Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Vincent Hue, Bilal Benmahi, Mathieu Barthelemy et al.

Pollux is a candidate European instrument contribution to the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), designed to advance our understanding of the formation and evolution of cosmic structures in the universe, and specifically search signs of life on extrasolar planets. This high-resolution spectrograph (R\,$>$\,40,000) with polarimetric capabilities offers nearly continuous and simultaneous coverage from the FUV ($\sim$100\,nm) to the NIR ($\sim$1.9\,$\micron$), making it a versatile tool for a wide range of scientific investigations from solar system studies to cosmology. Several Solar System ocean worlds have been the focal point of the scientific community to understand the conditions of their internal saline oceans, as well as the possible emergence of life beyond Earth. The ocean world science case will leverage Pollux's UV spectropolarimetric capabilities to investigate surface reflectance and composition, characterize airglow emissions in the environments of giant-planet moons, as well as constrain the microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosols.

Zenghao Zhao, Bingshuai Zhou, Jun Li et al.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a malignant tumor-like parasitic disease whose treatment is limited by poor lesion accessibility and insufficient chemotherapeutic efficacy. Herein, a metabolic-targeted NIR-II theranostic nanoplatform was rationally designed to integrate photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and chemotherapy for AE treatment. The Au@Si@ABZSO/ICG@P nanoparticles (ASAIP NPs) feature a gold nanorod core for efficient photothermal conversion, a mesoporous silica layer for co-loading albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) and indocyanine green (ICG), and a poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) shell enabling preferential hepatic lesion accumulation via metabolic affinity. NIR-II fluorescence imaging allows accurate lesion visualization and guides spatiotemporally controlled therapy. Under photothermal activation, on-demand ABZSO release is achieved, while ICG simultaneously mediates PTT and PDT, producing enhanced synergistic antiparasitic effects. This work demonstrates a metabolically targeted, multimodal nanoplatform that improves therapeutic precision and efficacy against AE.

P.S. Uchvatov

Background. The relevance of the topic is due to the insufficient study of the issue of the history of interaction between the government and society in Soviet Russia at the regional level. Of particular interest for research is the activity of government structures in considering citizens’ appeals during the Great Patriotic War, when the entire Soviet system of governance was mobilized for the needs of wartime. The purpose of the article is to consider the features of the work of regional Soviet government bodies with letters, complaints, and applications from citizens in 1941–1945. Materials and methods. The main source for the study was unpublished documents of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Mordovia. The article is based on the basic principles of historical science – historicism, objectivity, systemicity. The analysis of the array of archival data was carried out using historical-comparative and historical-genetic methods, when working with regulatory acts, the formal-legal method was used. Results. The studied archival documents show that the main shortcomings in the activities of regional authorities in considering citizens’ appeals – formalism, red tape, delays, lack of proper control over the movement of complaints and the implementation of decisions taken – existed even in the prewar years. An important feature for the war period was the increasing importance of appeals from certain categories of citizens (military personnel and their family members, evacuees). Complaining about difficult material and living conditions, citizens, using the existing channel of communication with the authorities, tried to influence them and in this way solve the problems that arose. Conclusions. Individual attempts undertaken at the regional level to eliminate the existing shortcomings in the organization of consideration of citizens’ letters during the Great Patriotic War were unsuccessful. At the same time, letters to the authorities retained their significance as an important element of feedback between the authorities and the population for the management system.

Na Liu, Jakub Wiktor Both, Geir Ersland et al.

Understanding processes in porous media is fundamental to a broad spectrum of environmental, energy, and geoscience applications. These processes include multiphase fluid transport, interfacial dynamics, reactive transformations, and interactions with solids or microbial components, all governed by wettability, capillarity, and reactive transport at fluid-fluid and fluid-solid interfaces. Laboratory-based multiscale imaging provides critical insights into these phenomena, enabling direct visualization and quantitative characterization from the nanometer to meter scale. It is essential for advancing predictive models and optimizing the design of subsurface and engineered porous systems. This review presents an integrated overview of imaging techniques relevant to porous media research, emphasizing the type of information each method can provide, their applicability to porous media systems, and their inherent limitations. We highlight how imaging data are combined with quantitative analyses and modeling to bridge pore-scale mechanisms with continuum-scale behavior, and we critically discuss current challenges such as limited spatio-temporal resolution, sample representativity, and restricted data accessibility. We conduct an in-depth analysis on open-science trends in experimental and computational porous media research and find that, while open-access publishing has become widespread, the availability of imaging data and analysis code remains limited, often restricted to 'upon request'. Finally, we underscore the importance of open sharing of imaging datasets to enable reproducibility, foster cross-disciplinary integration, and support the development of robust predictive frameworks for porous media systems.

Ruoxi Xu, Yingfei Sun, Mengjie Ren et al.

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly with the emergence of large language models (LLMs), have sparked a rethinking of artificial general intelligence possibilities. The increasing human-like capabilities of AI are also attracting attention in social science research, leading to various studies exploring the combination of these two fields. In this survey, we systematically categorize previous explorations in the combination of AI and social science into two directions that share common technical approaches but differ in their research objectives. The first direction is focused on AI for social science, where AI is utilized as a powerful tool to enhance various stages of social science research. While the second direction is the social science of AI, which examines AI agents as social entities with their human-like cognitive and linguistic capabilities. By conducting a thorough review, particularly on the substantial progress facilitated by recent advancements in large language models, this paper introduces a fresh perspective to reassess the relationship between AI and social science, provides a cohesive framework that allows researchers to understand the distinctions and connections between AI for social science and social science of AI, and also summarized state-of-art experiment simulation platforms to facilitate research in these two directions. We believe that as AI technology continues to advance and intelligent agents find increasing applications in our daily lives, the significance of the combination of AI and social science will become even more prominent.

Luyao Liu, Lei Liu, Yan Wang et al.

Abstract The lack of efficient biomarkers for the early detection of gastric cancer (GC) contributes to its high mortality rate, so it is crucial to discover novel diagnostic targets for GC. Recent studies have implicated the potential of site‐specific glycans in cancer diagnosis, yet it is challenging to perform highly reproducible and sensitive glycoproteomics analysis on large cohorts of samples. Here, a highly robust N‐glycoproteomics (HRN) platform comprising an automated enrichment method, a stable microflow LC‐MS/MS system, and a sensitive glycopeptide‐spectra‐deciphering tool is developed for large‐scale quantitative N‐glycoproteome analysis. The HRN platform is applied to analyze serum N‐glycoproteomes of 278 subjects from three cohorts to investigate glycosylation changes of GC. It identifies over 20 000 unique site‐specific glycans from discovery and validation cohorts, and determines four site‐specific glycans as biomarker candidates. One candidate has branched tetra‐antennary structure capping with sialyl‐Lewis antigen, and it significantly outperforms serum CEA with AUC values > 0.89 compared against < 0.67 for diagnosing early‐stage GC. The four‐marker panel can provide improved diagnostic performances. Besides, discrimination powers of four candidates are also testified with a verification cohort using PRM strategy. This findings highlight the value of this strong tool in analyzing aberrant site‐specific glycans for cancer detection.

Jan Kofroň

Military spending is a widely discussed topic, especially in the current geopolitical landscape. Expenditures on “equipment” play a pivotal role in total defense spending.. However, the nature of the equipment expenditures is cumulative. Thus, when trying to estimate the capability of a state we should consider a longer period, not just one year. The aim of this article is, therefore, to offer (i) an exploratory analysis of the cumulative equipment expenditures of NATO countries between 2014-2023 and (ii) to verify – by using OLS multivariate regression – the extent to which the GDP per capita primarily drives these expenditures (adjusted per soldier), the share of defense spending from the GDP, or by the fraction of defense spending that goes specifically to equipment. The results show that the GDP per capita is by far the most powerful predictor.

Hamid Arvand, Amir hamzeh Alinejad, Reza Roshani

Objective: In Hybrid warfare, logistics plays a fundamental and key role in improving combat readiness and the operational superiority of forces on the battlefield. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify the effective factors on improving the logistical readiness of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in future combined wars.Methodology: Considering that the present research seeks to conceptualize and complete the theoretical foundations of the studied phenomenon, it is exploratory in terms of its purpose, and in terms of methodology, it is qualitative with meta-synthesis method. The statistical population of the research consists of valid qualitative studies published in the field of military logistics preparation from 2010 to 2022.Findings: Based on the data analysis, 5 components including mobilization of integrated resources, expertise in operational planning, stability of the supply chain, mental preparation and operational agility were extracted as effective factors in improving the logistics readiness of AJA in future combined wars.Originality: In combined wars, logistics readiness can be achieved through targeted planning of logistics resources and facilities and the creation of a combined logistics system based on the considerations and indicators of combined warfare, including the improvement of the mental readiness of human capital, integration, speed of action, flexibility and safety in operations. therefore, military logistics readiness requires a paradigm shift and a transition from the classic logistics command to mixed logistics

M. Heydari, A. Rauf, M. Thiruvengadam et al.

Persian Medicine Network (PMN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan, Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Emma Riese, Madeleine Lorås, Martin Ukrop et al.

Teaching assistants (TAs) are heavily used in computer science courses as a way to handle high enrollment and still being able to offer students individual tutoring and detailed assessments. TAs are themselves students who take on this additional role in parallel with their own studies at the same institution. Previous research has shown that being a TA can be challenging but has mainly been conducted on TAs from a single institution or within a single course. This paper offers a multi-institutional, multi-national perspective of challenges that TAs in computer science face. This has been done by conducting a thematic analysis of 180 reflective essays written by TAs from three institutions across Europe. The thematic analysis resulted in five main challenges: becoming a professional TA, student focused challenges, assessment, defining and using best practice, and threats to best practice. In addition, these challenges were all identified within the essays from all three institutions, indicating that the identified challenges are not particularly context-dependent. Based on these findings, we also outline implications for educators involved in TA training and coordinators of computer science courses with TAs.

Sophie Bosdotter, Tommy Wellborg, Johan Sandström

The number of fighter pilots in Sweden retiring from service, many prematurely, currently exceeds the number of those being trained to replace them. This article examines the factors and circumstances related to the work motivation of pilots and what the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) can do to retain them. It examines the perspectives of fighter pilots serving today and those who have chosen to leave the SAF since 2013, providing descriptions of different ideal professional types and what might provoke them to leave the profession, or motivate them to stay longer. Four ideal types of pilots are identified. These ideal types are (a) the 'extrinsically motivated'; (b) the 'high-performing'; (c) the 'family-oriented'; and (d) the 'specialist'. This article supports the idea that there is no single inducement for fighter pilots to leave the SAF. Our recommendations for retaining pilots differ depending on type and experience level. While increased salaries and better retirement agreements are essential, local career opportunities, less time away from family, more administrative support to squadrons, long-term career planning, rewarding challenges, and opportunities to study are also important. Some uniquely positive aspects, such as serving a higher purpose, flying experiences, and squadron community, motivate fighter pilots to remain.

Georgi BELCHEV

This article discusses the challenges faced by small tactical units when operating in the information environment. Globalization, the development of communications and the complexity of combat operations increase its importance in conducting tactical activities. The article examines the characteristics of the information environment and some tools that can be used in the decision-making process. Additionally, some of the capabilities that small tactical units should possess are analyzed. Their importance derives from current capabilities and practical experience.

Л. А. Олексієва, Є. Ю. Іленко

Проведені теоретичні дослідження зносу дротів сталевих канатів зовнішньої підвіски вертольоту з метою виявлення впливу тертя між дротами при згині на шківах на працездатність каната при русі. Встановлено, що в процесі зносу більш за все змінюється механічний стан поверхневого шару дроту завдяки металевому пилу, який впливає на місця тертя як абразивне середовище, що викликає потоншення пасм та канату в цілому та зменшує його міцність. Отримане рівняння роботи сил тертя, які виникають при контакті дротів та їх зношенні, що дозволяє в подальшому встановити можливість експлуатації канату.

Sylvia Romanowska, Michael W. Best, Christopher R. Bowie et al.

There is considerable variability in neurocognitive functioning within schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, and neurocognitive performance ranges from severe global impairment to normative performance. Few investigations of neurocognitive clusters have considered the degree to which deterioration relative to premorbid neurocognitive abilities is related to key illness characteristics. Moreover, while neurocognition and community functioning are strongly related, understanding of the sources of variability in the association between these two domains is also limited; it is unknown what proportion of participants would over-perform or under-perform the level of functioning expected based on current neurocognitive performance vs. lifelong attainment. This study examined data from 954 outpatients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders across three previous studies. Neurocognition, community functioning, and symptoms were assessed. Neurocognitive subgroups were created based on current neurocognition, estimated premorbid IQ, and degree of deterioration from premorbid using z-score cut-offs; functional subgroups were created with cluster analysis based on the Specific Level of Functioning Scale and current neurocognition. The sample was neurocognitively heterogeneous; 65% displayed current neurocognitive impairment and 84% experienced some level of deterioration. Thirty percent of our sample was relatively higher functioning despite significant neurocognitive impairment. Individuals with better community functioning, regardless of neurocognitive performance, had lower symptom severity compared to those with worse functioning. These results highlight the variability in neurocognition and its role in functioning. Understanding individual differences in neurocognitive and functional profiles and the interaction between prior and current cognitive functioning can guide individualized treatment and selection of participants for clinical treatment studies.

Lei Bao, T. Cui

Electromagnetic metamaterials have been developing rapidly and attracted worldwide attentions since the concept has been proposed due to their powerful ability in controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves. Active functions and features achieved by tunable or reconfigurable metamaterials are highly desired in the field of science, engineering, and military. With the introduction of digital metamaterials, a bridge between the physical world and the information world is set up. When the digital metamaterials are programmable, they enable the wave‐based information coding and processing on the physical level of metamaterials in real time. In this paper, we will summarize the recent progress on tunable, reconfigurable, and programmable metamaterials. Firstly, we introduce the tunable and reconfigurable metamaterials in terahertz and microwave frequencies. Secondly, we review the functional devices and novel systems by the programmable metamaterials. Finally, we give a brief developing prospect to the programmable metamaterials.

Niharika Sravan, Matthew J. Graham, Christoffer Fremling et al.

Astronomical surveys continue to provide unprecedented insights into the time-variable Universe and will remain the source of groundbreaking discoveries for years to come. However, their data throughput has overwhelmed the ability to manually synthesize alerts for devising and coordinating necessary follow-up with limited resources. The advent of Rubin Observatory, with alert volumes an order of magnitude higher at otherwise sparse cadence, presents an urgent need to overhaul existing human-centered protocols in favor of machine-directed infrastructure for conducting science inference and optimally planning expensive follow-up observations. We present the first implementation of autonomous real-time science-driven follow-up using value iteration to perform sequential experiment design. We demonstrate it for strategizing photometric augmentation of Zwicky Transient Facility Type Ia supernova light-curves given the goal of minimizing SALT2 parameter uncertainties. We find a median improvement of 2-6% for SALT2 parameters and 3-11% for photometric redshift with 2-7 additional data points in g, r and/or i compared to random augmentation. The augmentations are automatically strategized to complete gaps and for resolving phases with high constraining power (e.g. around peaks). We suggest that such a technique can deliver higher impact during the era of Rubin Observatory for precision cosmology at high redshift and can serve as the foundation for the development of general-purpose resource allocation systems.

Viktor Pashkov

The article analyzes the state of the art in the Ukrainian higher education system and education reform during the post-Maidan period. Political, economic factors of university reform are examined in detail for an insight into the transformations over the last years. Special attention is paid to the close correlation between the institutional dynamics of higher education and political factors – the ideology of reform and the government policy in higher education, the political line-up in the parliament and MPs’ views on education and research. The author finds that modernization in higher education during this period was largely correlated with the dynamics of the political transformation of the government. Two periods in university policy are singled out: the reform period (from mid-2014 to mid-2016) and the stabilization period (2016–2019). The author elicits that the current crisis in the Ukrainian higher education system is caused by the attempt to implement neoliberal approaches toward university policy, while failing to address and even exacerbating unresolved post-Soviet problems. The decline in the quality of higher education has a negative impact on Ukraine's economic competitiveness, the reproduction of the nation's intellectual resources and human capital, as well as social cohesion. It may also trigger new humanitarian security challenges. In the second part of the article, the author focuses on the macroeconomic conditions for the development of higher education in 2014–2019, the dynamics of public funding and the structure of education expenditures. The analysis finds that during this period, the share of higher education expenditures in the structure of total public expenditures also decreased, and the rationale of the government was motivated by neoliberal approaches. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of science and research funding in Ukraine. Currently, academic research is in deep crisis, and the system of public funding of Research and Development is inefficient. University research remains underfunded, which results in the further deterioration of the already low research and innovation capacity of national universities. The level of public funding for science in 2014–2019 was the lowest in twenty years and amounted to 0.2–0.25 % of GDP, which did not cover even the minimum needs of the industry. The critical state of affairs in science and research is potentially a national security challenge, as it undermines opportunities for the technological modernization of the national economy, the development of innovative industries, and contributes to the leaking of intellectual resources from Ukraine.

Meng Chen, Jiancheng Qi, Yaohua Du et al.

Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) is a highly active disinfectant, and VHP decontamination systems have been widely applied in hospitals, microbiological laboratories, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the decomposition of VHP into non-toxic by-products is essential. Evaluation of the disinfection efficacy of VHP is crucial to ensuring the reliability of VHP disinfection and controlling microbial contamination. In this study, a rapid and sensitive strategy is proposed to evaluate the efficacy of VHP in surface disinfection by detecting the survived and killed bacteria from VHP-exposed biological indicators (BIs). A dual-channel solid-phase cytometer is designed, and fluorescent dyes are used as indicators to automatically and accurately distinguish live cells from dead cells in the mixtures of bacteria. To verify the availability and effectiveness of the laser scanning cytometry, experiments on its application in estimating the efficacy of VHP disinfection practice have been carried out in this study, and its estimation effect compared with that of the traditional plate counting method. Results show that the proposed assay might distinctly identify live or killed cells labeled by green and red fluorescent dyes and examined the disinfection efficacy in 30 min by calculating the bactericidal rate. Compared with the plate counting method, the proposed approach is accurate and practical, with an average detection efficiency of 98.47% ± 1.55%. Moreover, an excellent correlation between the concentrations of B. subtilis var niger (ATCC 9372) measured by the proposed detection system and by the plate counting method is noticed (R2 = 0.9971), indicating that this approach had advantages in the detection of trace microorganisms. To summarize, the proposed strategy appears practical and significant in many fields in which microbial counting and identification are required.

H. McCubbin, M. McCubbin

Beck E. Strauss, Schuyler R. Borges, Thea Faridani et al.

Gender equity remains a major issue facing the field of planetary science, and there is broad interest in addressing gender disparities within space science and related disciplines. Many studies of these topics have been performed by professional planetary scientists who are relatively unfamiliar with research in fields such as gender studies and sociology. As a result, they adopt a normative view of gender as a binary choice of 'male' or 'female,' leaving planetary scientists whose genders do not fit within that model out of such research entirely. Reductive frameworks of gender and an overemphasis on quantification as an indicator of gendered phenomena are harmful to people of marginalized genders, especially those who live at the intersections of multiple axes of marginalization such as race, disability, and socioeconomic status. In order for the planetary science community to best serve its marginalized members as we move into the next decade, a new paradigm must be established. This paper aims to address the future of gender equity in planetary science by recommending better survey practices and institutional policies based on a more profound approach to gender.