Hasil untuk "Metropolitan areas"

Fernanda M. Baêta

A characterization of valuations on the space of convex Lipschitz functions whose domain is a polytope in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is obtained. It is shown that every upper semicontinuous, equi-affine and dually epi-translation invariant valuation can be written as a linear combination of a constant term, the volume of the domain, and a functional affine surface area. In addition, dual statements for finite-valued convex functions are established.

Mesut Samasti, Emre Cakmak, Alper Ozpinar

Smart cities represent the forefront of combining technological innovation with urban management to enhance the quality of life and sustainability of urban environments. While existing studies have focused on individual smart city evaluations, there is a notable gap in systematic classification approaches that can handle uncertain and incomplete data in developing countries. As urban populations continue to grow, the strategic integration of smart technologies in city planning and management becomes crucial, necessitating more sophisticated evaluation methodologies. These technologies offer promising solutions to urban challenges by improving efficiency, economic growth, and citizen engagement. This research addresses this gap by proposing a novel framework that combines Interval Valued Neutrosophic Sets (IVNS) with the EDAS Method, specifically designed to handle the complexities and uncertainties inherent in developing country contexts.The study extensively reviews existing literature and methodologies applied in similar contexts, identifying key limitations in current approaches and building a robust framework that incorporates both new and established criteria. Through the systematic application of IVNS-EDAS methodology across multiple urban environments, this study develops a comprehensive classification system that accounts for both quantitative metrics and qualitative assessments of smart city capabilities. The results showcase a dynamic classification framework that effectively handles data uncertainty while providing clear, actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers. The paper concludes by validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach through a detailed computational study involving diverse stakeholders, confirming its applicability and utility in refining smart city strategies globally, particularly in developing country contexts where data reliability and completeness may be challenging.The study provides specific policy guidelines for each city classification, offering policymakers a structured framework for resource allocation and strategic planning, ranging from foundational infrastructure development in emerging cities to advanced technology integration in metropolitan areas.

Muhammad Ahmed, Shaheer Bin Shafiq, Junaid Razzak et al.

Abstract Background Stroke is a leading cause of death in the U.S., with mortality trends influenced by hyperlipidemia, a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease that can lead to ischemic stroke. This analysis examines stroke-related mortality in hyperlipidemia among adults aged 25 and older from 1999 to 2023. Methods A retrospective analysis of CDC WONDER investigated trends in mortality from Stroke (ICD codes: I60-I69) among Hyperlipidemia patients (ICD codes: E78.0, E78.1, E78.3, E78.4, E78.5) aged 25 and older. Joinpoint regression analysis calculated age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 individuals, annual percentage changes (APC), Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC), and 95% confidence intervals. Results Between 1999 and 2023, stroke and hyperlipidemia caused 241,308 deaths, with AAMRs of 1.38 in 1999 and 7.46 in 2023, an AAPC of + 7.16 (95% CI: 6.66 to 8.52). Adult men had higher AAMRs than women, with increases for both sexes [AAPC: + 7.20 vs. + 7.10; p < 0.001]. Black individuals had the highest AAMRs, followed by Hispanics. AAMR rose for all races, notably for Blacks/African Americans (AAPC: + 8.63%) and adults aged 65 and above (AAPC: + 7.35%). Northeast regions have the highest AAMRs, with the Midwest showing the most significant rise (AAPC: + 7.86%). AAMRs varied by state, from 2.0 in Georgia to 9.43 in Vermont in 2023. Non-metropolitan areas had higher AAMRs (4.31) than metropolitan areas (3.54). Conclusion This analysis reveals significant demographic and racial disparities in Stroke mortality among U.S. adults with Hyperlipidemia, which highlights the urgent need for targeted, equity-focused interventions to address these disparities.

E. Glaeser, Matthew G. Resseger

Ana Maria Rivadeneira, Juan Benavente, Andres Monzon

Lane management strategies are vital for solving traffic congestion and improving transportation efficiency in metropolitan corridors. These corridors, which facilitate economic and social interactions by connecting major urban areas, face significant challenges such as congestion, environmental concerns, and the need for sustainable growth. Effective lane management involves techniques such as HOV lanes, HOT lanes, reversible lanes, and dynamic toll pricing, which have been implemented worldwide. This study addresses the questions ‘What are the benefits and limitations of lane management strategies in metropolitan corridors?’ and ‘When should decision-makers consider implementing lane management strategies in a metropolitan corridor?’ This paper aims to evaluate lane management strategies to increase the multimodal efficiency of metropolitan corridors. A systematic literature review of case studies reveals that while these strategies significantly reduce congestion and emissions, they also face road safety, compliance, and public resistance issues. In addition, gaps in existing research on metropolitan corridors and lane management will be identified, and areas for future research are proposed. The impacts of new societal trends and evolving urban planning concepts are examined. The study highlights the need for adaptive planning and innovative solutions.

Janet Valdés Tito, Amauri Pereira de Oliveira, Maciel Piñero Sánchez et al.

This study evaluates nine Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) turbulence parameterization schemes from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale meteorological model, comparing hourly values of meteorological variables observed and simulated at the surface of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). The numerical results were objectively compared with high-quality observations carried out on three micrometeorological platforms representing typical urban, suburban, and rural land use areas of the MRSP, during the 2013 summer and winter field campaigns as part of the MCITY BRAZIL project. The main objective is to identify which PBL scheme best represents the diurnal evolution of conventional meteorological variables (temperature, relative and specific humidity, wind speed, and direction) and unconventional (sensible and latent heat fluxes, net radiation, and incoming downward solar radiation) on the surface. During the summer field campaign and over the suburban area of the MRSP, most PBL scheme simulations exhibited a cold and dry bias and overestimated wind speed. They also overestimated sensible heat flux, with high agreement index and correlation values. In general, the PBL scheme simulations performed well for latent heat flux, displaying low mean bias error and root square mean error values. Both incoming downward solar radiation and net radiation were also accurately simulated by most of them. The comparison of the nine PBL schemes indicated the local Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) scheme performed best during the summer period, particularly for conventional meteorological variables for the land use suburban in the MRSP. During the winter field campaign, simulation outcomes varied significantly based on the site’s land use and the meteorological variable analyzed. The MYJ, Bougeault-Lacarrère (BouLac), and Mellor-Yamada Nakanishi-Niino (MYNN) schemes effectively simulated temperature and humidity, especially in the urban land use area. The MYNN scheme also simulated net radiation accurately. There was a tendency to overestimate sensible and latent heat fluxes, except for the rural land use area where they were consistently underestimated. However, the rural area exhibited superior correlations compared to the urban area. Overall, the MYJ scheme was deemed the most suitable for representing the convectional and nonconventional meteorological variables on the surface in all urban, suburban, and rural land use areas of the MRSP.

Maxime Guinepain

Focused on the metropolitan area of Lyon (France), this article relies on a comparison between a social profile analysis of 32 state secondary schools’ recruitment areas and a series of interviews conducted with parents’ representatives. It leads to shed a new light upon the subject of middle- and upper-class “school choice” in urban segregated contexts, showing that even beyond their children’s future, these parents’ own social status is at stake.

Yun Shen, Ghulam Raza Sargani, Rui Wang et al.

China’s urban–rural dichotomy has resulted in a widening gap between urban and rural areas, posing significant challenges to rural development. This study aims to investigate the spatio-temporal differentiation and driving mechanisms of rural industry integration within the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle in China. Using panel data from 2011 to 2020, we employed the entropy weight TOPSIS method to construct a comprehensive index that charts the evolution of rural industry integration across various districts and counties. Additionally, we utilized fixed-effect and spatio-temporally weighted regression models to analyze the underlying driving forces behind this integration. Our findings reveal a dynamic and varied landscape of rural industry integration, with different levels of depth and breadth across various subsystems. Spatially, we observed a transition from a dispersed to a more concentrated agglomeration pattern within the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle. This shift suggests a diffusion effect emanating from core metropolitan areas, as well as an attracting force exerted by adjacent metropolitan circles. In terms of drivers, market demand, openness level, financial development, policy support, and agricultural insurance breadth significantly contribute to rural industry integration. However, technological progress and rural human capital exhibit a weaker correlation. Notably, our models identified pronounced spatial–temporal heterogeneity among these influencing factors, highlighting a nuanced and dynamic relationship between them. Overall, our study emphasizes the crucial role of rural industry integration in bridging the urban–rural divide and fostering sustainable agricultural development and rural revitalization. The insights gained from this research provide valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to optimize rural development strategies and unlock the potential of integrated rural industries.

Ethan G. Lewis

Gopal K Singh, M. Siahpush

Wolfgang Fuhl, Susanne Zabel, Theresa Harbig et al.

In this paper, we present two approaches and algorithms that adapt areas of interest (AOI) or regions of interest (ROI), respectively, to the eye tracking data quality and classification task. The first approach uses feature importance in a greedy way and grows or shrinks AOIs in all directions. The second approach is an extension of the first approach, which divides the AOIs into areas and calculates a direction of growth, i.e. a gradient. Both approaches improve the classification results considerably in the case of generalized AOIs, but can also be used for qualitative analysis. In qualitative analysis, the algorithms presented allow the AOIs to be adapted to the data, which means that errors and inaccuracies in eye tracking data can be better compensated for. A good application example is abstract art, where manual AOIs annotation is hardly possible, and data-driven approaches are mainly used for initial AOIs. Link: https://es-cloud.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/d/8e2ab8c3fdd444e1a135/?p=%2FAOIGradient&mode=list

Vuong Nguyen, Anh Ho, Duc-Anh Vu et al.

Despite notable results on standard aerial datasets, current state-of-the-arts fail to produce accurate building footprints in dense areas due to challenging properties posed by these areas and limited data availability. In this paper, we propose a framework to address such issues in polygonal building extraction. First, super resolution is employed to enhance the spatial resolution of aerial image, allowing for finer details to be captured. This enhanced imagery serves as input to a multitask learning module, which consists of a segmentation head and a frame field learning head to effectively handle the irregular building structures. Our model is supervised by adaptive loss weighting, enabling extraction of sharp edges and fine-grained polygons which is difficult due to overlapping buildings and low data quality. Extensive experiments on a slum area in India that mimics a dense area demonstrate that our proposed approach significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods by a large margin.

Mohammad Raziuddin Chowdhury, Md Sakib Ullah Sourav, Rejwan Bin Sulaiman

From the perspective of any nation, rural areas generally present a comparable set of problems, such as a lack of proper health care, education, living conditions, wages, and market opportunities. Some nations have created and developed the concept of smart villages during the previous few decades, which effectively addresses these issues. The landscape of traditional agriculture has been radically altered by digital agriculture, which has also had a positive economic impact on farmers and those who live in rural regions by ensuring an increase in agricultural production. We explored current issues in rural areas, and the consequences of smart village applications, and then illustrate our concept of smart village from recent examples of how emerging digital agriculture trends contribute to improving agricultural production in this chapter.

Neha Rai, Sandesh Thapa, Sara Rawal et al.

An experiment was conducted from February 19, 2022, to July 4, 2022, in the farmer's field of Itahari Sub-metropolitan city in Nepal under well water and drought conditions to screen thirty drought-tolerant spring rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes using various drought tolerant indices for its cultivation under rainfed and drought areas. Analysis of variance revealed that grain yield under both conditions were significantly different and yield under well-watered condition was higher than yield under drought condition. The greater value of tolerance index (TOL) was reported in Chaite-2 and IR-80991-B330-0-2 and the minimum value of TOL was reported in IRE16L1661 and IR16L1004. The lowest value of stress susceptibility index (SSI) was reported in IRE16L1661, the maximum value of yield susceptibility index (YSI) was reported in IRE16L1661, and the maximum values of mean productivity index (MP), geometrical mean productivity (GMP), and stress tolerance index (STI) were reported in IRE 1621661. Correlation analysis revealed that the high-yielding genotype under well-watered conditions also yielded higher under-stress conditions. For grain yield, analysis of variance and principal component analysis revealed that IRE 1621661 is suitable for both conditions and genotype IRE16L1661 is stable under drought conditions based on drought tolerance indices. Thus, these two genotypes can be recommended under drought stress in the inner plains of Nepal with appropriate agronomic practices.

Jitendra KUMAR

The present work has examined in geographic perspective metropolises in India that constitute an important component of Indian urban system. There are fifty two metropolises in India as per final totals of Census 2011. The study follows a systematic approach. The urban areas in the country have added 91 million persons in the last decade in which 51.8 million persons that is 56.9 percent have been added by metropolitan cities alone. India at a comparatively low level of urbanisation contains a fairly large proportion of population in its metropolitan cities. In order to comprehend the trend in growth pattern three time periods have been identified: British period (before 1951), post-Independence to initiation of economic liberalisation (1951-1991) and post-liberalisation (1991-2011) period. Succinctly put, nature of urbanisation has radically transformed from a selective growth of a few port cities during the British rule to emergence of large number of metropolises doting the entire length and breadth of country. The post-reform urbanisation in India is economy- driven, topheavy oriented towards larger cities. It is both an economic and administrative process. An individual million city’s strong linkage with the regional and global economy seems to be the determining factor of its growth/ spurt in their population. All this requires a massive investment for providing infrastructure and other civic amenities in metropolises.

Rizki Wulandari, Chung-Han Chan, Adhi Wibowo

Abstract The 2022 Mw6.2 Pasaman earthquake took place in central-west Sumatra in association with activity in the Sumatran Fault system. This study clarifies the spatial and temporal distribution of the Pasaman earthquake sequence and forecasts the earthquake sequence’s impact on the seismicity in the vicinity and in the Sumatran Fault system. We first examined the seismicity before the mainshock and observed temporal low b-value anomalies, shedding light on the earthquake’s precursor by monitoring b-values prior to the event. Based on the aftershocks in the first 18 days, we modeled the temporal distribution of the aftershocks according to the modified Omori’s law, which suggested this sequence could last 49–473 days. By further considering Båth’s law and the Gutenberg–Richter law, we estimated the temporal distribution of the maximum magnitudes in the aftershock sequence. To understand the spatial pattern of the aftershocks, we calculated the coseismic Coulomb stress change imparted by the Pasaman mainshock. Considering uncertainties of the Coulomb stress calculations from rupture geometry, mainshock parameters, friction coefficients, and strike angles of the receiver plane, the patterns of the Coulomb stress changes are similar that the stress increases extended northwest and southeast, consistent with aftershock distribution. We further evaluated rupture probability for each segment of the Sumatran Fault. Considering the stress perturbation imparted by the Pasaman earthquake, we expected a seismicity rate increase of ca. 40% at the Sumpur and Sianok segments in the short term. To quantify long-term rupture probability, the recurrence interval and the time elapsed since the previous earthquake were incorporated based on the time-dependent Brownian passage-time model. The earthquake probability at the Sumani segment in the coming 50 years was determined to be 72%. The results of this study have significant implications for subsequent probabilistic seismic hazard assessments, not only for Sumatra but also for certain metropolitan areas in Malaysia and Singapore.

Morris A. Davis, F. Ortalo-Magné, F. Ortalo-Magné

D. Acevedo-Garcia, N. McArdle, E. Hardy et al.

Pankaj K. Agarwal, Tzvika Geft, Dan Halperin et al.

We study the problem of motion planning for a collection of $n$ labeled unit disc robots in a polygonal environment. We assume that the robots have revolving areas around their start and final positions: that each start and each final is contained in a radius $2$ disc lying in the free space, not necessarily concentric with the start or final position, which is free from other start or final positions. This assumption allows a weakly-monotone motion plan, in which robots move according to an ordering as follows: during the turn of a robot $R$ in the ordering, it moves fully from its start to final position, while other robots do not leave their revolving areas. As $R$ passes through a revolving area, a robot $R'$ that is inside this area may move within the revolving area to avoid a collision. Notwithstanding the existence of a motion plan, we show that minimizing the total traveled distance in this setting, specifically even when the motion plan is restricted to be weakly-monotone, is APX-hard, ruling out any polynomial-time $(1+ε)$-approximation algorithm. On the positive side, we present the first constant-factor approximation algorithm for computing a feasible weakly-monotone motion plan. The total distance traveled by the robots is within an $O(1)$ factor of that of the optimal motion plan, which need not be weakly monotone. Our algorithm extends to an online setting in which the polygonal environment is fixed but the initial and final positions of robots are specified in an online manner. Finally, we observe that the overhead in the overall cost that we add while editing the paths to avoid robot-robot collision can vary significantly depending on the ordering we chose. Finding the best ordering in this respect is known to be NP-hard, and we provide a polynomial time $O(\log n \log \log n)$-approximation algorithm for this problem.

P. J. Cargill, S. J. Bradshaw, J. A. Klimchuk et al.

The Enthalpy Based Thermal Evolution of Loops (EBTEL) approximate model for static and dynamic coronal loops is developed to include the effect of a loop cross-sectional area which increases from the base of the transition region (TR) to the corona. The TR is defined as the part of a loop between the top of the chromosphere and the location where thermal conduction changes from an energy loss to an energy gain. There are significant differences from constant area loops due to the manner in which the reduced volume of the TR responds to conductive and enthalpy fluxes from the corona. For static loops with modest area variation the standard picture of loop energy balance is retained, with the corona and TR being primarily a balance between heating and conductive losses in the corona, and downward conduction and radiation to space in the TR. As the area at the loop apex increases, the TR becomes thicker and the density in TR and corona larger. For large apex areas, the coronal energy balance changes to one primarily between heating and radiation, with conduction playing an increasingly unimportant role, and the TR thickness becoming a significant fraction of the loop length. Approximate scaling laws are derived that give agreement with full numerical solutions for the density, but not the temperature. For non-uniform areas, dynamic loops have a higher peak temperature and are denser in the radiative cooling phase by of order 50% than the constant area case for the examples considered. They also show a final rapid cooling and draining once the temperature approaches 1 MK. Although the magnitude of the emission measure will be enhanced in the radiative phase, there is little change in the important observational diagnostic of its temperature dependence.