Purpose. Ethnological and historical-ethnological student expeditions form a natural part of the system of practical training for history and pedagogy students in Russian universities. These expeditions contribute directly to the formation of universal and general professional competencies, which federal standards enshrine. Students’ participation in ethnological practice helps them to consolidate the theoretical knowledge that they acquire during the study of such basic disciplines as Russian history, foundations of ethnology, local history, and source studies. It also serves as a basis for understanding specifics of historical research methods, working with documents and material sources, collecting information, and creating specific research projects and products, including in the field of genealogical research, which is highly relevant in today’s context. Results. The research tools that students encounter during ethnological expeditions go beyond information collection methods, such as surveys and observations. These tools also include verification, analysis, and preservation of the data gathered. These expeditions serve as an important element in the development of information, communication, and research competencies among students in the field of history. Conclusion. A relatively long period of expedition allows students to gain a deeper understanding of the specifics of fieldwork, the mechanisms of tradition formation, and to determine their future specialization. As cases of Omsk State University and Altai State Pedagogical University demonstrate, the long history of student ethnological practices contributes to the continuity of research schools and regional scientific centers that conduct fieldwork in ethnology, emphasizing the importance of ethnological expeditions in the training of historians, anthropologists, and educators.
This article presents José Roberto Ferreira’s contribution to national and international discussions on the training of health professionals and his contributions to the construction of a critical proposal for South-South cooperation in health. The article argues that Ferreira advocated that health education, developed based on the particular realities of less developed countries, would be a path to emancipation. Initially, we will present Ferreira’s training and early works in the field of education (1959-1969); his international experiences and contacts with important figures in Latin American social medicine (1969-1996); and, finally, his work at Fiocruz within the framework of foreign policy for the development of structuring cooperation in health (1996-2019).
Fátima Machado, Luciane Raupp, Carla Nunes Weber
et al.
Resumo A entrevista aborda a trajetória das políticas e práticas de redução de danos no Brasil por meio do depoimento da redutora de danos Fátima Machado. A perspectiva de redução de danos surgiu na Europa, na década de 1980, e no Brasil iniciou em 1989, como estratégia de prevenção à aids entre usuários de drogas injetáveis, e depois se diversificou e ampliou. A entrevista focaliza os anos iniciais de desenvolvimento dessas práticas inovadoras e problematiza seus desdobramentos atuais. Fátima Machado foi uma das precursoras no trabalho de campo e ativismo da redução de danos no Brasil e uma das fundadoras da Associação Brasileira de Redutores de Danos.
In almost all fields of knowledge, whatever advancement is seen today is not entirely new. In fact, present advancement is based on ancillary knowledge. Even the idea of computer is also conceived from the ancillary knowledge. The same is the case with medical knowledge. Today a vast advancement in neuroscience and neurotechnology is seen. It is thought that present form of neurology resulted from day and night efforts of neuroscientists of present day. But the case is little different. The efforts of the present-day neuroscientists are appreciable but efforts made by the predecessor neuroscientists should not be ignored. As a matter of fact, a treasure of knowledge descended from early Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab and Indian scientists, especially in the field of medical science. In the present paper, an effort is made to present the ancillary knowledge of external senses as it was described by the Greek, Persian, Roman and Arab scholars. Simultaneously, comparative notes are also incorporated. This paper would help the reader to know about how much was known and how much is added to the knowledge of the external sense. By this, one can realize between the accuracy of logical imagination and of technological information.
Medicine, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
This paper examines WHO’s involvement in South Korea within the context of the changing organization of public health infrastructure in Korea during the years spanning from the end of the Japanese occupation, through the periods of American military occupation and the Korean War, and to the early years of the Park Chung Hee regime in the early 1960s, in order to demonstrate how tuberculosis came to be addressed as a public health problem. WHO launched several survey missions and relief efforts before and during the Korean War and subsequently became deeply involved in shaping government policy for public health through a number of technical assistance programs, including a program for tuberculosis control in the early 1960s. This paper argues that the principal concern for WHO was to start rebuilding the public health infrastructure beyond simply abolishing the remnants of colonial practices or showcasing the superiority of American practices vis-à-vis those practiced under a Communist rule. WHO consistently sought to address infrastructural problems by strengthening the government’s role by linking the central and regional health units, and this was especially visible in its tuberculosis program, where it attempted to take back the responsibilities and functions previously assumed by voluntary organizations like the Korea National Tuberculosis Administration (KNTA). This interest in public health infrastructure was fueled by WHO’s discovery of a cost-effective, drug-based, and communityoriented horizontal approach to tuberculosis control, with a hope that these practices would replace the traditional, costly, disease-specific, and seclusion-oriented vertical approach that relied on sanatoria. These policy imperatives were met with the unanticipated regime change from a civilian to a military government in 1961, which created an environment favorable for the expansion of the public health network. Technology and politics were intricately intertwined in the emergence of a new infrastructure for public health in Korea, as this case of tuberculosis control illustrates.
There is a need for a social media code of conduct for dental (or in general, medical) practitioners in Iran. With the growing use of the internet and social networks in Iran, many dentists use social media, mainly Instagram, as an advertisement tool. There are almost no restrictions on their advertisements; they not only expose their patients’ identities and therefore violate the principle of confidentiality, but also sometimes use inappropriate ways and styles, which may injure dentists’ reputation in the society (1).
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Christopher Kemp es un científico dedicado a la divulgación de la ciencia. Ha realizado dos libros, el ahora reseñado y otro sobre el ambergris, ambos publicados por la Universidad de Chicago. En su más reciente libro expande sus ideas presentadas en la revista Nature (Kemp C 2015, 518:292-294), en la que llamó la atención sobre la precaria condición presupuestal y de personal en algunos de los mayores museos de historia natural del mundo. El libro también apunta a la relevancia del trabajo taxonómico y, en el subtítulo, enfatiza la importancia de las colecciones y del cómo mediante estudios finos equivaldría a la realización de grandes expediciones como las de antaño, pero ahora entre los materiales depositados en dichas colecciones. Se refiere, por supuesto, a la pieza culminante del trabajo taxonómico: las revisiones. Porque parecen poco comprendidas entre los profesionales de las ciencias ambientales haré unos comentarios sobre las mismas.
Mahboobeh Farkhondehzadeh, Mostafa Gohari Fakhr Abad
The present article makes an attempt to introduce and review the handwritten
of Bāh Nāmeh, known as Zard Gilīm. The manuscript is kept in
Liden library in Holland, under the reference No: 604. This hand-written
manuscript contains three different books. The first is called Mokhtasar
andar Elm Teb, the second with Bāh-Namah and the third with Yadegar.
In this 167-page manuscript, 20 pages are allocated to Bāh Nāmeh. In
this article, primarily, the authenticity of the author is reviewed, the work
is analyzed and finally, the index of content of the book is mentioned.
Medicine, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
Галина Щигельская Историческое наследие Галицкой Трембовли в канадских прериях (к 120-летию основания Канадской Трембовли)
Статья посвящена истории основания и организации общественной жизни одного из старейших украинских поселений на территории Западной Канады Канадской Трембовли. Eё историко-культурное наследие в настоящее время представлено в музее “Трембовлянский крест свободы”, который относится к выдающимся историческим памяткам провинции Манитоба. На основе анализа архивных источников прослеживается начало и развитие эмиграции из Теребовлянского повета. Значительное внимание уделено событиям, которые произошли в Трембовли и сыграли важную роль в становлении украинской общины и сохранении этнической идентичности, а именно: на первом украинском греко-католическом богослужении; установлению первого “креста свободы”, который, автор считает первым памятником воздвигнутым украинцами в Канаде.
Ключевые слова: эмиграция, Теребовлянщина, Канада, Трембовля, “крест свободы”, историческое наследие.
Halyna Shchyhelska Historical heritage of Galician Trembovlia in Canadian prairies (120th anniversary of Canadian Trembovlia)
Abstract. “2016 marks the 120th anniversary of the Galician settlement of Trembowla in Canada, which is preserved at the Trembowla Cross of Freedom Historical Site and Museum (Provincial Heritage Site in Manitoba). This historical site and museum honours the first Ukrainian Catholic Liturgy celebrated in Canada in 1897, which was a beginning of religious life of Galician Ukrainians on the Canadian soil. This paper presents the historical background of this and other events, which were held in Trembowla Historical Site, and have value not only for Manitoba but also for the all Galician Ukrainians in Canada.
On the basis of the analysis of materials from the State Archive of Ternopil region and the Central state history archive of Ukraine in Lviv, peculiarities of the emigration from Trembowla (also known as Terebowla) county in Eastern Galicia at the end of the 19th century are discussed. The paper focuses on how Trembowla, one of the oldest colonies in Manitoba, was established. The first steps of religious and cultural life Galician Ukrainians in Canada: the first Ukrainian Catholic Liturgy for the pioneers; the first Ukrainian cross that was erected on Canadian soil, the Cross of Freedom; the first Ukrainian chapel that was built and blessed by Rev. N. Dmytriv are also discussed. Describing the exhibits of the Trembowla Cross of Freedom Museum, I argue that the Museum has a significant role to play in preserving Ukrainian historical and cultural heritage.
Key words: emigration, Terebovlianshchyna, Canada, Trembovlia, “Cross of Freedom”, historical heritage.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Social Sciences
Em alta durante quase todo o século XIX, o prestígio dos naturalistas caiu nas últimas décadas do mesmo século, na medida em que o enfoque dos estudos biológicos transitava do histórico para o funcional. A redescoberta dos trabalhos de Mendel, em 1900, e a emergência da genética aceleraram este processo, onde a atividade do experimentalista substituía a anterior. Ao mesmo tempo, o darwinismo também declinava e os primeiros anos do século XX caracterizam o chamado "eclipse do darwinismo". Theodosius Dobzhansky, russo radicado nos Estados Unidos a partir de 1927, é o pesquisador que irá reunir as duas tradições, a naturalista e a experimentalista. No desempenho de suas atividades, ele realiza um verdadeiro salto qualitativo nos estudos de evolução em populações naturais, que pela primeira vez podem ser efetuados através do método experimental, auxiliados por um rigoroso planejamento teórico. Este artigo narra algumas etapas desta história.<br>The high prestige naturalists had during most of the 19th century began to decrease in the last decades of that century, as the focus in biological studies switched from historical to functional. The rediscovering of Mendel's works in 1900 and the emerging of genetics made the process move faster and caused experimentalist activities to take over. Simultaneously, Darwinism was also losing ground and the first years of the 20th century were characterized by the so-called 'eclipse of Darwinism'. Theodosius Dobzhansky, a Russian researcher who moved to the United States in 1927, joined the two different traditional approaches, the naturalistic and the experimental ones. Through his activities, he accomplishes a quality leap for the study of evolution in natural populations, which can for the first time be carried out through experimental methods guided by thorough theoretical planning. This article narrates some of the steps of this story.