Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Eleonora Shestakova

Donetsk is a young industrial city. This is captured in the history of its naming, reflective of the transformations of the politics of the two empires: Yuzovka – Stalino – Donetsk. There are few fictional works devoted to Donetsk in Soviet literature. It is local, regional literature, created by natives of the region from the 1930s to the 1980s. Donetsk’s art-journalistic metatext was formed along with the city transforming itself from a worker’s settlement into the capital of industrial Donbass. After October 1917 the city and metatext of Donetsk consistently “did not remember”, “did not see” its origins – Yuzovka – but was concentrated on the Soviet present of the region. The historically conditioned multinational of Yuzovka, under the pressure of Soviet policy and ideology, was transformed into an internationality based on the dominance of the Soviet (essentially Russian) man and his local kind: the Donbasovets. The aspirations to level out the national diversity of the region, to obscure the role of people with Ukrainian roots, and to replace it with the politicised internationalization in the fabric of the works have found their semantic and ideological limit. This limit intensified when the depersonalisation of national-cultural features of the city, region was artificially imposed and it manifested in speech, everyday realities, and the memorial culture of the common people.

Андрей Иванович Изотов

Статья посвящена славянскому микроязыку, формируемому говорами жителей чешской Силезии и способному вступать на территории региона в отношения, близкие диглоссным, с литературным чешским языком (spisovná čeština), тогда как на большей части Чешской республики в подобные отношения с чешским литературным языком вступает идиом obecná čeština, обозначаемый в отечественной традиции как «обиходно-разговорный чешский язык». В результате анализа языка современного травелога Л. Ветвички “S Jarkem po sto rokach okolo Rakuska-Uherska” (2019), представляющего пример удачного симбиоза южных говоров чешской Силезии, литературного чешского языка и отчасти обиходно-разговорного чешского языка, делается вывод, что так называемый «остравский» (= ляшский = чешско-силезский) микроязык является динамично развивающимся образованием, функционирование которого отнюдь не ограничивается устной речью. Появление в печатном виде и онлайн подобных рассмотренному ярких художественных и художественно-публицистических текстов, с одной стороны, разрушает исторически сложившуюся на территории региона диглоссию, так как нелитературный идиом проникает в позицию литературного, с другой – усиливает позиции «остравского» (= ляшского = чешско-силезского) микроязыка, который звучит в сознании читателя всякий раз, когда читаются тексты на нем. Статья поступила в редакцию 13.07.2023. Рецензирование завершено 16.02.2024. Статья принята к публикации 12.03.2024. Цитирование Изотов А. И. «Остравский язык» в нарративе травелога // Славянский альманах. 2024. No 1–2. С. 185–204. DOI: 10.31168/2073- 5731.2024.1-2.09

Z. Saktaganova, M. Baigozhina

There was a practice of ordinary citizens addressing the authorities about acute problems through letters in the Soviet Union. The authorities emphasized letters as important sources of social information. Letters were on a par in importance as citizens' meetings, voter orders, print, radio and television. The issues of interethnic relations, nationalism, chauvinism, Russophobia, problems of the use of Russian and national languages, Russification in the Union republics occupy a special place in the appeals/complaints during the perestroika period. Letters on the situation and development of the Russian population in the Union republics occupy a notable place. This article provides an overview of private letters from representatives of various nationalities to the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in order to study public opinion about the state of interethnic relations in the Kazakh SSR during the perestroika period. Letters received by the authorities were conditionally divided into four groups according to their content. In the article, the authors made an attempt to construct the social reality, the worldview of citizens of the Kazakh SSR in the field of interethnic relations in the second half of the 1980s. After reviewing the letters/complaints/statements, the authors concluded that the grievances were mutual. The article uses published and unpublished archival materials of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Archive of Astana, the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History of the Russian Federation

Y. Bilenko

The aim of the article is to assess the factors of economic growth of the CEE countries over the 30-year history, the productivity of capital and human resources, the resilience of these countries to the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Methodology. The Solow growth model was used to estimate the growth rates of capital, labor and total factor productivity (TFP). The impact of macroeconomic indicators on GDP and TFP growth is assessed. The group of Central and Eastern European countries that joined the European Union was chosen for the analysis: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, as well as post-Soviet European countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Moldova and Albania in the period from 1991 to 2019. Results. TFP makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of CEE countries. During the period of market reforms, TFP significantly decreased, and during the boom of 2000-2008 it fully ensured the growth of the CEE economies, after the crisis of 2008, the contribution of TFP decreased by 2 times. In the conditions of recovery, TFP growth is positively influenced by inflation, negative CA balance, and unemployment reduction. In the post-crisis period, a decrease in inflation, a positive CA balance, and an increase in unemployment had a positive impact on TFP growth. During a depression, the influence of capital becomes dominant. Restrictive monetary policy contributes to the efficiency of CEE economies. In the short run, unemployment increases, but in the long run it decreases significantly due to the growth of investment and exports. Practical implications. The analysis makes it possible to identify effective macroeconomic policies to stimulate the productivity of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of economic recovery and depression. Value/originality. A long-term study of the economic performance of CEE countries using the Solow methodology has revealed the behavior of total factor productivity in different periods of modern economic history and its contribution to economic growth.

Christopher Nehring

Abstract How much influence did the former communist state security service Darzhavna sigurnost (DS) have during the transformation period in Bulgaria? For the first time in history, there is empirical data available that allow for an analysis of the role of the Bulgarian secret police and its “afterlife” after 1990. Bulgarian intelligence archives, which were made partly accessible following the country’s admission to the European Union in 2007, provide an excellent basis for an analysis of the relationship between the DS and the Soviet State Committee for Security, the transformation of the Bulgarian security apparatus in 1990, attempts to disclose the state security archives, and continuous infiltration of Bulgarian politics, institutions, and security apparatus by former agents of the communist intelligence and security apparatus. The empirical data suggest that personal connections, dependencies, and informal networks of former DS agents and officials played an important role during the transformation period in Bulgaria and are at least partly responsible for political corruption, continuous Russian influence, a high degree of politicization of the Bulgarian security apparatus, misuse of intelligence and illegal surveillance practices, and a high degree of domestic and international mistrust and (dis-)loyalty.

Ioseb Tsereteli

Abstract Organized crime is the most dangerous type of criminal activity because organized crime associations run the criminal environment and commit various types of serious criminal acts. The fight against organized crime is, therefore, a priority for individual countries as well as for the world community as a whole. To combat this phenomenon, the United Nations adopted the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime on November 15, 2000, which has been ratified by many countries around the world. In addition, one of the types of organized crime is the so-called “thieves in law” institute, which originated in the former Soviet Union and is known around the world as the Russian mafia, namely the Russian term “Vory v Zakone”, which means “thieves in law”. means. Today, their criminal activities are widespread in many countries. We believe that in order to fight against this criminal association, it is necessary to study the history of its emergence and development. That is why our goal is the so-called. A study of the history of the institute of “thieves in law” and some peculiarities.

Петра Прадкова

В настоящей статье рассматривается развитие чешской диалектологии и научная деятельность Отдела диалектологии Института чешского языка Академии наук Чешской Республики. Особое внимание уделено проектам, в которых сотрудники института принимали участие в последние десятилетия. Отдел диалектологии, расположенный в Брно, занимается систематическим изучением традиционных территориальных диалектов. В 1992–2011 гг. вышло 6 томов «Чешского лингвистического атласа», являющегося важнейшим трудом по чешской диалектологии. В 2011 г. чешские диалектологи начали работу над «Словарем говоров чешского языка». Словарь разрабатывается при помощи специальной компьютерной программы. Он базируется на материалах диалектного фонда Чехии, Моравии и Силезии последних 150 лет. Электронная версия диалектного словаря была запущена в 2016 г. Отдел диалектологии также принимает участие в создании «Общеславянского лингвистического атласа». В 2019 г. чешские диалектологии подготовили к изданию выпуск «Рефлексы *tort, *tolt, *tert, *telt, *ort, *olt». Финансирование Статья была подготовлена в рамках проекта No DG20P02OVV029 «Говоры чешского языка в интерактивном представлении. Документирование и популяризация исчезающего языкового наследия как неотъемлемой части региональной идентичности»; грантодатель — Министерство культуры, программа NAKI II. Обзор поступил в редакцию 13.09.2021. Цитирование Прадкова П. Работа чешских диалектологов в свете избранных результатов их деятельности // Славянский альманах. 2022. No 1–2. С. 420–433. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2022.1-2.5.01

Darya Zavelskaya

This article examines the artistic specifi city of the images and motifs of the works of Evgeny Lvovich Schwartz (1896–1958), in whose dramaturgical and prose fairy tales the infl uence of the romantic literary tradition is traced. Turning to the works of Andersen and Perrault, amongst others, Schwartz transformed not only the original plots, but also the very fi gurative poetics of their works. A hypothesis is advanced on the infl uence on these poetics of the motifs and images of E. T. A. Hoffmann and German Romanticism in general. In part, such an infl uence became possible since the literary author’s fairy tale itself was formed largely thanks to German romanticism. However, it is also necessary to take into account the close creative interaction of Schwartz with the artistic association of the “Serapion brothers.” Special attention is paid to the poetics of urban topos in the fairy tales “Doll City”, “Adventures of Gogenstaufen”, and “Shadow”, where the romantic tradition inherent in such authors as Andersen, Hoffman, and Odoevsky is traced. Using the historical poetics method, the comparative historical method, and comparative analysis in the works of Schwartz, the principle of romantic duality is revealed: the interaction of shadow and light, the motif of illusion, and the style of phantasmagoria. The motif of vampirism in the literal and allegorical sense is also separately touched upon, with reference to the peculiarities of this motif in the poetics of Romanticism.

Надежда Николаевна Старикова

В рецензии представлена коллективная монография, опубликованная в Словении, которая в мультидисциплинарном ключе освещает процессы, происходившие в социокультурном пространстве Европы с мая 1968 по ноябрь 1989 г., то есть с момента возникновения студенческих волнений во Франции до падения берлинской стены и начала бархатной революции в Чехословакии, и их отражение в литературной теории и практике. В книгу вошли статьи словенских и других зарубежных ученых-гуманитариев, специализирующихся на исследованиях в области истории, социологии, политологии, литературоведения, культурологии, искусствознания. В большинстве статей ведущей является словенская тематика и проблематика, которая встраивается авторами в широкий европейский и югославский социально-политический и историко-литературный контекст. Монография состоит из пяти разделов, снабжена именным указателем, биобиблиографическим списком авторов и развернутым англоязычным резюме, включающим постатейные аннотации. Рецензия поступила в редакцию 19.03.2022. Цитирование Старикова Н. Н. Социально-политические трансформации 1968 и 1989 гг. в зеркале современной культуры Европы // Славянский альманах. 2022. No 1–2. С. 468–476. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2022.1-2.5.06

Dr. Njuafac Kenedy Fonju

The present article deals with the position of the Republic of South Africa with inconsistent blundering following her outing concerning the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian showdown. That such contradictory support to an aggressive State of Eastern European country making purported strategies to raise war and traumatize the Ukrainian to go down on their needs in a full scale war is just an unjust way of struggling to once more rise to a World unchallengeable position vis-à-vis with the United States Hyper Power Parity as unique policeman of the World since 1991 collapsed of the Cold War and disintegration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR).. But that cannot work in the 21st Century when recalling the past history of the disintegration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 with the 15 Satellites States gaining their independence. Ukraine was never having two other independent Republics within its single national territory and the composition of USSR was never 17 satellite states that an over ambitious aggressive statesman is trying to give the two secessionist regions total support to purported independence conducted where nobody can justify. The South African authorities should clearly remove their diplomatic lenses to see the suffering facing by African diasporas in the country under aggressive attack from Russia are going through and think of their former Apartheid system the country undergone in the hands of the British minorities until 1990.Infact,Africans high imported countries are now trapped with unbearable high prices of consumer goods and services due to long adopted policy of dependency and practicability not to produce to capacities to feed their local populations before the outbreak of the unjustified war consonant to the violation of international law. Africans make up more than 20 percent of Ukraine's international students, studying in many different towns and cities throughout the country The scrutiny of diverse sources paved

Кирилл Александрович Кочегаров

Публикация представляет собой текст грамоты сучавского митрополита Досифея, которая была выдана, по-видимому, в ноябре 1683 г. предводителю правобережных казаков Стефану Куницкому. Он, будучи назначен казацким гетманом польским королем Яном III Собеским, осенью — зимой 1683 г. организовал вторжение в Молдавию и набег на территории Буджацкой орды. В грамоте Досифей давал разрешение Куницкому на развод с его женой, Еленой, которая была значительно старше его, и, соответственно, — позволение на второй брак. Елена была вдовой Г. Лесницкого, влиятельного казацкого старшины 1650–1660-х годов, и брак с ней несомненно помог Куницкому в повышении его социального статуса: он входил в окружение правобережного гетмана П. Д. Дорошенко, позднее стал казацким полковником под властью Османской империи и, наконец, сумел добиться получения гетманского звания от польского короля. Публикуемый документ является уникальным источником, не только характеризующим политический аспект казацко-молдавских отношений в 1683 г., но и проливающим свет на малоисследованную проблему карьерных стратегий и личных интересов отдельных представителей украинского казачества в эпоху Руины (1660–1680-е гг.), для реализации которых они использовали свои военно-политические успехи. Статья поступила в редакцию 21.04.2021. Цитирование Кочегаров К. А. Неизвестная грамота сучавского митрополита Досифея о расторжении брака гетмана правобережных казаков Стефана Куницкого (1683 г.) // Славянский альманах. 2021. No 3–4. С. 441–450. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2021.3-4.6.01

N. Aliekperova, Кostyantyn Kosyachenko, O. Kaniura

Background Nowadays, medical cannabis still remains inaccesible for patients in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Even registered medicinal products based on herbal or synthetic cannabinoids, like Sativex, are practically unavailable due to their high cost and narrow scope of application (for example, in Lithuania). However, before the absolute prohibition of medical cannabis in the USSR, in line with Single Convention of 1961, the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (eighth edition) published monographs on such medicinal products as “Herba Cannabis indicae ”, “Extractum Cannabis indicae spissum” and “Fructus Cannabis”, which could be prescribed by physicians with precaution. Objectives Formation of a holistic approach aimed at the creation of appropriate conditions for the development of medical cannabis market and the improvement of life quality and health of Ukrainian patients. Methods We analyzed legislation and regulation mechanisms for medical cannabis in the USSR, and the present availability of these products for patients in the former USSR, such as Lithuania, Georgia, Estonia, Russian Federation, and Ukraine. Four hundred thirty-five Ukrainian pharmacy students participated in the quantitative analysis (a survey) that took place on April–May, 2019 at Bogomolets National Medical University (Kyiv, Ukraine). They were surveyed about legalization of medical cannabis in Ukraine, advisability of including cannabis and cannabinoids related data into educational programs, and other issues. Qualitative analysis we applied consisted of the stakeholder analysis and Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis. We classified the key stakeholders into the patients, healthcare professionals, legislative and regulatory bodies, pharmaceutical companies, pharmacies, etc., and ranked them based on their power and interest in the development of potential medical cannabis market in Ukraine. We also identified their expectations and goals. SWOT analysis allows us to evaluate predictable risks and opportunities, as well as strong and weak aspects of the effective development of medical cannabis industry in Ukraine. Results According to the survey among pharmacy students, about 80% support the legalization of cannabis for medical purposes. However, two-thirds of them think that there is a risk of illicit turnover. Nearly half of the respondents are not informed or poorly informed about cannabis therapeutic properties. At the same time, nearly 90% consider that materials on medicinal properties of cannabis and cannabinoids should be included in the training program. Nowadays, such stakeholders as legislative and regulatory bodies have the highest power over the development of potential medical cannabis market in Ukraine: more than two million Ukrainian patients still cannot access an effective cannabinoids based treatment. There are over 20 thousand children among them suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy due to the lack of adequate legislation. Moreover, a lot of stakeholders with high level of interest, such as growers, manufacturers of cannabidiol (CBD) products, pharmaceutical companies, pharmacies, higher education institutions, even scientists and healthcare professionals are still waiting for the legalization of cannabis for medical and scientific purposes in Ukraine. SWOT analysis shows that present business structures, educational and scientific institutions, regulatory bodies, and the competency of domestic specialists are strong enough to develop a new market of cannabis-based medicinal products in Ukraine. However, a long-term ban on medical cannabis requires more time for creating the entire ecosystem. This market can be quite attractive in Ukraine. It is characterized by high growth rates, low entry barriers and a substantial demand. Yet, its advancement depends significantly on the appropriate regulatory framework, high level of awareness among health professionals and society as a whole, and involvement in scientific study to become a part of the global medical cannabis market. Discussion The holistic approach is aimed to improve health and life quality of Ukrainian patients through cannabis-based medicinal products. It consists of three components: changes in legislation and regulation procedures; changes to value orientations in society; observance of stakeholders’ interests and purposes. Specific recommendations are worked out to realize this approach in Ukraine.

Khokhlov Alexander

This article deals with events that took place in Kazan diocese in April — July, 1908. Their central figure is head of Kazanskaya Bogoroditskaya Sedmiozerskaya Pustyn’, archimandrite Gavriil (Zyrianov). The accusation of Revd. Gavriil, by that time widely known for his asceticism far beyond the borders of Kazan diocese, as well as of his spiritual child, hieromonk Tikhon (Buzov), the treasurer of the monastery, of negligent management of the household of the monastery and of accumulating considerable debts in the monastery that they were in charge of, resulted in the resignation of the head and his subsequent persecution by the ruling archpriest, archbishop of Kazan and Sviyazhsk Nikanor (Kamenskiy). The case received considerable attention in church circles of the diocese of that time. However, it was not studied properly, and materials kept in the archive of Kazan Spiritual Consistory were not scrutinised in terms of reconstructing the true circumstances of the events. Lack of a careful analysis of certain episodes led to a partial mythologisation of the history, confusion in facts, and, most importantly, made it impossible to identify all the participants of the confl ict, determine the line and specificity of their conduct, aims and motives. The future canonisation of archimandrite Gavriil (Zyrianov) in the rank of all-Russian saints requires to eliminate the historical lacunae, including in the ethical and anthropological perspective. This article attempts to deal with this task. It makes public a large number of previously unpublished sources. Their base if made up of documents kept at the State Archive of Republic of Tatarstan and in the library of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University.

Olga M Semerikova

This article based on the large body of archival materials and considers the gender aspect in the activities of agricultural communes of the period of the early Soviet society. Created almost exclusively by men (as part of a team), they most often had about half or slightly less able-bodied members from among the women. This significantly influenced the psychological climate in the commune and its economic indicators. The absence of special works on this issue actualizes an appeal to the problem of the ratio of male / female in the agricultural team of the period under study and its significance for quantitative and qualitative indicators of production. It is also of interest that the agricultural labor commune was the site of a socialist social experiment to create a “new” Soviet person, a “new” Soviet woman. Traditionally, the woman determined the psychological and emotional readiness of the family to perceive the “new”, which the Soviet authorities actively used to strengthen their ideological influence in the village. Within the framework of the Bolshevik project “commune”, the tasks were set to raise the social status of women in society through wide access to education, occupying production, state and party leadership positions. New opportunities, in turn, expanded the space for women’s self-realization beyond their usual roles in the patriarchal structure. The study of the dynamics of the development of these processes in the early Soviet period makes it possible to identify natural boundaries in the implementation of the “new Soviet woman” concept, to establish the results of social planning in this area. The study proved that when joining the team, women pursued primarily pragmatic goals. The author of the article found that, despite the support by the state and the party in the process of raising the status of a peasant woman, society retained the traditional idea of its place and role in the family and social life. As a result, the involvement of women in managerial functions was carried out slowly, however, increased the possibility of their self-realization.

Natalia B Selunskaya

A. Aref’ev

Katarzyna Wojan

The text is dedicated to Professor Jerzy Kaliszan, an outstanding Polish researcher of homonymy in the Russian language, the author of significant monographs and the first Polish dictionary of Russian homographs. The article is a review of Polish academic literature on Russian homonymy including both intra- and interlinguistic aspects (relations between Polish and Russian). In the first part, the author outlines the most important theoretical and lexicographical studies of Polish scholars. The second part is devoted to a description of Jerzy Kaliszan’s achievements in the field of lexical and word-formation homonymy, including lexemes’ homography.

Katerina Kedron

This study is an attempt to show how the “gender” semantics of fixed expressions form and what the function of the gender component is in this process. An analysis of the language material shows that there are several cases of modification of “gender” semantics of idiomatic phrases: changes in the phrase’s connotation (there are distinctions between utterances with the same structure in one language or between similar cases in different languages); the change of the referent from male to female (or vice versa) or to the common human meaning etc. It is also shown that the role of the gender component is intrinsic to semantic processes.

A. Sulakvelidze, Z. Alavidze, J. Morris

Marina Klochkova

Metropolitan Eugene Bolkhovitinov is a scholar and enlightener. History of the study of creative heritage. The article is devoted to the analysis of the historiographical tradition of studying the creative heritage of Metropolitan Eugene Bolkhovitinov. The author sets before herself the task to examine the key works that shaped the image of Metropolitan Eugene as a scholar and an enlightener. Formed by the efforts of several generations of the researchers of the XIX-XX centuries, historiographical tradition assigns to Eugene Bolkhovitinov the role of a collector and a bibliographer, who became a metropolitan by the will of circumstances. Such distinction and opposing the Eugene’s church activity to his secular one does not give the opportunity to compose his integral image. This problem can be overcome due to the consideration to the personality and activities of Eugene Bolkhovitinov in the broader intellectual and cultural context of the Russian Enlightenment at the end of the XVIII-th and the first third of the 19-th century. The pre-revolutionary authors considered Eugene's educational activity exclusively as a scientific and educational one. The Soviet historians made a significant contribution to the differentiation of the concepts "The Enlightenment" and "The Russian enlightenment " and the study of enlightening ideology. At the beginning of the XXI century the question of Russian religious enlightenment was raised, the role of the church intellectuals in the Combining the of church doctrine and European ideas was examined. The educated Russian society was offered an Orthodox interpretation of the ideas of equality, moral improvement, social progress. The enlightening activity of Metropolitan Eugene Bolkhovitinov, who exemplified the inextricable link between ecclesiastical and secular scientific ministry, is still awaiting its study.