The findings revealed that the Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish participants differed statistically significantly in their motivation to learn Arabic. Statistically significant gender differences were also found with respect to the participants’ self-regulation. The study provides important insights into student metacognition, autonomy, and motivation to learn non-European languages in the Scandinavian context.

D. Ottesen, J. Dowdeswell, L. Rise

A. Braathen, P. Osmundsen, H. Maher et al.

H. Baltaci, B. Akkoyunlu, Mete Tayanç

P. Varley, Tristan Semple

D. Klinger, John G. Freeman, L. Bilz et al.

Caroline Heycock, Joel Wallenberg

L. Lunsky

R. Binns

J. Ehlers

H. Veenstra

Matthew J. Rifkin

C. Uvo, R. Berndtsson

Jonathan R. Lee

H. Streif

V. Dierschke, Julia Delingat

According to measurements from bird ringing, Northern Wheatears of both Scandinavian (subspecies oenanthe) and Nearctic (subspecies leucorhoa) origin stopover on Helgoland (southeastern North Sea) during spring and autumn migration. Although with a large overlap, leucorhoa birds migrate earlier in spring and later in autumn compared to oenanthe. In release experiments during spring migration, Scandinavian birds headed in directions between northwest and northeast, while Nearctic birds departed in directions between southwest and north. Most Nearctic Wheatears are assumed to switch their direction to northwest already west of Helgoland, some do this on Helgoland but some continue on a northerly course and then head northwestwards in southern Norway. Only very few leucorhoa birds occur east of Helgoland in spring as well as in autumn (shown by birds captured at Greifswalder Oie, 390 km east of Helgoland). Some long-winged Wheatears are found much further east at Rybachy (Courish Spit), most probably belonging to Siberian breeding populations. Owing to the gap in the occurrence of long-winged Wheatears in the western Baltic it is unlikely that long-winged individuals at the German North Sea coast are of Siberian origin.

M. Gaimster

Fausto Cercignani