Hasil untuk "History of Law"

H. Morgenthau

M. Foucault

Kuryshev Evgeniy

The article traces the evolution of the legal system in China from ancient times to the present, with a focus on the effect of innovations and borrowings on traditional norms. The author identified the transformation patterns to determine those cultural, political, and external factors that shaped the unique hybrid model of Chinese legal system. The historical and legal method was applied to historical codes, decrees, and legal doctrines. The comparative legal method made it possible to compare and contrast Chinese legal institutions with foreign ones. The systematic approach highlighted the correlation between law, economy, and social processes. Chinese law started as a Confucian-Legalist synthesis, where morality was balanced with strict norms. Later, it was modified by Chinese socialism, which combines authoritarianism with market mechanisms and digital technologies. Innovations entered the system as borrowings but were always adapted to local realities to maintain the cultural continuity. The current legal system of the People’s Republic of China is dual as it binds the formal liberalization of the economic law with strict control over society through national security laws and the social credit system. In China, the legal system managed to develop without abandoning cultural identity because its evolution proceeded under strict political control.

Richard de Grijs

In the nineteenth century, the Dutch established time signals in their Atlantic colonies to synchronise maritime navigation with European standards. In Paramaribo (Suriname), a sophisticated sequence of apparatus -- including time balls, noon guns, discs and flags -- operated from 1851 until World War I. Naval officers aboard guard ships used sextants equipped with artificial horizons to determine local noon, thus integrating the colony into the global Greenwich-based cartographic system. This infrastructure was not merely technical; it became a civic ritual, with the daily noon gun structuring urban life and becoming a point of political negotiation between naval commanders and the colonial governor. In contrast, the Dutch Caribbean islands employed simpler, pragmatic systems. Curaçao used a daily time flag, a cost-effective solution suited to its climate and harbour scale, while smaller islands like Aruba and St. Eustatius relied on occasional noon guns. This diversity reflected a decentralised colonial administration that adapted technologies to local conditions and budgets. The history of these time signals reveals a process of hybrid adaptation, not simply replication of European models. They were shaped by environmental challenges, fiscal constraints and local politics, functioning simultaneously as navigational aids and civic landmarks. Their eventual decline, owing to budgetary pressures and new technologies like wireless telegraphy, underscores the fragile and negotiated nature of colonial scientific infrastructures.

Banafsheh Karimian, Alexis Guichemerre, Soufiane Belharbi et al.

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Longitudinal mammography risk prediction models improve multi-year breast cancer risk prediction based on prior screening exams. However, in real-world clinical practice, longitudinal histories are often incomplete, irregular, or unavailable due to missed screenings, first-time examinations, heterogeneous acquisition schedules, or archival constraints. The absence of prior exams degrades the performance of longitudinal risk models and limits their practical applicability. While substantial longitudinal history is available during training, prior exams are commonly absent at test time. In this paper, we address missing history at inference time and propose a longitudinal risk prediction method that uses mammography history as privileged information during training and distills its prognostic value into a student model that only requires the current exam at inference time. The key idea is a privileged multi-teacher distillation scheme with horizon-specific teachers: each teacher is trained on the full longitudinal history to specialize in one prediction horizon, while the student receives only a reconstructed history derived from the current exam. This allows the student to inherit horizon-dependent longitudinal risk cues without requiring prior screening exams at deployment. Our new Privileged History Distillation (PHD) method is validated on a large longitudinal mammography dataset with multi-year cancer outcomes, CSAW-CC, comparing full-history and no-history baselines to their distilled counterparts. Using time-dependent AUC across horizons, our privileged history distillation method markedly improves the performance of long-horizon prediction over no-history models and is comparable to that of full-history models, while using only the current exam at inference time.

Yash Lapasia, Sandro Tacchella, Francesco D'Eugenio et al.

JWST observations have suggested that some high-redshift galaxies may be ultra-massive, thereby challenging standard models of early galaxy formation and cosmology. We analyse the stellar masses using different modelling assumptions and with new data of three galaxies (S1, S2 and S3), whose NIRCam/grism redshifts were consistent with $z>5$. These three optically dark galaxies have previously been reported to host exceptionally high stellar masses and star-formation rates, implying extremely high star-formation efficiencies. Recent NIRSpec/IFU observations for S1 indicate a spectroscopic redshift of $z_{\rm spec}=3.2439\pm0.0002$, which is lower than previously reported. Using the Bayesian spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling tool \texttt{Prospector}, we investigate the impact of key model assumptions on stellar mass estimates, such as the choice of star-formation history (SFH) priors (constant versus rising SFH base for the non-parametric prior), the dust attenuation law, and the treatment of emission line fluxes. Our analysis yields revised stellar masses of $\log(M_{\star}/M_{\odot}) \approx 10.36^{+0.47}_{-0.32}, 10.95^{+0.11}_{-0.10}$ and $10.31^{+0.24}_{-0.19}$ for S1, S2, and S3, respectively. We find that adopting a rising SFH base prior results in lower inferred stellar masses compared to a constant SFH base prior. We identify a significant degeneracy between the dust attenuation curve slope, the amount of dust attenuation, and stellar mass. Our results highlight various systematics in SED modelling due to SFH priors and dust attenuation that can influence stellar mass estimates of heavily dust obscured sources. Nevertheless, even with these revised stellar mass estimates, two of the three galaxies remain among the most massive and actively star-forming systems at their respective redshifts, implying high star-formation efficiencies.

H. Frost

Michel

Sylvain Soleil

Stuart G. Hall

M. Chanock

L. D. L. Torre

Padlan Padil Simamora, Nurul Hak, Dinda Difia Madina et al.

Islamisation in the Indonesian archipelago has been ongoing for centuries. Islam emerged as an influential force in the history of the archipelago. The entry of Islam into Indonesia, a country diverse in culture, led to culture and religion being closely linked. In the Angkola Batak tradition, ancestors' teachings remained embedded in everyday life until after the arrival of Islam, when acculturation and interrelationships took place between Islamic culture and religion. This study uses a qualitative research method, with a library research approach focusing on the acculturation of Sinamot (dowry) culture in the Batak Angkola community of South Tapanuli. The study findings cover three aspects of the topic. First, the social condition of the Angkola Batak community, which adheres to the dalihan na tolu social structure as a benchmark for communicating, acting, and resolving social problems. Second, the interrelationship between customs and Islam in the Sinamot tradition (one of the series in Angkola Batak marriages) in determining the amount of Sinamot is attended by the nuclear family from both parties to resolve the specified amount. Finally, it was discovered that there were changes in the banquets in the deliberation, such as abandoning forms prohibited in Islamic teachings, such as those involving the consumption of pork and palm wine, and also changes in the Sinamot tradition in the marriages of the Angkola Batak community due to several factors, including changes resulting from the move from traditional to modern times, and the wishes of the Batak Angkola community to familiarise themselves with and keep up with the times. The introduction of Islam provided a systematic and logical variation, allowing society to easily accept it at wedding ceremonies.

Polyakov V.E., Kovalerov A.E.

The experience of the First World War showed the increasing role of aviation on the battlefield and its significant contribution to the final result of the struggle. With the outbreak of the civil war on the territory of the former Russian Empire, in the confrontation of the reds, whites, and greens, only the first two turned out to have aviation units inherited from the Imperial army. Since the actions of aviation turned out to be very successful, especially in terms of conducting aerial reconnaissance, adjusting artillery fire, bombing, and storming cavalry units, their number grew. Both through the manufacture of new aircraft and through supplies from abroad. Tactics were improved. Radio communication was used to adjust artillery fire. For aerial reconnaissance of cinema and photographic equipment. Elements of interaction with ground units were worked out. The successful actions of aviation against cavalry units in Tavria significantly influenced the outcome of the fighting. The article personalizes many outstanding pilots of the Civil War period, both in the camp of whites and Reds. The brands of all aircraft used at that time are given. It plays a role in correcting the artillery fire of balloons and means of combating them. All the main battles of the final stage of the Civil War and the role of military aircraft of the warring parties in them are shown.

Khadija Khatun, Chen Shen, Jun Tanimoto et al.

Understanding how cooperation emerges in public goods games is crucial for addressing societal challenges. While optional participation can establish cooperation without identifying cooperators, it relies on specific assumptions -- that individuals abstain and receive a non-negative payoff, or that non-participants cause damage to public goods -- which limits our understanding of its broader role. We generalize this mechanism by considering non-participants' payoffs and their potential direct influence on public goods, allowing us to examine how various strategic motives for non-participation affect cooperation. Using replicator dynamics, we find that cooperation thrives only when non-participants are motivated by individualistic or prosocial values, with individualistic motivations yielding optimal cooperation. These findings are robust to mutation, which slightly enlarges the region where cooperation can be maintained through cyclic dominance among strategies. Our results suggest that while optional participation can benefit cooperation, its effectiveness is limited and highlights the limitations of bottom-up schemes in supporting public goods.

Rimvydas Petrauskas

Dear Colleagues, This year marks the celebration of a remarkable event in the cultural history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – the establishment of the printing house of Francysk Skaryna in Vilnius and the beginning of book printing in Lithuania. The printing house was established in the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, although it worked only for a few years, it still marked the beginning of a great history. As the preface to the programme of this conference beautifully states, “The Grand Duchy of Lithuania became part of the Gutenberg galaxy.” Historians, philologists, and art historians will spend several days discussing this historical event, examining its cultural context and its consequences from different perspectives. I would especially like to emphasize the multi-disciplinary approach of this conference which is bound to enable us to share and deepen our knowledge. It is clear that the Francysk Skaryna printing house is a phenomenon of the multicultural and multi-confessional tradition of the Grand Duchy. Skaryna came from the Belarusian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and studied in Padua before working between Prague and Vilnius, where he eventually went on to publish Orthodox books. The title of the first book he published was The Little Traveller’s Book. And this title aptly reflects the mobility of Skaryna himself as well as many other literary people of the time, although the intended meaning of the title is somewhat different. The beginning of the 16th century was a significant period in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The codification of Law (the First Statute of Lithuania), the first complete history of Lithuania, and the first original works of fiction were written at that time. In this context, the establishment of the Skaryna printing house reflects both the growing political consciousness of the contemporary society, as well as its literacy. Let us turn to the present day. I’m very happy to welcome you to Vilnius. We have all missed such in-person conferences. Still, we must not forget the current political situation. We need to be responsible in our behaviour with history. And we urgently need to explore what the foundations of a new European and global policy should be. All this thinking must be done in a rational, focused, knowledge-based and contextual manner. And that is what we, the academics, can provide for societies consumed by the anxiety of war, manipulated by the media and biases of propaganda. And that is how we, the academic community, show how relevant we are to the external world. Just as Skaryna recognized the benefits of printing texts for his society, we all recognize the value of disseminating accurate information and our duty to combat misinformation. However, speaking truth to power and standing up for what is right requires courage. In this way, I would like to extend a special welcome to our colleagues from Belarus and Ukraine. Many of them, for various reasons, are unable to continue in their regular positions, and some of them have to call themselves ‘independent researchers’ because they have lost their jobs because of their views. We welcome you to Lithuania and Vilnius and are always ready to support you. I would like to finish my speech by wishing you a productive and meaningful conference and a pleasant time in Vilnius. Next year, we shall celebrate the 700th anniversary of our capital city. In 1323, Gediminas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, invited people from all over Europe to come to Vilnius and settle down for peaceful trade and business. I am happy to vouch that our commitment to open international cooperation continues to stand firm. Thank you very much for your attention.

Rosaria Pirosa

This paper intends to delve into Roscoe Pound’s thought, enhancing his teleological conception of law as a key to understanding Pound’s historicism, pragmatism and functionalism. The Author will also deal with the Poundian contribution within a ‘situated’ perspective aimed at stressing some ‘genetic’ traits of American legal realism in relation to the specific history of the evolution of the common law in the US context. The text has the objective to discuss the theoretical-legal matrix of Pound’s theoretical reflection and its afference to legal science, highlighting his attitude to address the macro-theme of the constitutive principles of the law itself.

Martin Lopez-Corredoira

Since the beginning of the 20th century, a continuous evolution and perfection of what we today call the standard cosmological model has been produced, although some authors like to distinguish separate periods within this evolution. A possible historical division of the development of cosmology into six periods is: (1) the initial period (1917-1927); (2) the period of development (1927-1945); (3) the period of consolidation (1945-1965); (4) the period of acceptance (1965-1980); (5) the period of enlargement (1980-1998); and (6) the period of high-precision experimental cosmology (1998-now). The last period started with a epistemological optimism that has declined with time, and the expression "crisis in cosmology" is now stubbornly reverberating in the media. The initial expectation of removing the pending minor problems arising from the increased accuracy of measurements has backfired: the higher the precision with which the standard model tries to fit the data, the greater the number of tensions that arise, the problems proliferating rather than diminishing.

Sylvia Wenmackers

Problems with uniform probabilities on an infinite support show up in contemporary cosmology. This paper focuses on the context of inflation theory, where it complicates the assignment of a probability measure over pocket universes. The measure problem in cosmology, whereby it seems impossible to pick out a uniquely well-motivated measure, is associated with a paradox that occurs in standard probability theory and crucially involves uniformity on an infinite sample space. This problem has been discussed by physicists, albeit without reference to earlier work on this topic. The aim of this article is both to introduce philosophers of probability to these recent discussions in cosmology and to familiarize physicists and philosophers working on cosmology with relevant foundational work by Kolmogorov, de Finetti, Jaynes, and other probabilists. As such, the main goal is not to solve the measure problem, but to clarify the exact origin of some of the current obstacles. The analysis of the assumptions going into the paradox indicates that there exist multiple ways of dealing consistently with uniform probabilities on infinite sample spaces. Taking a pluralist stance towards the mathematical methods used in cosmology shows there is some room for progress with assigning probabilities in cosmological theories.

K. Crenshaw