Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

The Ligo Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, T. Abbott et al.

We use 47 gravitational wave sources from the Third LIGO–Virgo–Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC–3) to estimate the Hubble parameter H(z), including its current value, the Hubble constant H 0. Each gravitational wave (GW) signal provides the luminosity distance to the source, and we estimate the corresponding redshift using two methods: the redshifted masses and a galaxy catalog. Using the binary black hole (BBH) redshifted masses, we simultaneously infer the source mass distribution and H(z). The source mass distribution displays a peak around 34 M ⊙, followed by a drop-off. Assuming this mass scale does not evolve with the redshift results in a H(z) measurement, yielding H0=68−8+12kms−1Mpc−1 (68% credible interval) when combined with the H 0 measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. This represents an improvement of 17% with respect to the H 0 estimate from GWTC–1. The second method associates each GW event with its probable host galaxy in the catalog GLADE+, statistically marginalizing over the redshifts of each event’s potential hosts. Assuming a fixed BBH population, we estimate a value of H0=68−6+8kms−1Mpc−1 with the galaxy catalog method, an improvement of 42% with respect to our GWTC–1 result and 20% with respect to recent H 0 studies using GWTC–2 events. However, we show that this result is strongly impacted by assumptions about the BBH source mass distribution; the only event which is not strongly impacted by such assumptions (and is thus informative about H 0) is the well-localized event GW190814.

V. Beregovyi

Abstract. The main purpose of the article is to investigate the relations between the Roman government and the Early Christian Church during the reign of Emperor Decius Trajan. To analyze the purpose and goal of the religious edict of this emperor, its implementation in various provinces of the Roman Empire in 250 – 251 AD. To determine the cause and course of the persecution of Christians, which was caused by this imperial decree. The research methodology is based on the principle of historicism, comparative, historical-systematic, historical-chronological and analytical methods. The scientific novelty lies in a new view of the policy of the Roman state towards Christians in the middle of the 3rd century AD. In the study, the author involves the latest and modern works, and also makes a special focus on the works of Cyprian of Carthage, which allows us to analyze more clearly the implementation of the edict of Decius Trajan in the churches of Roman Africa. Conclusions. The imperial edict of Decius consisted in the obligation of the personal performance of a pagan sacrifice by the inhabitants of the Roman Empire. The sacrifice was certified in writing on a libellus, which recorded the date and the person performing the action. The edict applied not only to Christians, but also to representatives of other religious cults. The resolution was intended to stabilize and unite society, to confirm the loyalty of the inhabitants of the Roman state. Christians could not participate in pagan rituals due to their own religious beliefs, so in fact religious policy of Decius Trajan grew into Christian persecution. A large number of Christians renounced their faith, others were exiled and oppressed, and there were also cases of Christian martyrdom. The persecution of Christians lasted from January 250 to the end of spring 251 AD. Keywords: Society of the Ancient World, ancient Greco-Roman civilization and the Middle Ages, Christianity, persecution, Roman Empire, Church history, religion, classical studies.

Zahra Nazemi, Nasser Maleki, Shoja Tafakkori Rezaie

The classical narrative motif of suicide for love follows a four-stage process: intense affection, loss, despair, and ultimately, death. This paper examines the treatment of this motif in Eugene O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra, offering a broader perspective on its literary lineage, from Euripides’ Hippolytus to Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, as well as The Aeneid by Virgil, Metamorphoses by Ovid, and Seneca’s Phaedra. While scholars frequently highlight O’Neill’s indebtedness to Aeschylus’s Oresteia in the development of his trilogy, this study contends that his portrayal of love-driven suicide aligns more closely with other classical narratives, particularly those of Phaedra and Dido.

Manuel Andrés Seoane Rodríguez

Desde bien temprano el cristianismo en su afán evangelizador no solo hizo suyas muchas de las enseñanzas de las diferentes escuelas filosóficas, especialmente las procedentes de académicos, neoplatónicos y estoicos, sino que además se esforzó en presentarse como verdadeira filosofía. De este modo, preceptos teóricos y actitudes vitales pasaron a integrarse perfectamente dentro de la doctrina cristiana en sus diferentes manifestaciones. El monacato heredó, sin duda, todo lo relativo a la vida interior y a la praxis del ejercicio filosófico. Nosotros nos proponemos en este trabajo demostrar que asuntos como el del autoconocimiento y el contemptus mundi llegaron a la obra de fray Lorenzo de Zamora titulada Monarquía mística no solo a través del uso de antologias sino también a través de la regla monástica de la orden monástica a la que él pertenecía, el Císter.

Alessandra Coppola

This paper reviews the main features of the ancient dispute concerning the cultural role of the Greeks in comparison with the Jews, with particular attention to the Greek responses on the eve of the revolution of 1821. The debate reveals a strong awareness of the Greeks’ past and a sense of continuity with the present, while also highlighting the circulation of contemporary knowledge, texts, and ideas.

Yu Shi, Hao Li, Bram Adams et al.

Automated program repair (APR) has recently shifted toward large language models and agent-based systems, yet most systems rely on local snapshot context, overlooking repository history. Prior work shows that repository history helps repair single-line bugs, since the last commit touching the buggy line is often the bug-introducing one. In this paper, we investigate whether repository history can also improve agentic APR systems at scale, especially for complex multi-hunk bugs. We present HAFixAgent, a History-Aware Bug-Fixing Agent that injects blame-derived repository heuristics into its repair loop. A preliminary study on 854 Defects4J (Java) and 501 BugsInPy (Python) bugs motivates our design, showing that bug-relevant history is widely available across both benchmarks. Using the same LLM (DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp) for all experiments, including replicated baselines, we show: (1) Effectiveness: HAFixAgent outperforms RepairAgent (+56.6\%) and BIRCH-feedback (+47.1\%) on Defects4J. Historical context further improves repair by +4.4\% on Defects4J and +38.6\% on BugsInPy, especially on single-file multi-hunk (SFMH) bugs. (2) Robustness: under noisy fault localization (+1/+3/+5 line shifts), history provides increasing resilience, maintaining 40 to 56\% success on SFMH bugs where the non-history baseline collapses to 0\%. (3) Efficiency: history does not significantly increase agent steps or token costs on either benchmark.

Khadija Khatun, Chen Shen, Jun Tanimoto et al.

Understanding how cooperation emerges in public goods games is crucial for addressing societal challenges. While optional participation can establish cooperation without identifying cooperators, it relies on specific assumptions -- that individuals abstain and receive a non-negative payoff, or that non-participants cause damage to public goods -- which limits our understanding of its broader role. We generalize this mechanism by considering non-participants' payoffs and their potential direct influence on public goods, allowing us to examine how various strategic motives for non-participation affect cooperation. Using replicator dynamics, we find that cooperation thrives only when non-participants are motivated by individualistic or prosocial values, with individualistic motivations yielding optimal cooperation. These findings are robust to mutation, which slightly enlarges the region where cooperation can be maintained through cyclic dominance among strategies. Our results suggest that while optional participation can benefit cooperation, its effectiveness is limited and highlights the limitations of bottom-up schemes in supporting public goods.

Cheng'an Wei, Yue Zhao, Yujia Gong et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and Llama have become prevalent in real-world applications, exhibiting impressive text generation performance. LLMs are fundamentally developed from a scenario where the input data remains static and unstructured. To behave interactively, LLM-based chat systems must integrate prior chat history as context into their inputs, following a pre-defined structure. However, LLMs cannot separate user inputs from context, enabling chat history tampering. This paper introduces a systematic methodology to inject user-supplied history into LLM conversations without any prior knowledge of the target model. The key is to utilize prompt templates that can well organize the messages to be injected, leading the target LLM to interpret them as genuine chat history. To automatically search for effective templates in a WebUI black-box setting, we propose the LLM-Guided Genetic Algorithm (LLMGA) that leverages an LLM to generate and iteratively optimize the templates. We apply the proposed method to popular real-world LLMs including ChatGPT and Llama-2/3. The results show that chat history tampering can enhance the malleability of the model's behavior over time and greatly influence the model output. For example, it can improve the success rate of disallowed response elicitation up to 97% on ChatGPT. Our findings provide insights into the challenges associated with the real-world deployment of interactive LLMs.

M. Kosciejew

Intentional destruction of cultural heritage has a long history. Contemporary examples include the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan, mosques in Xinjiang, China, mausoleums in Timbuktu, Mali, and Greco-Roman remains in Syria. Cultural heritage destruction invariably accompanies assaults on civilians, making heritage attacks impossible to disentangle from the mass atrocities of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing. Both seek to eliminate people and the heritage with which they identify. Abstract: In January 2020, then US president Donald Trump threatened to attack cultural sites among fifty-two targets if Iran retaliated for the targeted killing of Iranian commander General Qassim Suleimani, one of its top generals. Trump said that the United States had identified the targets as being “at a very high level and important to Iran and the Iranian culture.” The statement led to a worldwide outcry, with UN, UNESCO, and US officials pointing out that Washington had signed the 1954 convention protecting cultural property in the event of armed conflict. Targeting cultural heritage has a long history, with recent examples including the Mostar Bridge in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan, mausoleums in Timbuktu, Mali, and Greco-Roman remains in Palmyra, Syria. This introduction asks, What if Raphael Lemkin’s draft of the 1948 Genocide Convention had left intact its original proposal to include cultural as well as human genocide? It discusses the “value” of cultural heritage, why it is often targeted, the humanitarian consequences of such and virtually impossible to disentangle. Both seek in the end to eliminate a people and the cultural heritage with which they identify. Abstract: What is the realm “the West”? What does it mean to identify with “Western culture”? In excerpts from his book The Lies That Bind , Kwame Anthony Appiah demonstrates how the notion of Western identity has formed the basis of hierarchies, status, and structures of power. The idea of Western culture represents a modern construction, a grand “Plato-to-NATO” narrative arc with its precursors in concepts of Christendom and Europe. Although this volume focuses on the protection of immovable cultural heritage, Appiah reminds us that all cultural practices and objects must be regarded as mobile, mutable, infinitely complex, and ultimately resistant to ownership by any single group. Abstract: This essay argues that cultural heritage is as much about narrative as materiality: it is often the physical manifestation of identity politics. The buildings, monuments, and statues that matter most to the general population, and to political leaders, are not those that tell us what people did long ago, but those that embody the narrative of Abstract: This chapter explores the history of the intentional destruction of cultural heritage from ancient times to the present. It analyzes the political, religious, social, ethnic, and other conditions and motivations that feed the obliteration of cultural artifacts and cultural heritage. Of particular interest are the links to war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other atrocities perpetrated against civilian populations. These connections are explored in cases from antiquity to the Byzantine iconoclastic controversy, the iconoclasm of the Protestant Reformation, the European colonial age, the French and Russian Revolutions, and the Nazi era, when the systematized obliteration of culture and humanity reached new levels. Next, the crimes of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia and the ethnic and cultural cleansings of the Balkan Wars are highlighted. Finally, another dimension of ruthlessness is reached with the annihilation of cultural heritage and humanity that the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) exploited for propaganda purposes before the eyes of a global audience. Abstract: Late antiquity provides a case study for heritage destruction and atrocities. This historical period follows that of antiquity, in which there had been dramatic examples of both, including the leveling of ancient Corinth and the killing of eighty thousand people in one day in Anatolia. Yet after the destruction of Jerusalem there was not much more horror of this kind in the Roman Empire, despite a few instances of fanaticism (such as the murder of Hypatia). We have to ask what caused this conspicuous change? What provoked such violence as it actually occurred? The plague in the third and sixth centuries CE diminished destruction and atrocity, whereas religion, principally Christianity, caused outbreaks of both. The written heritage of the Muslim world constitutes a vast cultural heritage beyond reckoning, with much of the written culture of the Islamic world still today preserved in manuscript ways—improper Abstract: Societies and individuals are attached to their cultural heritage, which helps define their identity and contributes to their self-esteem. The purposeful actions of nonstate armed groups, militias, despotic governments, or invading armies in attacking tangible and intangible cultural heritage inflict losses that far exceed their physical destruction. Such actions are akin to cultural and social genocide. An effort to quantify the economic value of cultural heritage becomes instructive for appreciating the enormous cost of its destruction. We have techniques well suited to capture both use and nonuse values as well as tangible and intangible values. This will help us to grasp the importance of our cultural heritage, which strengthens our self-confidence and pride, for those with strong and living links to their past are in the best position to design their future. Abstract: Over the past few years, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) has been transformed into a high-security police state, with an estimated 1.8 million Turkic Muslim citizens incarcerated and subjected to abusive regimes of indoctrination and forced labor. China explains its actions as a necessary response to extremist terror, while international observers and governments have designated its policies as genocide. However, China’s approach to heritage in this region is fully subsumed within the state’s political and economic goals. Uyghur religious heritage—mosques, cemeteries, and shrines—has been demolished: places whose principal value lies in the complex of historical meanings, forms of community, and religious and cultural expression that surround them. Their destruction represents a fundamental attack on Uyghur culture and identity, and is integral to a push to assimilate and pacify the region in pursuit of the economic and strategic goals of the Belt and Road Initiative. Abstract: Cultural reconstruction in the “post-conflict” period in Sri Lanka and Afghanistan has taken disturbing shape in regions dominated by religious or ethnic minorities. In Sri Lanka this is explored in relation to the northern Jaffna Peninsula, which is home to most of the country’s Hindu Tamils; in Afghanistan, the Bamiyan Valley, where the Hazara Shia minority lives. Here, the very processes of reconstruction and heritage conservation meant to repair a society become instruments through which one side continues its domination over the other. In Sri Lanka, a majoritarian government uses all the tools at its disposal to effect a “recovery” of heritage that underlines the disempowerment of the Tamil minority; and in Afghanistan the international organizations that have come to assist in the aftermath of the Taliban era unwittingly contribute to a subtler power play between the central government and an ethnic minority that has long been at the margins of Afghan life. Abstract: The rise of Da’esh (ISIS) and its expansion across Syria and Iraq were characterized by well-publicized attacks on both religious groups and cultural heritage, disseminated through a dangerous new paradigm of “performative destruction.” The performative destruction of monuments and sites was a carefully choreographed, Internet-propagated, public strategy of cultural genocide combined with acts of physical genocide. Da’esh’s war on people and things was effective because it was embedded in an integrated system combining religious ideology, a political agenda, and extreme violence, amplified and intensified through the violence Abstract: Syrian cities and sites suffered devastating destruction during the ten-years’ war of 2011–20. The worst situation was found in Aleppo, a city all but destroyed during the conflict Abstract: Behind every creation there is an underlying meaning that led to its existence. Hence the physical destruction of buildings accompanies the invisible destruction of their meanings. This chapter addresses those meanings, which tend to be overlooked in the processes of restoration and preservation, arguing that the answer to the question of how to preserve sites and built heritage inevitably relates to what is preserved and why. This is surely a question of values, a matter that could easily be oversimplified (into purely the issue of religious identity) or overcomplicated (into a debate around historical significance). This chapter seeks to find common ground in understanding the value of heritage through an examination of the case of Homs, the third-largest city in Syria and the capital of its central province, which sustained enormous damage during the Syrian Civil War. By revisiting the historical genesis of this city in relation to its geography, typology, and cultural and religious values, the process of its rebuilding and the preservation of its endangered heritage may have a chance in an otherwise dim future. Abstract: How will reconstruction unfold in Syria, given the staggering scale of destruction from its long civil war and the limited resources and narrow, authoritarian interests of President Bashar al-Assad’s government? A few token rebuilding projects already underway in Aleppo, Homs, and Damascus provide an initial an

S. Bernhard

ABSTRACT:According to the Plantationocene narrative, human nature changed in or around the year 1610, when the genocide of Indigenous peoples in the Americas may have caused a drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide. While many environmental humanities scholars in the Global North have replaced the term "Anthropocene" with "Plantationocene" to highlight environmental inequities, they still impose a global historical narrative on many peoples who already have their own origin stories, modes of understanding history, and environmental relationships. Like the Anthropocene, the Plantationocene reinforces western narratives of a singular linear "fall" from an ecological paradise to a laborious agricultural system. The essay highlights parallels between the Plantationocene narrative and foundational western origin stories, including the fall of Adam and Eve and the descent from the Golden Age to the Iron Age in Greco-Roman mythology. Both narratives posit prehistorical Earth as a leisurely, pastoral space in which the land gave freely to humans. Both also include a fall, in which the land stops giving and humans must suddenly work and suffer in order to eat.Plantationocene scholars must center Global South environmental narratives, which seldom subscribe to a linear rendering of time, or risk recreating the universalizing Anthropocene. Indigenous writers such as Robin Wall Kimmerer (Potawatomi) and Leslie Marmon Silko (Laguna Pueblo) do not cite the Columbian Exchange as the solitary event that forever marred their nations' environmental relations. Instead, in Braiding Sweetgrass (2015) and Ceremony (1977), they posit many environmental inflection points. Rather than reading the contemporary world as "fallen," they leave room for growth and wholeness even as they hold accountable the perpetrators of Indigenous genocide and environmental destruction. Rather than splitting history in two—a leisurely "before" and a laborious "after"—they imagine fulfilling agricultural work before European contact and environmental tragedy that postdates the seventeenth century.

Stuart McKie

 

Maria de Fátima Silva

Para além de todas as ambiguidades no relacionamento dos Caracteres de Teofrasto com outros modelos convencionais na literatura grega, é clara a sua interligação com a sociedade ateniense do séc. IV a. C., de que espelham tipos humanos com as atitudes e comportamentos que lhes são próprios. É na perspectiva da importância do dinheiro na vida da comunidade social desta época que procuraremos avaliar flashes expressivos na maioria dos trinta retratos que compõem o catálogo de Teofrasto: relevância do status financeiro, formas de aquisição de proventos económicos, o significado do dinheiro para o estabelecimento de uma graduação social, os comportamentos que dita, os sinais exteriores que o denunciam, a retórica que lhe é própria. Do conjunto abundante de referências ao vil metal, torna-se clara a evolução sofrida por uma Atenas a que anos de guerra e de crise tinham ditado um modelo de vida mais individualista e de sentido inegavelmente pragmático.

Martin Lopez-Corredoira

Since the beginning of the 20th century, a continuous evolution and perfection of what we today call the standard cosmological model has been produced, although some authors like to distinguish separate periods within this evolution. A possible historical division of the development of cosmology into six periods is: (1) the initial period (1917-1927); (2) the period of development (1927-1945); (3) the period of consolidation (1945-1965); (4) the period of acceptance (1965-1980); (5) the period of enlargement (1980-1998); and (6) the period of high-precision experimental cosmology (1998-now). The last period started with a epistemological optimism that has declined with time, and the expression "crisis in cosmology" is now stubbornly reverberating in the media. The initial expectation of removing the pending minor problems arising from the increased accuracy of measurements has backfired: the higher the precision with which the standard model tries to fit the data, the greater the number of tensions that arise, the problems proliferating rather than diminishing.

Sylvia Wenmackers

Problems with uniform probabilities on an infinite support show up in contemporary cosmology. This paper focuses on the context of inflation theory, where it complicates the assignment of a probability measure over pocket universes. The measure problem in cosmology, whereby it seems impossible to pick out a uniquely well-motivated measure, is associated with a paradox that occurs in standard probability theory and crucially involves uniformity on an infinite sample space. This problem has been discussed by physicists, albeit without reference to earlier work on this topic. The aim of this article is both to introduce philosophers of probability to these recent discussions in cosmology and to familiarize physicists and philosophers working on cosmology with relevant foundational work by Kolmogorov, de Finetti, Jaynes, and other probabilists. As such, the main goal is not to solve the measure problem, but to clarify the exact origin of some of the current obstacles. The analysis of the assumptions going into the paradox indicates that there exist multiple ways of dealing consistently with uniform probabilities on infinite sample spaces. Taking a pluralist stance towards the mathematical methods used in cosmology shows there is some room for progress with assigning probabilities in cosmological theories.

Eva Christof

Hellenistic and Roman grave steles in Asia Minor were usually produced and put in place for a unique, specific purpose and intended for eternal display at the tomb. We can see, however, that even long before the Late Antique period when the recycling of spolia became frequent, these grave steles were reused and repurposed as grave steles. The main procedure was to simply add a new inscription or to erase the old inscription in order to overwrite it with a new one; minor details of relief decoration might be changed or it even might be left as it was. In this article, I explore and describe this multifaceted phenomenon, which can be traced by examining the actual state of the monuments to detect the presence of one or more inscriptions, erasures and incongruities between pictures and text, as well as the chiselled-off or lowered parts and remodelled relief decorations. This contribution sets this phenomenon within a larger context between the two poles, one of which is the practical and economic object recycling, a familiar procedure that several materials underwent in antiquity, and the second of which is the predilection for antiquities and the re-use of old and valuable things in meaningful ways. The main procedures used to rework grave steles are illustrated by presenting some examples from across Anatolia; this selection remains, of course, far from exhaustive. If we consider the repurposing of funerary steles and other archaeological objects by applying the theoretical approaches of object biography and life cycle-management, i.e. taking into account all single phases of the use of a specific object, we will uncover new ways to understand those Anatolian grave steles hitherto believed anomalous. These approaches enable us to accept, handle, and integrate the different phases of perceiving and reconstructing ancient realities.

A. Acıduman, O. Kus, D. Belen

AIM This study aimed to present the sections allocated to hydrocephalus in the works of Ibn Hubal al-Baghdādī and Ibn al-Quff, to include them and determine their position in the history of medicine by discussing relevant literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS A printed copy and a manuscript in İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Fatih Collection, nr. 3632 of Ibn Hubal's Kitāb al-Mukhtārāt fī al-Ṭibb, and a facsimile of a printed copy and a manuscript in Istanbul University Rare Works Library, Arabic Manuscripts, A 4749 of Ibn al-Quff's Kitāb al-'Umda fī Ṣinā'a al-Jirāḥa, were used. The chapters on hydrocephalus in both works have been translated to English and obtained knowledge was determined based on relevant literature. RESULTS Hydrocephalus was discussed under the title "On swellings and water occurring outside the skull and on the 'uṭāsh of the child and on water collection in the skull" in the third volume of Ibn Hubal's work and "The sixth chapter on the treatment of water which collects in the heads of children" in the 19th article of Ibn al-Quff's work. Ibn Hubal's and Ibn al-Quff's knowledge and approach to hydrocephalus match the knowledge and approaches of their predecessors. Compared with Ibn Hubal, Ibn al-Quff provided more systematic and detailed information on hydrocephalus. CONCLUSIONS Like other writers of the Islamic world in the medieval times, Ibn Hubal and Ibn al-Quff accept definitions and classifications of hydrocephalus by Greco-Roman writers.

G. Cooke, D. Marsh, C. Walsh et al.

The history of molecular oxygen (O2) in Earth’s atmosphere is still debated; however, geological evidence supports at least two major episodes where O2 increased by an order of magnitude or more: the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) and the Neoproterozoic Oxidation Event. O2 concentrations have likely fluctuated (between 10−3 and 1.5 times the present atmospheric level) since the GOE ∼2.4 Gyr ago, resulting in a time-varying ozone (O3) layer. Using a three-dimensional chemistry-climate model, we simulate changes in O3 in Earth’s atmosphere since the GOE and consider the implications for surface habitability, and glaciation during the Mesoproterozoic. We find lower O3 columns (reduced by up to 4.68 times for a given O2 level) compared to previous work; hence, higher fluxes of biologically harmful UV radiation would have reached the surface. Reduced O3 leads to enhanced tropospheric production of the hydroxyl radical (OH) which then substantially reduces the lifetime of methane (CH4). We show that a CH4 supported greenhouse effect during the Mesoproterozoic is highly unlikely. The reduced O3 columns we simulate have important implications for astrobiological and terrestrial habitability, demonstrating the relevance of three-dimensional chemistry-climate simulations when assessing paleoclimates and the habitability of faraway worlds.

E. Demerouti, P. Karyofyllis, V. Voudris et al.

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare disease with poor prognosis if left untreated, characterized by pulmonary vascular bed obstruction due to unresolving thromboembolic material. The Hellenic pulmonary hypertension registry (HOPE) was launched in Greece in early 2015 and enrolls patients from all pulmonary hypertension subgroups in Greece. In total, 98 patients with CTEPH were enrolled from January 2015 until November 2019. Of these patients, 55.1% represented incident population, 50% were classified in the World Health Organization functional class II and 49% had a history of acute pulmonary embolism. The median values of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and cardiac index were 7.4 (4.8) WU and 2.4 (1.0) L/min/m2, respectively, the mean diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was 74.8 ± 20.6%, the median 6-minute walk distance was 347 (220) meters and the median value of N Terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide was 506.0 (1450.0) pg/mL. In total, 60.2% of the patients were under pulmonary arterial hypertension-targeted therapy at the time of enrolment; specifically, riociguat was received by 35.7% of the patients and combination therapy was the preferred strategy for 16% of the patients. In total, 74 patients were evaluated for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), 34 (45.9%) were assessed as operable but only 23 of those (31.1%) finally underwent PEA. The remaining 40 patients were ineligible for PEA according to the operability assessment and 13 (17.6%) of them underwent balloon pulmonary angioplasty. The age of the non-operable patients was significantly higher than the operable patients (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference with regard to the history of coagulopathies between the operable and non-operable patients (p = 0.33).

Cristina Santos Pinheiro

António Maria Martins Melo, José Sílvio Fernandes, Cristina Santos Pinheiro

A discussão sobre as características do sangue menstrual é um tópico de relevo na obra ginecológica de Rodrigo de Castro. É objectivo deste artigo analisar os argumentos aí apresentados e explorar os pontos fundamentais da reflexão sobre o mênstruo no processo de construção da opinião pessoal do médico lusitano, que se mostra um leitor atento e crítico da tradição, sintetizando as perspectivas convencionais sobre este tema, de modo a elaborar um quadro conceptual de valorização do sangue menstrual.