Integration of AI into environmental regulation represents a significant advancement in data management. It offers promising results in both data protection plus algorithmic fairness. This research addresses the critical need for sustainable data protection in the era of ever evolving cyber threats. Traditional encryption methods face limitations in handling the dynamic nature of environmental data. This necessitates the exploration of advanced cryptographic techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate how AI can enhance these techniques to ensure robust data protection while facilitating fair algorithmic management. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of current advancements in AI-enhanced homomorphic encryption (HE) and multi-party computation (MPC). It is coupled with an analysis of how these techniques can be applied to environmental data regulation. Key findings indicate that AI-driven dynamic key management, adaptive encryption schemes, and optimized computational efficiency in HE, alongside AI-enhanced protocol optimization and fault mitigation in MPC, significantly improve the security of environmental data processing. These findings highlight a crucial research gap in the intersection of AI, cyber laws, and environmental regulation, particularly in terms of addressing algorithmic bias, transparency, and accountability. The implications of this research underscore the need for stricter cyber laws. Also, the development of comprehensive regulations to safeguard sensitive environmental data. Future efforts should focus on refining AI systems to balance security with privacy and ensuring that regulatory frameworks can adapt to technological advancements. This study provides a foundation for future research aimed at achieving secure sustainable environmental data management through AI innovations.
The article is devoted to systematizing the criminal-law characteristics of the victim and formulating practical guidelines for their application in the qualification of criminal offenses, sentencing, and the use of incentive-based legal mechanisms. The author substantiates a conceptual understanding of the content and functions of the criminal-law features of the victim. Based on the analysis of doctrinal approaches, legislative constructions, and the practical needs of criminal justice, a multi-level classification of victim-related characteristics is proposed. It is structured according to: their criminal-law significance; their role within the structure of the corpus delicti; the distinction between general and special categories of victims; the type of offense composition; the form of guilt; the degree of legislative specification; the level of normative definition; the quantitative characteristics of victims; and the source of regulatory determination. It is demonstrated that mandatory characteristics perform a constructive function within the structure of a criminal offense, while optional characteristics ensure the individualization of punishment and influence the application of incentive norms. The study shows that in qualified and especially qualified offense compositions, special characteristics of the victim increase the degree of social harm of the act, while in privileged compositions certain attributes or behavior of the victim, conversely, tend to mitigate the criminal-law assessment of the act. Differences in the functioning of these characteristics depending on the form of guilt are highlighted: in intentional offenses they personalize the direction and focus of the unlawful act (including the offender’s awareness of specific features of the victim), whereas in negligent offenses they indirectly influence the assessment of consequences and the degree of liability. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a comprehensive classification of victim-related characteristics that integrates substantive (functional) criteria with criteria of legislative technique and the source of legal regulation, as well as in establishing practical guidelines on the limits of literal, restrictive, and expansive interpretation. The practical significance of the work lies in enhancing the predictability of law enforcement, unifying approaches to legal qualification, providing proper differentiation of liability, and reducing the risk of errors arising from the competition of norms.
We provide counterexamples showing that uniform laws of large numbers do not hold for subdifferentials under natural assumptions. Our constructions are univariate random Lipschitz functions and bivariate random convex functions with two smooth pieces. Consequently, they resolve the questions posed by Shapiro and Xu [J. Math. Anal. Appl., 325 (2007), 1390-1399] in the negative. They also demonstrate the failure of certain graphical and pointwise laws for subdifferentials, revealing fundamental barriers to the consistency of sample-average approximation and subdifferential approximation.
We establish a symmetry principle for asymptotically cylindrical steady gradient Ricci solitons (GRSs) and asymptotically conical expanding GRSs with homogeneous links. Using this, we show that the Bryant steady soliton is the unique asymptotically cylindrical steady GRS that has a round spherical link and satisfies a particular quantitative rigidity condition. A similar characterization is proved for Bryant's expanding solitons. Finally, we establish a global symmetry result for GRSs which exhibit the aforementioned asymptotics with quotient-Berger sphere asymptotic links.
As Islamic banks grow and evolve, pricing methods for their services have become essential to study and implement. This study highlights the significance of understanding the factors influencing Islamic banking service pricing in Algeria. The study aims to analyze how Islamic banks price their services, with a focus on cost, market, and value strategies. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate and recommend ways to enhance the current practices of banks operating in the national market. Algeria is experiencing rapid growth in Islamic banking, making it an ideal location to study this subject. The country is home to two Islamic banks, Al Baraka Bank and Al Salam Bank. Algeria was selected as a new market to allow the findings to be applicable to similar situations elsewhere. The research utilizes secondary data obtained from available information on Islamic bank service fees, comparing them with those of traditional banks. It also conducts financing simulations in both banks and compares them with the traditional theoretical framework. Data was gathered from various sources, including bank websites, annual reports, and previous studies. The research reveals that Algerian Islamic banks do not prioritize scientific methods in pricing their services. The results suggest that these banks operate within a traditional framework under the oversight of the central bank. The central bank's rules depend on the prices of services conventional banks offer. This shapes how customers perceive these banks as representatives of Islamic banking. Islamic banks can utilize the study's results to develop pricing strategies that are more effective and compliant with Islamic law. Regulators can utilize these findings to formulate enhanced policies to bolster the Islamic banking sector. The results also assist researchers in delving deeper into the realm of Islamic banking service pricing. This study refutes the hypothesis that Algerian Islamic banks have enhanced the efficiency of their service pricing by adopting models in line with Islamic finance principles, such as profit-sharing, while considering market conditions and service value. They should embrace more pragmatic and beneficial pricing strategies that align with Islamic law, cater to customer needs, and enhance their competitiveness and value in the national banking market.
O presente trabalho visa discutir a questão do reabandono de crianças e adolescentes adotados após a sentença transitar em julgado e durante o estágio de convivência, com ênfase na necessidade de indenização. Para isso, será realizado um levantamento histórico acerca da adoção, desde a antiguidade até seu formato atual, abrangendo suas diversas etapas - habilitação, curso preparatório, estágio de convivência e adoção de fato - para contextualizar a discussão sobre o reabandono. Nesta senda, serão analisadas as motivações e dificuldades encontradas que levam os adotantes a optar por “devolver” uma criança ou adolescente à instituição de origem, bem como as implicações psicológicas e jurídicas e o impacto ocasionado em um caso real analisado. Posteriormente, o trabalho investigará o uso da responsabilidade civil na devolução do adotando, instituto já aplicado pela jurisprudência nos casos em que a adoção foi consolidada, e levantará questionamentos sobre a aplicação do instituto quando da desistência do processo durante o estágio de convivência. Para a concretização do trabalho, a abordagem metodológica utilizada fundamentou-se no método dedutivo, através de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Foi possível verificar, a partir do estudo, que a desistência do processo finalizado, bem como do processo que se encontra em fase avançada, gera diversos danos ao adotando, de forma que a lacuna encontrada na legislação acerca de disposição específica facilita a prática do ato ilícito pelos adotantes.
The article discusses some results of the reform of control and supervision activities taking place in the Russian Federation from 2016 to the present. The pros and cons of the reform are illustrated by the example of environmental control, including control over waste management. Purpose: to analyze the results of the reform of control and supervision activities on the example of state environmental control (supervision) over industrial waste management. Methods: data retrieval and collection; data processing: description, generalization, classification, search for patterns; analysis of data processing results. Results: the current legal regulation of relations in the field of environmental control and supervision requires further improvement in order to achieve the goals set for reforming the entire system of control activities in the country, and to the system of state environmental administration. The situation when the achievement of some indicators occurs at the expense of reducing others in the public administration sector seems unacceptable, or rather short-sighted, especially when the achievement of economic indicators is prioritized over environmental ones.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The South African government is navigating many basic municipal service delivery challenges, including a growing electricity supply deficit. Eskom Holdings SOC Limited, the state-owned power utility, is struggling to generate and supply a stable and uninterrupted flow of electricity through its grid system. The inadequate generation capacity results in rotating power outages, known as loadshedding, which occur when demand surpasses generating capability. This fundamental service delivery challenge, in conjunction with South Africa's climate change responses, including the decision to work towards energy efficiency, renewable energy and cleaner energy or a "just transition" from coal to clean energy, encourages many South Africans who have the necessary means to invest in off-grid energy solutions that operate alongside and at times independently of Eskom's grid. This paper considers from a legal perspective how and to what extent legislation on electricity supply and municipal by-laws empower household consumers to fulfil their right to electricity by going off-grid. The paper ultimately considers the import of this on South Africa's energy governance framework for electricity provision in the country.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
We propose a novel Hermite-Taylor correction function method to handle embedded boundary and interface conditions for Maxwell's equations. The Hermite-Taylor method evolves the electromagnetic fields and their derivatives through order $m$ in each Cartesian coordinate. This makes the development of a systematic approach to enforce boundary and interface conditions difficult. Here we use the correction function method to update the numerical solution where the Hermite-Taylor method cannot be applied directly. Time derivatives of boundary and interface conditions, converted into spatial derivatives, are enforced to obtain a stable method and relax the time-step size restriction of the Hermite-Taylor correction function method. The proposed high-order method offers a flexible systematic approach to handle embedded boundary and interface problems, including problems with discontinuous solutions at the interface. This method is also easily adaptable to other first order hyperbolic systems.
We adapt the post-Newtonian gravitational-radiation methods developed within general relativity by Epstein and Wagoner to the gravitation theory with torsion, recently proposed by Hehl et al., and show that the two theories predict in this approximation the same gravitational radiation losses. Since they agree also on the first post-Newtonian level, they are at the present time - observationally - indistinguishable.
In previous work, a first law of generalized entropy was derived from semiclassical gravitational dynamics around thermal setups using an assumed relation between the matter modular Hamiltonian and the gravitational stress tensor. Allowing for non-minimal coupling between curvature and any tensor matter fields, we show however, that the modular Hamiltonian of thermal states is given by the integrated bulk Noether current associated to time translation plus a spacetime boundary term. One generally cannot express this in terms of gravitational stress tensor components. Still, working with the correct expression for the modular Hamiltonian, we are able to recover a first law of generalized entropy, with added benefits over the previous result. Firstly, any Wald-Dong contributions to generalized entropy resulting from non-minimal coupling between matter and curvature are included. Secondly, in gravitational equations of motion, we allow for a non-vanishing stress tensor expectation value in the unperturbed background and state, and account for background field perturbations as part of its variation. Finally, the quantum matter is allowed to contribute nontrivially to asymptotic energy, e.g. as is necessary, even for a minimally coupled Maxwell field, to recover the expected thermodynamic first law of charged black holes.
Nos últimos anos, o Brasil instituiu uma política pública voltada à efetivação do direito de acesso à justiça por meio de mecanismos autocompositivos, o que fora alicerçado na edição de normas resolutivas. Nesse aspecto, os cursos de Direito receberam orientações para um ajustamento em conformidade com essas implementações. A presente pesquisa objetiva compreender o panorama atual de formação básica de profissionais de Direito, essencialmente, no que concerne sua preparação para as práticas de resolução de conflitos pautadas em autonomia, diálogo e consensualidade entre os envolvidos. O método de abordagem é o dedutivo e o levantamento de dados se deu por fontes primárias e fontes secundárias (pesquisa documental e pesquisa bibliográfica). O problema que move o trabalho questiona: as diretrizes da formação jurídica fundamental encontram-se alinhadas às disposições presentes nas resoluções que contemplam as atividades autocompositivas? A conclusão aponta para uma formação ainda incipiente naquilo que se refere ao estudo e à capacitação para formas consensuais de resolução de conflitos.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El artículo examina algunas cuestiones generales acerca de los ingresos públicos vinculados a la seguridad social. En forma introductoria, se aclara que no sólo la solución de un problema, sino también su propia existencia, dependen del paradigma teórico desde el cual se aborde un determinado fenómeno. A partir de ello, se propone que la “sustentabilidad” de la seguridad social es un problema desde el punto de vista de una concepción neoclásica de las finanzas públicas, pero no –por ejemplo- en una perspectiva poskeynesiana. Fuera de ello, el problema de la “sustentabilidad” sólo es propio del “sistema contributivo”, no de otras estructuras que relacionan egresos e ingresos públicos de la seguridad social. Por ese motivo, seguidamente se examinan críticamente los fundamentos del “sistema contributivo” de la seguridad social, conjuntamente con explicaciones teóricas del mismo. Luego, se propone que el efecto real del sistema contributivo debe tomar en cuenta no sólo las transferencias sino también los tributos que recaen sobre los trabajadores, tanto en forma directa como indirectamente a través de la traslación, aplicando el concepto de “salario social neto”, análisis que permite concluir que el peso de los tributos aminora considerablemente los beneficios que reciben los trabajadores.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Social sciences (General)
La fiscalidad participativa supone un plexo epistémico que posibilita el empoderamiento ciudadano en la gestión integral de las finanzas públicas. Constituye un estado complejo de relaciones que posee como denominador común la democratización del soporte financiero de la labor estatal en general y administrativa en particular; su imbricación teórica con la economía social y solidaria como posición que privilegia los límites sociales al mercado, priorizando el papel de los productores, y los valores de solidaridad y fraternidad que se producen en el marco de las relaciones de distribución, cambio y consumo. El análisis de ambas teorías permite empoderar a los sujetos que tradicionalmente permanecen alejados de las decisiones financieras, y su interconexión desde el punto de vista epistemológico permite la creación de un poderoso instrumento de formulación popular de políticas dirigidas a democratizar los procesos económicos, junto con los mecanismos estatales y administrativos reguladores de la materia.
Patrick Sohr, Dongxia Wei, Zhengtianye Wang
et al.
Semiconductor-based layered hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) house high-wavevector volume plasmon polariton (VPP) modes in the infrared spectral range. VPP modes have successfully been exploited in the weak-coupling regime through the enhanced Purcell effect. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate strong coupling between the VPP modes in a semiconductor HMM and the intersubband transition of epitaxially-embedded quantum wells. We observe clear anticrossings in the dispersion curves for the zeroth-, first-, second-, and third-order VPP modes, resulting in upper and lower polariton branches for each mode. This demonstration sets the stage for the creation of novel infrared optoelectronic structures combining HMMs with embedded epitaxial emitter or detector structures.
We propose high-order FDTD schemes based on the Correction Function Method (CFM) for Maxwell's interface problems with discontinuous coefficients and complex interfaces. The key idea of the CFM is to model the correction function near an interface to retain the order of a finite difference approximation. For this, we solve a system of PDEs based on the original problem by minimizing an energy functional. The CFM is applied to the standard Yee scheme and a fourth-order FDTD scheme. The proposed CFM-FDTD schemes are verified in 2-D using the transverse magnetic mode (TM$_z$). Numerical examples include scattering of magnetic and non-magnetic dielectric cylinders, and problems with manufactured solutions using various complex interfaces and discontinuous piecewise varying coefficients. Long-time simulations are also performed to provide numerical evidences of the stability of the proposed numerical approach. The proposed CFM-FDTD schemes achieve up to fourth-order convergence in $L^2$-norm and provide approximations devoid of spurious oscillations.
Multi-label (ML) data deals with multiple classes associated with individual samples at the same time. This leads to the co-occurrence of several classes repeatedly, which indicates some existing correlation among them. In this article, the correlation among classes has been explored to improve the classification performance of existing ML classifiers. A novel approach of frequent label-set mining has been proposed to extract these correlated classes from the label-sets of the data. Both co-presence (CP) and co-absence (CA) of classes have been taken into consideration. The rules mined from the ML data has been further used to incorporate class correlation information into existing ML classifiers. The soft scores generated by an ML classifier are modified through a novel approach using the CP-CA rules. A concept of certain and uncertain scores has been defined here, where the proposed method aims to improve the uncertain scores with the help of the certain scores and their corresponding CP-CA rules. This has been experimentally analysed on ten ML datasets for three ML existing classifiers which shows substantial improvement in their overall performance.
Article 30 paragraph (1) of Law No. 38/2014 letter j explains that nurses are authorized to administer drug administration to clients, but the facts on the field nurses are actually arrested by Police for providing pharmaceutical preparations for clients. This shows that there has been an imbalance between regulations and facts on the ground.
The problem in this study is how the nurse's authority in the service of giving red label medicines in the practice of independent nursing and how the legal protection of nurses in the practice of independent nursing
This research method uses a normative juridical approach, with secondary data collection, to prove whether it is true that nurses are prohibited from giving red label drugs. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively.
Based on the results of the study found that nurses have the authority to administer all drugs including red labeled drugs except drugs that contain narcotics and psychotronics. Nurses can provide these drugs both in terms of limitations and not. In that case, nurses obtain preventive legal protection by carrying out their obligations as nurses and fulfilling the rights of patients and not committing unlawful acts.
This paper aims to revisit and expand upon previous work on the "hot hand" phenomenon in basketball, specifically in the NBA. Using larger, modern data sets, we test streakiness of shooting patterns and the presence of hot hand behavior in free throw shooting, while going further by examining league-wide hot hand trends and the changes in individual player behavior. Additionally, we perform simulations in order to assess their power. While we find no evidence of the hot hand in game-play and only weak evidence in free throw trials, we find that some NBA players exhibit behavioral changes based on the outcome of their previous shot.