Hasil untuk "Men"

Liang‐Kung Chen, J. Woo, P. Assantachai et al.

Clinical and research interest in sarcopenia has burgeoned internationally, Asia included. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2014 consensus defined sarcopenia as "age-related loss of muscle mass, plus low muscle strength, and/or low physical performance" and specified cutoffs for each diagnostic component; research in Asia consequently flourished, prompting this update. AWGS 2019 retains the previous definition of sarcopenia but revises the diagnostic algorithm, protocols, and some criteria: low muscle strength is defined as handgrip strength <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women; criteria for low physical performance are 6-m walk <1.0 m/s, Short Physical Performance Battery score ≤9, or 5-time chair stand test ≥12 seconds. AWGS 2019 retains the original cutoffs for height-adjusted muscle mass: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, <7.0 kg/m2 in men and <5.4 kg/m2 in women; and bioimpedance, <7.0 kg/m2 in men and <5.7 kg/m2 in women. In addition, the AWGS 2019 update proposes separate algorithms for community vs hospital settings, which both begin by screening either calf circumference (<34 cm in men, <33 cm in women), SARC-F (≥4), or SARC-CalF (≥11), to facilitate earlier identification of people at risk for sarcopenia. Although skeletal muscle strength and mass are both still considered fundamental to a definitive clinical diagnosis, AWGS 2019 also introduces "possible sarcopenia," defined by either low muscle strength or low physical performance only, specifically for use in primary health care or community-based health promotion, to enable earlier lifestyle interventions. Although defining sarcopenia by body mass index-adjusted muscle mass instead of height-adjusted muscle mass may predict adverse outcomes better, more evidence is needed before changing current recommendations. Lifestyle interventions, especially exercise and nutritional supplementation, prevail as mainstays of treatment. Further research is needed to investigate potential long-term benefits of lifestyle interventions, nutritional supplements, or pharmacotherapy for sarcopenia in Asians.

G. Danaei, M. Finucane, Yuan Lu et al.

A. Jemal, R. Siegel, Jiaquan Xu et al.

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data regarding cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age‐standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,529,560 new cancer cases and 569,490 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2010. Overall cancer incidence rates decreased in the most recent time period in both men (1.3% per year from 2000 to 2006) and women (0.5% per year from 1998 to 2006), largely due to decreases in the 3 major cancer sites in men (lung, prostate, and colon and rectum [colorectum]) and 2 major cancer sites in women (breast and colorectum). This decrease occurred in all racial/ethnic groups in both men and women with the exception of American Indian/Alaska Native women, in whom rates were stable. Among men, death rates for all races combined decreased by 21.0% between 1990 and 2006, with decreases in lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer rates accounting for nearly 80% of the total decrease. Among women, overall cancer death rates between 1991 and 2006 decreased by 12.3%, with decreases in breast and colorectal cancer rates accounting for 60% of the total decrease. The reduction in the overall cancer death rates translates to the avoidance of approximately 767,000 deaths from cancer over the 16‐year period. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year. Although progress has been made in reducing incidence and mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons younger than 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population and by supporting new discoveries in cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society, Inc.

A. Renehan, M. Tyson, M. Egger et al.

BACKGROUND Excess bodyweight, expressed as increased body-mass index (BMI), is associated with the risk of some common adult cancers. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the strength of associations between BMI and different sites of cancer and to investigate differences in these associations between sex and ethnic groups. METHODS We did electronic searches on Medline and Embase (1966 to November 2007), and searched reports to identify prospective studies of incident cases of 20 cancer types. We did random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions of study-specific incremental estimates to determine the risk of cancer associated with a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. FINDINGS We analysed 221 datasets (141 articles), including 282,137 incident cases. In men, a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was strongly associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (RR 1.52, p<0.0001) and with thyroid (1.33, p=0.02), colon (1.24, p<0.0001), and renal (1.24, p <0.0001) cancers. In women, we recorded strong associations between a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI and endometrial (1.59, p<0.0001), gallbladder (1.59, p=0.04), oesophageal adenocarcinoma (1.51, p<0.0001), and renal (1.34, p<0.0001) cancers. We noted weaker positive associations (RR <1.20) between increased BMI and rectal cancer and malignant melanoma in men; postmenopausal breast, pancreatic, thyroid, and colon cancers in women; and leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in both sexes. Associations were stronger in men than in women for colon (p<0.0001) cancer. Associations were generally similar in studies from North America, Europe and Australia, and the Asia-Pacific region, but we recorded stronger associations in Asia-Pacific populations between increased BMI and premenopausal (p=0.009) and postmenopausal (p=0.06) breast cancers. INTERPRETATION Increased BMI is associated with increased risk of common and less common malignancies. For some cancer types, associations differ between sexes and populations of different ethnic origins. These epidemiological observations should inform the exploration of biological mechanisms that link obesity with cancer.

K. Flegal, M. Carroll, Cynthia L Ogden et al.

A. Must, Jennifer L. Spadano, E. Coakley et al.

I. Tannock, R. de Wit, W. Berry et al.

E. Laumann, Anthony Paik, R. Rosen

E. Calle, Carmen Rodríguez, Kimberly A. Walker-Thurmond et al.

L. Schultz

D. Peck, A. Nicholas Growth, H. J. Birnbaum

J. Ellul

Charlotte Angelhoff

Sömnens betydelse för barns hälsa och utveckling är väl etablerad, men hur vi bedömer sömnproblem hos barn är fortfarande en utmaning. Artikeln ”En umbrella review som summerar bedömningsinstrument för barn inom området sömn" ger en efterlängtad översikt över tillgängliga bedömningsinstrument och utgör ett viktigt steg mot mer strukturerad och evidensbaserad bedömning. Dock väcker den en reflektion kring metodval, särskilt den begränsning som följer av att endast tidigare systematiska översikter inkluderats.

David Mensah Otoo, Samuel Salu, Prince Tsekpetse et al.

Abstract Tobacco use in Nepal represents a significant public health challenge, with a prevalence of 28% reported among men. Despite the recognition of tobacco as a leading preventable cause of death globally, there remains a notable gap in understanding how shifts in social, economic, and public health landscapes since 2016 have influenced the predictors of tobacco use among Nepalese men. This study aims to investigate which factors still significantly influence the persistent trend in tobacco use among men in Nepal. This study utilized data from the male recode (MR) file of the 2022 Nepal DHS. The analysis included 4,913 men aged 15–49 years. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed across four models to determine factors influencing tobacco smoking among respondents. Results were presented as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and intraclass correlation coefficients. The prevalence of tobacco smoking among respondents was 28.0%. Men aged 35–44 (aOR = 0.80; 95% CI [0.82–0.98]) and 45–49 (aOR = 0.70; 95% CI [0.53–0.99]) had reduced odds of using tobacco compared to younger men aged 15–24. Men with higher educational levels had decreased odds of smoking tobacco (aOR = 0.40; 95% CI [0.24–0.61]) as compared to men with no formal education. Men who lived in hilly (aOR = 0.70; 95% CI [0.50–0.92]) and terai regions (aOR = 0.70; 95% CI [0.50–0.96]) also had reduced odds of smoking tobacco as compared to those living in mountainous areas. However, the odds of smoking tobacco were highest among men who were involved in skilled manual labor (aOR = 2.60; 95% CI [1.89–3.61]) relative to those who were not working. Men who consumed alcohol had higher odds of smoking tobacco (aOR = 3.80; 95% CI [3.28–4.40]) than those who did not consume alcohol. Men in the richest wealth category also showed increased odds of smoking tobacco (aOR = 1.40; 95% CI [1.02–1.89]) compared to those in the poorest category. Moreover, men who reported good (aOR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.02–1.38]) or moderate (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI [1.13–2.14]) health status had higher odds of smoking tobacco compared to those who reported bad health status. The study concluded that factors such as age, education, occupation, alcohol consumption, self-reported health status, ecological region, and wealth index were factors that significantly influenced tobacco smoking among men in Nepal. Nepal must strengthen tobacco control by enforcing regulations, adopting new policies, expanding cessation support, and increasing public awareness.

Jun-Young Sung, Su-Yeon Roh, Moon Jin Lee et al.

To examine the relationship between the applicability of the Sarcopenia & Quality of Life (SarQoL) questionnaire and physical fitness factors including living environment, body composition, and exercise function of individuals aged over 60 years were analyzed. The study included 551 older adults (129 men, 422 women) aged 60–100 years, residing in South Korea, and without serious diseases, disabilities, or physical activity limitations. Demographics, health indicators, living conditions, SarQoL survey results, and physical fitness were assessed. Group differences were evaluated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Hierarchical regression analysis explored the relationship between SarQoL scores and various factors, and multiple logistic regression analyzed the association between SarQoL and exercise variables. Statistical significance was set at <i>p</i> < 0.05. Sex (B, 0.200; t, 2.233; <i>p</i> < 0.001), age (B, −0.031; t, −6.574; <i>p</i> < 0.001), education level (B, −0.110; t, 3.067; <i>p</i> = 0.002), and regular physical activity influenced SarQoL scores. Physical fitness measures were significantly correlated with SarQoL scores. Additionally, conditions such as diabetes, sleep disorders, and sarcopenia affected SarQoL outcomes. High SarQoL in older adults is associated with higher educational attainment, presence of medical conditions, and improved physical fitness. This underscores the complex interplay of physical and mental health in the aging process and highlights the importance of preventing and managing sarcopenia to improve the quality of life for older adults.

Sydney Boike, MD, Mikayla J. Baker, MD, Lucas Ray, MD et al.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate normative measurements of the thumb relative to the index finger; this may help guide hand surgery reconstruction and define a thumb as hyperplastic or hypertrophic. Methods: In total, 162 Minnesota State Fair participants were measured for thumb and index finger length, width, girth; joint range of motion (ROM) of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints; and pinch and grip strength. Results: Participants’ age averaged 42.5 (range 14–88) years with 57% female, 86% White, and 86% right-handed. The right and left demonstrated similarity of thumb and index finger size for each participant. Men demonstrated larger length and girth of the thumb and index finger and stronger pinch and grip strengths but have minimal differences in ROM compared to women. The ratio of the index fingernail is 75% of the thumbnail. The length of the thumb is 73% of the index finger, and the thumb interphalangeal girth is 80% of the index finger proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. On average, the thumb tip sits 1.9 cm proximal to the index PIP joint. Conclusions: Anthropometric measurements of the thumb and index fingers demonstrate similarities of right and left hands for length, girth, ROM, and strength. Differences exist with size and strength greater for men compared with women, without differences in ROM. The thumb tip, on average, sits 19 mm proximal to the PIP joint, which is contrary to the conventional teaching for index pollicization to set the thumb tip length to the level of the adjacent finger PIP joint. Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic IV.

Gana Odeh, Mohammed Alili, Roa Hamshari et al.

Abstract Polycythemia is a hematological condition characterized by an elevated red blood cell (RBC) mass that exceeds the normal range for a specific age and gender; it can be classified as either primary or secondary. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of primary and secondary polycythemia among adult blood donors in the West Bank and characterize potential risk factors. This cross-sectional study included 674 adult Palestinian male blood donors, aged 18 to 62 years, at An-Najah National University Hospital. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Eligible donors underwent complete blood count (CBC) analysis, and samples meeting the latest World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria for polycythemia, hemoglobin > 16.5 g/dL or hematocrit > 49% in men, were sent for DNA sequencing. Among the participants, 16.6% met the diagnostic criteria for polycythemia; however, none had the JAK2 p.V617F mutation, indicating a potential lack of polycythemia vera (PV). Risk factor analysis revealed an increased risk of polycythemia in moderate (p = 0.039, OR 2.223, [95% CI 1.041–4.746]), heavy cigarette smoking (p = 0.008, OR 2.301, [95% CI 1.246–4.249]), and heavy waterpipe smoking (p ≤ 0.001, OR: 5.019, [95% CI 2.364–10.653]), whereas heavy coffee consumption had a protective effect against polycythemia (p = 0.013, OR 0.444 [95% CI 0.234–0.843]). The absence of the JAK2 p.V617F mutation among participants suggests that secondary polycythemia predominance is driven by smoking and other modifiable lifestyle factors. These findings emphasize the importance of public health efforts focused on lifestyle modification to reduce the risk of polycythemia.

Peter Raidl, Barbara Wessner, Robert Csapo

Introduction The response to stress is driven by two interdependent systems: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which regulate cardiac control, endocrine levels, and immune function (Tsigos et al., 2000). Previous research suggests that regular exercisers show reduced responses to acute psychosocial stressors (Mücke et al., 2018). Nevertheless, it is currently unknown if the stress response in exercisers depends on the type of stressor and physiological marker of interest. Also, little research has directly compared male and female participants. Understanding the specificity of the response is crucial for designing future research on exercise and stress. This pilot study should clarify the feasibility of the presented design and methods to address this research gap. Methods We adopted a crossover design, exposing subjects to two laboratory-based stress tests in random, counterbalanced order. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; Kirschbaum et al., 1993) induces psychosocial stress, while the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST; Smeets et al., 2012) incorporates additional physiological components by immersing one hand in ice water. Young, healthy, physically active subjects (n = 12; 6 females, 6 males; age = 20-3 yrs) were invited to the laboratory twice, one month apart. Females were eumenorrheic and invited within the self-reported mid-luteal phase. Participants were asked to arrive well-rested and under standardized dietary conditions. After a 15-minute resting period during which baseline measures were taken, participants underwent the stress test. Subsequently, participants sat in a quiet room for follow-up sampling of heart rate (HR), serum blood (+0 min, +5 min, +25 min), saliva, and subjective stress via a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS100; +0 min, +5 min, +10 min, +15 min, +25 min). Free cortisol and HR were defined as primary markers for HPA and ANS activity, respectively, and analyzed using a [timepoint x test x sex] ANOVA followed by the Games-Howell. VAS100 was analyzed using continuous ordinal regression. Results HR was higher during the TSST than the MAST (∆ HR = 21.1 bpm, 95% CI [8.8, 33.4]). No sex differences for HR were found. Sex differences indicate lower cortisol in females (g = 0.87, 95% CI [0.49, 1.26]), but no time- or interaction effects were found (p > 0.05). VAS100 significantly increased following the stress tests. The MAST evoked higher VAS100 than the TSST (g = 0.46, 95% CI [0.13, 0.79]), and women reported higher levels of subjective stress than men (g = 0.62, 95% CI [0.29, 0.95]). Discussion While HR is a marker of ANS activity, the amount of movement during the interview phase might increase HR during the TSST. On the other hand, the VAS100 might reflect the physical pain experienced by the ice water and less so the psychosocial component. Despite increases in subjective stress, cortisol levels exhibited no change. This difference is in line with previous work hypothesizing even a protective effect of cortisol on subjective stress (Het et al., 2012). We conclude that the design is promising for testing hypotheses concerning the physiological and subjective stress response during acute laboratory stress tests in an exercising population. As this is a pilot study, inferential statistics should be read cautiously. This study was designed to facilitate a larger-scale project with sufficient power. References Het, S., Schoofs, D., Rohleder, N., & Wolf, O. T. (2012). Stress-induced cortisol level elevations are associated with reduced negative affect after stress: Indications for a mood-buffering cortisol effect. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31823a4a25 Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K. M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The ’Trier Social Stress Test’—A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28(1–2), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000119004 Mücke, M., Ludyga, S., Colledge, F., & Gerber, M. (2018). Influence of regular physical activity and fitness on stress reactivity as measured with the Trier Social Stress Test Protocol: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48(11), 2607–2622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0979-0 Smeets, T., Cornelisse, S., Quaedflieg, C. W. E. M., Meyer, T., Jelicic, M., & Merckelbach, H. (2012). Introducing the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST): A quick and non-invasive approach to elicit robust autonomic and glucocorticoid stress responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(12), 1998–2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.012 Tsigos, C., Kyrou, I., Kassi, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2000). Stress: Endocrine physiology and pathophysiology. In K. R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, M. R. Blackman, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, E. Corpas, W. W. de Herder, K. Dhatariya, K. Dungan, J. Hofland, S. Kalra, G. Kaltsas, N. Kapoor, C. Koch, P. Kopp, M. Korbonits, C. S. Kovacs, W. Kuohung, B. Laferrère, … D. P. Wilson (Eds.), Endotext. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278995/

Huimeng Yan, Jinyuan Huang, Yingying Li et al.

Abstract Background There is an ongoing debate on whether sex affects immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. Here, we explored the underlying molecular bases for sex dimorphisms and their impact on the efficacy of immunotherapy in esophageal cancer (EC). Methods 2360 EC patients from phase 3 trials were pooled to compare overall survivals by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Genomic data of 1425 samples were integrated to depict the genomic landscapes and antigenic features. We also examined the sex disparities based on single-cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor-sequencing data from 105,145 immune cells in 60 patients. Results Immunotherapy was associated with favorable outcomes in men (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.65–0.79; P < 0.001), but not in women (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.78–1.23; P = 0.84) (P interaction =0.02). The frequencies of 8 gene mutations, 12 single base substitutions signatures, and 131 reactome pathways were significantly different between male and female. Additionally, six subtypes of HLA-II antigens were enriched in women. Hence, we constructed and then validated a sex-related signature to better predict the outcomes of immunotherapy. Exhausted CD8+ T cells were highly infiltrated in men, while naïve CD8+ T cells were more common in women. Further examinations on multiple malignancies suggested exhausted CD8+ T cells were enriched in patients who responded to immunotherapy. Conclusions Our study delineated the robust genomic and cellular sex disparities in EC. Furthermore, male, rather than female, derived significantly benefits from immunotherapy. These results have implications for treatment decision-making and developing immunotherapy for personalized care. Plain English Summary In the past several years, immunotherapy has gradually replaced the traditional chemotherapy as the standard treatment in esophageal cancer. It is well-established that immunological responses in male and female differ significantly. However, there is an ongoing debate on whether sex can impact the treatment outcomes in immunotherapy. In the present study, we systematically characterized the genomic and cellular landscapes of esophageal cancer, and revealed the significant differences between male and female patients. Furthermore, with over 2000 patients with esophageal cancer, we showed that only men can benefit from immunotherapy. In women, immunotherapy failed to show superior over chemotherapy. These results have implications for treatment decision-making and developing next-generation immunotherapy for personalized care.

J. Janowsky, Shelia K. Oviatt, E. Orwoll