Il saggio presenta l’orazione che l’umanista Andrea Contrario rivolse, probabilmente nel 1456, ad Alfonso il Magnanimo; ne ripercorre la trama caratterizzata da un’alta formalizzazione retorica e da una ricca intertestualità, evidenziando il tema della contrapposizione tra Turchi e Cristiani e facendo emergere ragioni, aspettative, posizioni ideologiche diffuse a Napoli, come in Italia e in Europa. Particolare attenzione è riservata al motivo della laus del sovrano (re, imperatore, ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν, paladino di tutta la cristianità) che permea l’intera orazione, e costituisce anche la legittimazione per l’autore a parlare a nome del popolo cristiano, che attende da Alfonso la crociata contro l’empio turco per salvaguardare la cristianità.
The article deals with historical events which took place in the North Caucasus in the 13th-19th centuries and influenced the formation of the region’s arms complex. It analyzes such factors as the influence of large states, trade relations, borrowings, as well as the processes of independent evolution of various arms types. Both historical sources and studies by modern authors are presented.
The study concludes that during different periods militarized societies of the North Caucasus adopted arms culture of other states: the Khazar Khaganate, the Golden Horde, Italy, Persia, Egypt, the Ottoman Porte, and the Russian Empire. At the same time, local arms production did not cover necessary needs both qualitatively or quantitatively. In the author’s opinion, most of cold and fire arms used in the North Caucasus were only decorated in local traditions or were remade later by local craftsmen. It is also not quite justified to speak exclusively about Circassian arms, given the small number of surviving historical items – this issue requires further research.
The work considers certain types of sabres, shashkas and kindjals. Information on surviving historical samples used in the region is presented. Historical sources on arms production and its inflow into the region are provided.
The author covers etymology of certain historical terms, their use, development and interpretation at different periods of time. The paper also raises the issue of attributional features of Circassian arms. The author singles out ornamentation and finishing style of Circassian arms as the main feature in the identification of local samples or their imitations in other regions.
Although the author’s conclusions partially disagree with some of the established theories in weaponology, the discussion of complex topics and constructive confrontation appear useful and even necessary for scientific discussion of controversial historical issues.
In the last phase of Louis XIV’s reign, from the 1690s onwards, the Château de Marly, in addition to Versailles, became a key venue for royal political activities. This essay examines the extent to which a connection can be observed between the conception and function of these two residences, through a comparative analysis of the oath ceremonies for bishops as they took place under Louis XIV in Versailles and in Marly. The aim is to show how the design and decor of Marly complemented that of Versailles and offered spatial markers for the control of sacred matters such as the bishop’s oath. This study establishes two key points. To begin with, in the first half of the 1690s, the chapel at Versailles emerged as the main venue for these celebrations. It was there that the king established the new conception of his role based on piety and re-established the stability of the French episcopate after years of crisis. From around 1695 onwards, Marly became increasingly important for the oath ceremonies. It is possible to apply Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia to the analysis of the function of this residence. It reveals, among other things, that Marly contributed to the creation of elite episcopal structures and enabled bishops to position themselves in the feudal hierarchy.
Alma Elisa Delgado Coellar, Daniela Velázquez Ruíz
El presente artículo describe dos enfoques paradigmáticos de la historia de la ciencia. Por un lado, las ciencias de la naturaleza, y por otro, las ciencias del espíritu. Esto funciona como un preámbulo hacia las metodologías del arte que inciden en un estudio profundo del proceso generador de la obra, no en miras de una evaluación de un producto final y/o terminado, sino por el contrario, la consideración de la serie de elementos que le configuran, desde su entorno ambiental, sus condiciones socio-político-culturales, las características de la tecnología de la cual se dispone para su creación, las cualidades de quien le produce, entre otros elementos, todos estos determinantes en un pensamiento fenomenológico integrador para la investigación de las artes.
En el siguiente artículo me propongo analizar las figuras poéticas que Manuel Scorza emplea en su narrativa. Por ejemplo, solo con prestar atención a los títulos de La guerra silenciosa ya podemos hallar ciertas claves. En Redoble por Rancas hay una técnica del verso llamada aliteración, lo que vuelve resonante el título. Delimitado este último, se prestará atención en cómo este estilo poético sirve a nuestro autor para la rescritura de la historia nacional y la representación del pensamiento o epistemología andina. Lo primero, comparando a los héroes de la independencia nacional (Simón Bolívar) con la guardia de asalto (la que masacra campesinos), y lo segundo, enfocándose en la naturaleza y el mito.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Literature (General)
The rollout of antiretroviral drugs in sub-Saharan Africa to address the huge health impact of the HIV pandemic has been one of the largest projects undertaken in medical history and is an unprecedented medical success story. However, the path has been and still is characterized by many far reaching implementational challenges. Here, we report on the building and maintaining of a role model clinic in Ifakara, rural Southwestern Tanzania, within a collaborative project to support HIV services within the national program, training for staff and integrated research to better understand local needs and improve patients’ outcomes.
J. L. Llisterri-Caro, S. Cinza-Sanjurjo, V. Martín-Sánchez
et al.
Background: The prevalence of chronic heart failure (CHF) in patients assisted in primary care is not well known. We investigated the prevalence of CHF, its associated factors, and its therapeutic management. Methods and findings: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted in primary care (PC) in baseline patients of the IBERICAN study (Identification of the Spanish Population at Cardiovascular and Renal Risk). CHF was defined as the presence of this condition in the medical history, classifying patients according to the type of ventricular dysfunction in CHF with preserved ejection fraction (pEF), or CHF with reduced ejection fraction (rEF). Clinical characteristics, relationship between CHF and main cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), and drug treatments used according to ejection fraction (EF) were analyzed. Results: A total of 8066 patients were included (54.5% women), average age (SD) was 57.9 (14.8) years, of which 3.1% (95% CI: 2.3–3.7) presented CHF, without differences between men and women. CHF with pEF (61.8%; 95% CI: 55.5–67.6) was more frequent in women, and CHF with rEF (38.1%; 95% CI: 33.2–45.5) (p = 0.028) was similar in both genders (65.9%; 95% CI: 57.1–73.4 vs. 57.3%; 95% CI: 47.7–65.8) (p = 0.188). A progressive increase of the prevalence with age (15.2% in ≥80 years) and with the aggregation of CVRF was observed. The most prescribed treatments were beta-blockers (54.7%) followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (42.8%) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (41.3%), without differences between pEF and rEF. The variables that are most associated with the probability of suffering CHF were a personal history of left ventricular hypertrophy (OR: 5.968; p < 0.001), of atrial fibrillation (OR: 3.494; p < 0.001), and of peripheral vascular disease (OR: 2.029; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Three in every 100 patients included in the IBERICAN study presented CHF, of which two thirds had pEF. The condition increased exponentially with age and aggregation of CVRF. We did not find any differences in drug treatment according to the type of ventricular dysfunction. The treatment of HF with rEF has much room for improvement.
Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate secondary stroke prevention in Poland and its association with sociodemographic factors, place of residence, and concomitant cardiovascular risk factors. Material and methods: From all patients in LIPIDOGRAM2015 Study (n = 13,724), 268 subjects had a history of ischaemic stroke and were included. Results: 165 subjects (61.6%) used at least one preventive medication. Oral antiplatelet and anticoagulation agents were used by 116 (43.3%) and 70 (26.1%) patients, respectively. Only 157 (58.6%) participants used lipid-lowering drugs, and 205 (76.5%) were treated with antihypertensive drugs. Coronary heart disease (CHD) and dyslipidaemia were associated with antiplatelet treatment (p = 0.047 and p = 0.012, respectively). A history of atrial fibrillation, CHD, and previous myocardial infarction correlated with anticoagulant treatment (p = 0.001, p = 0.011, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Age, gender, time from stroke onset, place of residence, and level of education were not associated with antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment. Only 31.7% of patients were engaged in regular physical activity, 62% used appropriate diet, and 13.6% were current smokers. Conclusions: In Poland drugs and lifestyle modification for secondary stroke prevention are not commonly adhered to. Educational programmes for physicians and patients should be developed to improve application of effective secondary prevention of stroke.
Independent art spaces not only play an important role in exploring frontiers in the visual arts but are often also pioneers discovering new artistic territories within cities. Due to their subordinate position in the field of art, they often occupy marginal spaces in terms of their location within the urban structure and/or in terms of their physical visibility within the built environment. Their location outside the established artistic cores reflects, at the same time, their weaker economic standing and wish to distinguish themselves from previous generations of cultural producers. Post-socialist cities offer the opportunity to study the spatial history of independent art spaces under different political and economic systems. In this paper, I have used a detailed database of private art galleries in the period from the 1970s to 2019 and content analysis of press and internet texts about them to uncover the stages of development of independent art venues in Krakow, Poland, an example of a post-socialist city with a rich cultural heritage. They included periods of dispersion within the wider inner-city followed by cycles of concentration in rather neglected quarters that were emerging as epicentres of alternative artistic life only to dissipate due to unfavourable economic conditions and the appearance of the next generations of artists who wanted to mark their distinctive presence both in the art world and in the urban space. I also discuss how independent art spaces were using their usually marginal, temporary and fluid sites in their artistic practices and the accumulation of symbolic capital in the field of art.
Portraits make up for more than two-thirds of the collections displayed in the historical museum founded by Louis-Philippe at Versailles in the early 1830s. They reveal both how much Louis-Philippe was inspired by the portrait galleries he visited as a young man (at the Palais-Royal, in Eu, at the Tuileries and so on) and what his aspirations and ambitions – whether they succeeded or not – at Versailles were. Far from constituting a coherent whole, the portrait collection included older and contemporary works, which were either removed from their original location or commissioned for Versailles from both renowned masters and second-rank artists. A subset of the collection is especially significant in terms of how the collections were assembled: copies and casts. Since they represent two-thirds of the portrait collection, they must be treated as an integral component of the historical galleries. Those casts were mainly executed by a dedicated workshop at the Louvre, whose head scoured France (and other parts of Western Europe) to gather copies from well-known funerary monuments, at a time when numerous initiatives led to the exploration and inventorying of remarkable French monuments. Public opinion of the historical museum of Versailles was divided, torn between harsh criticisms of the artificial grouping of disparate artworks and an emotional acknowledgment of the very personal connection between visitors and portraits of ancestors or historical figures encountered during revolutionary or Napoleonic battles.
En este artículo, proponemos reflexionar sobre la urgencia de decolonizar las prácticas artísticas en Internet, sobre todo en este último tiempo cuando la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) pone en evidencia la inequidad en la distribución de los recursos. Es ineludible construir otras maneras de interacción y de diálogo, lo que requiere la configuración de nuevas experiencias relacionales para las prácticas compartidas entre arte, ciencia y tecnología. Caracterizamos el hacer decolonial como aquel que se desarrolla —en un campo dinámico de tensiones disciplinares— mediante acciones en la producción relacional y en la trayectoria situada, las que determinan una disposición que permite, en principio, emanciparse tanto de los hábitos totalizantes de lo disciplinar como de la enajenación simbólica y mediática de los nuevos escenarios en línea.
La región del Soconusco, situada en el sureste de México, forma parte del mercado mundial del café desde finales del siglo XIX. Su estándar de calidad y el sabor de los granos fueron muy apreciados en el Norte Global hasta por lo menos la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Las plantaciones del Soconusco se convirtieron en un referente nacional en la exportación de café mexicano gracias a la inversión de capital, a un mercado de consumo consolidado y al uso de tecnología avanzada. Sin embargo, el café del Soconusco sufrió varias crisis desde finales del siglo XX que empujaron a los plantadores a diversificar su negocio hacia otros sectores como el turismo y el ocio. En este nuevo y desafiante escenario, la singular tradición cafetera del Soconusco junto con su herencia industrial, en términos de tecnología histórica, representa un valor añadido para estos nuevos sectores. Utilizando la finca Perú París como caso de estudio, este artículo analiza la historia del desarrollo tecnológico utilizado en la producción de café de Sonosuco, la singularidad de su arquitectura y tecnología, así como la riqueza documental de sus archivos cafeteros para implementar su uso como atractivo turístico. Se pretende con ello contribuir a que estas fincas, estratégicas para la reactivación económica de la región por su interés cultural, sean protegidas e incluidas en los estudios culturales del patrimonio industrial mexicano.
History of the arts, History (General) and history of Europe
This is the second part of an essay aimed at reconstructing the typologies, institutions and structures of the Russian-language theatre-drama production system in the early years of the Soviet State (1924-1928), as well as the activities of the main protagonists who worked in that system at that time. In particular, following the theme of the relations between the Art Theatre and its main Studies, with which the first part closed, this second part considers its stylistic repositioning with respect to the hegemony exercised by the institutions led by Meyerhold, also analysing the productions within which that hegemony reached its apogee in those years.
Joy N. Ejikeme, Pat Uche Okpoko, Chinwe C. Okpoko
et al.
Heritage and conservation have gained currency in academic and professional discourses on tourism and resource preservation across the globe. Today, many developed and some developing economies regard heritage as a very significant component of tourism. Literary documents on studies conducted in Gambia, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and UK are cases in point. In southeastern Nigeria, there are numerous unique heritage sites that can be harnessed for tourism development. Although they showcase universally accepted cultural expressions, the majority of them are poorly managed and preserved. They also lack necessary facilities that can keep tourists for an extended period. This explains why Nigeria fails to attract visitation to her heritage sites. The study adopted a descriptive design and used interviews, direct observation, focus group discussion and literary sources to examine the state of Cross River monoliths in Nigeria; their preservation and conservation practices, and how these can be harnessed for tourism development. Research results revealed that heritage sites have a lot of potentials to boost the economy if the tourism value is harnessed. The study recommends, amongst others, the combination of traditional and modern conservation mechanisms for the preservation and conservation of monoliths. It also advocates that the management plans for the monolith sites should seek to balance the interest of conservation with those of local communities living in the area.
Članak govori, s pomoću analize vijesti iz onodobnoga zagrebačkog tiska te arhivskih izvora, kako se pristupilo saniranju oštećenih zgrada neposredno nakon potresa koji je pogodio Zagreb 9. 11. 1880. godine, a potom ukazuje na intenzitet građevinske aktivnosti i pitanja koja su se javila u izgradnji i urbanističkom planiranju grada neposredno nakon te prirodne katastrofe, tijekom 1881. godine.