Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

F. Lomoc, N. Canosa, A. P. Boette et al.

We present a method for analyzing general time series by employing the history state formalism of quantum mechanics. This formalism allows us to describe a complete evolution based on a single quantum state, the history state, which simultaneously includes -also as a quantum system- the reference clock. It naturally leads to the concept of system-time entanglement, with the ensuing entanglement entropy constituting a measure of the effective number of distinguishable states visited in the history. Through a quantum coherent state embedding of the time series data, it is then possible to associate a quantum history state to the series. The gaussian overlap between these coherent states provides thus a smooth measure of distinguishability between the series data. The eigenvalues of the corresponding overlap matrix determine in fact the entanglement spectrum and entropy of the history state, which provide a rigorous characterization of the evolution. As illustration, the formalism is applied to typical financial time-series data. Through the entanglement entropy and spectrum, different evolution regimes can be identified. Entanglement based volatility indicators are also derived, and compared with standard volatility measures.

Sinzinando Albuquerque-Lima, Bruno Henrique dos Santos Ferreira, André Rodrigo Rech et al.

Vertebrate pollination is widespread in Musaceae, with birds and bats serving as the main pollen vectors across the family. While these systems are typically well defined, the Golden Lotus (<i>Musella lasiocarpa</i>) has long been regarded as an exception, presumed to rely on insect, particularly bee, pollination. In this study, we challenge that assumption by providing the first comprehensive evidence of bird visitation and putative pollination in <i>M. lasiocarpa</i>. Through field surveys complemented by citizen science observations, we documented an unexpectedly rich assemblage of avian visitors: twelve bird species from five families regularly foraged at flowers and likely acted as pollinators. This represents a striking expansion of the known potential pollinator spectrum for the species and highlights a previously overlooked dimension of its reproductive ecology. The floral traits of <i>M. lasiocarpa</i>, including vivid bracts, accessible nectar, and extended flowering, align closely with adaptations to bird pollination. Beyond clarifying the natural history of the Golden Lotus, our findings reveal broader insights into the ecological and cultural significance of bird pollination in the Chinese flora, with implications for both biodiversity conservation and horticultural practices.

Saikat Biswas

India is a founder-member country to participate in the construction of the international multipurpose accelerator facility called the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt, Germany. Bose Institute, Kolkata, has been designated as the Indian shareholder of the FAIR GmbH and the nodal Indian Institution for co-ordinating Indian participation in the FAIR programme. Indian participation in FAIR is twofold. Firstly, the advancement of knowledge in nuclear astrophysics and reaction, high-energy nuclear physics, atomic \& plasma physics and application through the participation of Indian researchers, engineers and students in various experiments planned at FAIR. In addition to this, India is also contributing high-tech accelerator equipment as in-kind contribution to FAIR. Our active involvement include the designing, manufacturing and supply of in-kind accelerator items e.g. power converters, vacuum chamber, beam catchers, IT diagnostic cables among them and coordinating the participation of Indian scientists in the FAIR experiments including detector development, physics simulation, experimental data analysis. Indian researchers have been participating in the two major experiments at FAIR, i.e. Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions (NUSTAR) and Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) and in particular Bose Institute is involved in the CBM experiment, to study and characterize the matter created in the relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at high net baryon density and relatively moderate temperature. In this article a brief overview on the FAIR facility, the experiments at FAIR and Indian participation are presented.

Stefan Siedentop

Germany is currently experiencing a renewed rise of suburbanisation and an associated increase in urban expansion in the peripheries of large cities. How this development—referred to below as the “fifth suburbanisation” in the history of this country—can be characterized in the light of earlier phases of intraregional deconcentration is the topic of this paper. The four historical reference phases are not to be understood as clearly distinguishable and successive developments. Their conceptualization is less temporal than structural-material, socio-spatial, institutional, cultural, economic and political-discursive. The focus is on characteristics of built environments typical of each phase, specific social and economic drivers, dominant housing and planning policies, socio-cultural meanings and values as well as social embedding and negotiation processes. Suburban development of the 2020s will take place in a socio-economically and institutionally changed process field, even though there is still little empirical evidence in this regard. Accordingly, this paper also aims to call for a discussion on new research desiderata and realistic policy designs for suburban spatial development in the 2020s. A historical contextualization of the current development and planning processes is considered essential.

I. E. Grey, C. Rewitzer, R. Hochleitner et al.

<p>Macraeite, [(H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O)K]Mn<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>(Fe<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>Ti)(PO<span class="inline-formula">₄</span>)<span class="inline-formula">₄</span>[O(OH)](H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O)<span class="inline-formula">₁₀</span> <span class="inline-formula">⋅</span> 4H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O, is a new monoclinic member of the paulkerrite group, from the Cubos–Mesquitela–Mangualde pegmatite, Mangualde, Portugal. It was found in phosphate nodules of weathered triplite, heterosite, and lithiophilite. Associated minerals are strengite, triplite, bermanite, phosphosiderite, and switzerite.</p> <p>Macraeite forms colourless to light-greenish-yellow pseudo-rhombic dodecahedral-shaped crystals up to 0.15 mm. The crystals are equant with forms {010}, {001}, {111}, and {<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mover accent="true"><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">‾</mo></mover></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="52ccb44bd52443b5c78783e0d1501948"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00001.svg" width="8pt" height="13pt" src="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>11}. The calculated density is 2.39 g cm<span class="inline-formula">⁻³</span>. Optically, macraeite crystals are biaxial (<span class="inline-formula">+</span>), with <span class="inline-formula"><i>α</i>=1.605(3)</span>, <span class="inline-formula"><i>β</i>=1.611(3)</span>, <span class="inline-formula"><i>γ</i>=1.646(3)</span> (measured in white light), and 2<span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i></span>(meas) <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 45(3)°. The empirical formula from electron microprobe analyses and structure refinement is <span class="inline-formula">^<i>A</i>1</span>[(H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O)<span class="inline-formula">_0.83</span>K<span class="inline-formula">_0.17</span>]<span class="inline-formula">_Σ1.00</span> <span class="inline-formula">^<i>A</i>2</span>[K<span class="inline-formula">_0.65</span>(H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O)<span class="inline-formula">_0.35</span>]<span class="inline-formula">_Σ1.00</span> <span class="inline-formula">^<i>M</i>1</span>(Mn<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M38" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1.98</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mo>□</mo><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mn mathvariant="normal">0.02</mn></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="42pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="99e8122d4196e0edb14c3852ff48beb8"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00002.svg" width="42pt" height="17pt" src="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>)<span class="inline-formula">_Σ2.00</span> <span class="inline-formula">^<i>M</i>2</span>(Fe<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M41" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">1.09</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ff7025d9a180851be09b0a5a9dafe4b6"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00003.svg" width="18pt" height="17pt" src="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>Al<span class="inline-formula">_0.31</span>Ti<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M43" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">0.52</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a64a42ebdbe27224f4a9389f74808ed1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00004.svg" width="18pt" height="17pt" src="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>Mg<span class="inline-formula">_0.08</span>)<span class="inline-formula">_Σ2.00</span> <span class="inline-formula">^<i>M</i>3</span>(Ti<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M47" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">0.66</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="94c65da2b790470e2ec843d87f83884b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00005.svg" width="18pt" height="17pt" src="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>Fe<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M48" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">0.34</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup><msub><mo>)</mo><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1.00</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="42pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e052b7d79f69e15a421fec742b5c78b6"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00006.svg" width="42pt" height="17pt" src="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (PO<span class="inline-formula">₄</span>)<span class="inline-formula">₄</span> <span class="inline-formula">^<i>X</i></span>[O<span class="inline-formula">_0.87</span>F<span class="inline-formula">_0.53</span>(OH)<span class="inline-formula">_0.60</span>]<span class="inline-formula">_Σ2.00</span>(H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O)<span class="inline-formula">₁₀</span> <span class="inline-formula">⋅</span> 4H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O.</p> <p>Macraeite has monoclinic symmetry with space group <span class="inline-formula"><i>P</i></span>2<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M61" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="18efce390d1a45e2eec99053bb843bb0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00007.svg" width="20pt" height="14pt" src="ejm-36-267-2024-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and unit-cell parameters <span class="inline-formula"><i>a</i>=10.562(2)</span> Å, <span class="inline-formula"><i>b</i>=20.725(4)</span> Å, <span class="inline-formula"><i>c</i>=12.416(2)</span> Å, <span class="inline-formula"><i>β</i>=90.09(3)</span>°, <span class="inline-formula"><i>V</i>=2717.8(9)</span> Å<span class="inline-formula">³</span>, and <span class="inline-formula"><i>Z</i>=4</span>. The crystal structure was refined using synchrotron single-crystal data to <i>wR</i><span class="inline-formula">_obs=0.065</span> for 4990 reflections with <span class="inline-formula"><i>I</i><i>&gt;</i>3<i>σ</i>(<i>I</i>)</span>. Macraeite is isostructural with the paulkerrite-group minerals rewitzerite and paulkerrite, with ordering of K and H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O at different <span class="inline-formula"><i>A</i></span> sites (<span class="inline-formula"><i>A</i></span>1 and <span class="inline-formula"><i>A</i></span>2) of the general formula <span class="inline-formula"><i>A</i></span>1<span class="inline-formula"><i>A</i></span>2<span class="inline-formula"><i>M</i></span>1<span class="inline-formula">₂<i>M</i></span>2<span class="inline-formula">₂<i>M</i></span>3(PO<span class="inline-formula">₄</span>)<span class="inline-formula">₄<i>X</i>₂</span>(H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O)<span class="inline-formula">₁₀</span> <span class="inline-formula">⋅</span> 4H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O, whereas in the orthorhombic member, benyacarite, K and H<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O are disordered at a single <span class="inline-formula"><i>A</i></span> site.</p>

Matthias Firgo

This paper analyses the price effects and tax pass-through of a VAT increase from 7% to 19% on restaurant services in Germany as of January 1, 2024. The Synthetic Control Method (SCM) is used to identify the causal effects of this reform using prices of goods and services unaffected by the tax change as a counterfactual for restaurant prices. Immediately in January, 31% of the tax increase was passed on to consumer prices. Pass-through increased to 58% in the following six months, which corresponds to a causal consumer price increase of about 6.5%. The presumed increase in demand for gastronomy services due to hosting the UEFA Euro 2024 tournament did not alter the path of price adjustments compared to previous months.

Annie Yang

Extended reality can weave together the fabric of the past, present, and future. A two-day design hackathon was held to bring the community together through a love for history and a common goal to use technology for good. Through interviewing an influential community elder, Emile Pitre, and referencing his book Revolution to Evolution, my team developed an augmented reality artifact to tell his story and preserve on revolutionary's legacy that impacted the University of Washington's history forever.

Francisco Calderón

Algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) puts forward three "causal axioms" that aim to characterize the theory as one that implements relativistic causation: the spectrum condition, microcausality, and primitive causality. In this paper, I aim to show, in a minimally technical way, that none of them fully explains the notion of causation appropriate for AQFT because they only capture some of the desiderata for relativistic causation I state or because it is often unclear how each axiom implements its respective desideratum. After this diagnostic, I will show that a fourth condition, local primitive causality (LPC), fully characterizes relativistic causation in the sense of fulfilling all the relevant desiderata. However, it only encompasses the virtues of the other axioms because it is implied by them, as I will show from a construction by Haag and Schroer (1962). Since the conjunction of the three causal axioms implies LPC and other important results in QFT that LPC does not imply, and since LPC helps clarify some of the shortcomings of the three axioms, I advocate for a holistic interpretation of how the axioms characterize the causal structure of AQFT against the strategy in the literature to rivalize the axioms and privilege one among them.

Gargi Bakshi, Rushikesh K. Joshi

Dynamic changes in processes necessitate the notion of state equivalence between the old and new workflows. In several cases, the history of the workflow to be migrated provides sufficient context for a meaningful migration. In this paper, we present an algorithm to find the equivalence mapping for states from the old workflow to the new one using a trail-based consistency model called history equivalence. The algorithm finds history equivalent mappings for all migratable states in the reachability graph of the process under migration. It also reports all non-migratable states that fall in the change region for a given pair of old and new Petri Nets. The paper presents the algorithm, its working, and an intuitive proof. The working is demonstrated through a couple of illustrations.

Mohammed Tayeeb Hasan, Nikolaos Tsantalis, Pouria Alikhanifard

Tracking statements in the commit history of a project is in many cases useful for supporting various software maintenance, comprehension, and evolution tasks. A high level of accuracy can facilitate the adoption of code tracking tools by developers and researchers. To this end, we propose CodeTracker, a refactoring-aware tool that can generate the commit change history for code blocks. To evaluate its accuracy, we created an oracle with the change history of 1,280 code blocks found within 200 methods from 20 popular open-source project repositories. Moreover, we created a baseline based on the current state-of-the-art Abstract Syntax Tree diff tool, namely GumTree 3.0, in order to compare the accuracy and execution time. Our experiments have shown that CodeTracker has a considerably higher precision/recall and faster execution time than the GumTree-based baseline, and can extract the complete change history of a code block with a precision and recall of 99.5% within 3.6 seconds on average.

Susanne Bartig, Stephan Müters, Jens Hoebel et al.

Background: The COVID-19 vaccination is a key measure to contain the pandemic. It aims to restrict new infections and to reduce severe courses of the disease. This paper examines the influence of various social determinants on COVID-19 vaccination status. Methods: The analyses are based on data from the study German Health Update (GEDA 2021), a nationwide telephone-based survey of the adult population in Germany, which was conducted between July and December 2021. In addition to bivariate analyses, the association between the COVID-19 vaccination status and the social determinants was examined using Poisson regression. Results: A total of 86.7% of people aged 18 years and older who participated in GEDA 2021 have been received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Social differences are evident: The proportion of people vaccinated against COVID-19 increases with age, income and higher education group. Lower vaccination rates are found among people with a history of migration, people living in rural areas and people from East Germany. An age-differentiated analysis shows that the social differences in COVID-19 vaccination uptake are lower among those aged 60 years and older. Conclusions: The presented results should be considered when designing targeted interventions to overcome potential barriers to COVID-19 vaccination uptake. Further research is needed regarding the explanatory factors for the social differences in vaccination behaviour, such as structural and group-specific barriers or psychological determinants.

Angelina Eichsteller, Angelina Eichsteller, Alexander Martynov et al.

Shukherdorj Baasanmunkh, Batlai Oyuntsetseg, Zagarjav Tsegmed et al.

In the third part of our series of papers, we selected 40 native taxa from 33 genera of 21 families, considering their high conservation relevance. The chosen 40 species included 19 threatened and four endemic species, and they belong to the following genera: Aconitum L., Adenophora Fisch., Androsace L., Anemonastrum Holub, Arctous Nied., Arnica L., Callianthemum C.A.Mey., Caragana Lam., Chelidonium L., Chrysanthemum L., Cistanche Hoffmanns. & Link., Comarum L., Corydalis DC., Cynomorium L., Dracocephalum L. Echinops L., Farinopsis Chrtek & Soják, Gentiana Tourn., Geranium Tourn., Gymnocarpos Forssk., Heliotropium Tourn., Hylotelephium H.Ohba, Iljinia Korovin ex Iljin, Impatiens Riv. ex L., Kaschgaria Poljakov, Phalacrachena Iljin, Pinguicula L., Plantago L., Potentilla L., Rhododendron L., Salix L., Saxifraga Tourn., Stenosolenium Turcz., and Thalictrum Tourn. Data on endemism, global and regional distribution, natural habitat, and conservation status are provided for each species.

Christoph Schmetterer

Roman M Pokora, Matthias Büttner, Andreas Schulz et al.

<h4>Purpose</h4>We investigated the association between social inequality and participation in a mammography screening program (MSP). Since the German government offers mammography screening free of charge, any effect of social inequality on participation should be due to educational status and not due to the financial burden.<h4>Methods</h4>The 'Gutenberg Health Study' is a cohort study in the Rhine-Main-region, Germany. A health check-up was performed, and questions about medical history, health behavior, including secondary prevention such as use of mammography, and social status are included. Two indicators of social inequality (equivalence income and educational status), an interaction term of these two, and different covariables were used to explore an association in different logistic regression models.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 4,681 women meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Only 6.2% never participated in the MSP. A higher income was associated with higher chances of ever participating in a mammography screening (odds ratios (OR): 1.67 per €1000; 95%CI:1.26-2.25, model 3, adjusted for age, education and an interaction term of income and education). Compared to women with a low educational status, the odds ratios for ever participating in the MSP was lower for the intermediate educational status group (OR = 0.64, 95%CI:0.45-0.91) and for the high educational status group (0.53, 95%CI:0.37-0.76). Results persisted also after controlling for relevant confounders.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Despite the absence of financial barriers for participation in the MSP, socioeconomic inequalities still influence participation. It would be interesting to examine whether the educational effect is due to an informed decision.

H. R. Drobner

This publication is a translation of the original transcript of the public lecture, presented on January, 30, 2021 at Roman Institute of Goerres Society in Campo Santo Teutonico, Vatican. Prof. Dr. Dr. Hubertus R. Drobner (Germany, Paderborn), one of the leading researchers and translators of St Augustine’s homiletic legacy, has presented a perspective of interpretation for some of St Augustine’s sermons containing the most vibrant details of turbulent life of North African Christian community. These sermons filled with everyday details, which were characteristic and important for local community did not draw much attention among mediaeval scribes and were discovered for the scientific research only by the end of 20th century and had a great impact on the reception of St Augustine’s homiletic and theological legacy. In his interpretation of homiletic part of St Augustine’s heritage, Prof. Dr. Drobner particularly emphasizes the importance of these sermons as a historical and theological source on the history of the Church in the early 5th century.

Jūlija Pečerska, Denise Kühnert, Conor J. Meehan et al.

As multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) continues to spread, investigating the transmission potential of different drug-resistant strains becomes an ever more pressing topic in public health. While phylogenetic and transmission tree inferences provide valuable insight into possible transmission chains, phylodynamic inference combines evolutionary and epidemiological analyses to estimate the parameters of the underlying epidemiological processes, allowing us to describe the overall dynamics of disease spread in the population. In this study, we introduce an approach to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) phylodynamic analysis employing an existing computationally efficient model to quantify the transmission fitness costs of drug resistance with respect to drug-sensitive strains. To determine the accuracy and precision of our approach, we first perform a simulation study, mimicking the simultaneous spread of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) strains. We analyse the simulated transmission trees using the phylodynamic multi-type birth–death model (MTBD, (Kühnert et al., 2016)) within the BEAST2 framework and show that this model can estimate the parameters of the epidemic well, despite the simplifying assumptions that MTBD makes compared to the complex TB transmission dynamics used for simulation. We then apply the MTBD model to an M. tuberculosis lineage 4 dataset that primarily consists of MDR sequences. Some of the MDR strains additionally exhibit resistance to pyrazinamide — an important first-line anti-tuberculosis drug. Our results support the previously proposed hypothesis that pyrazinamide resistance confers a transmission fitness cost to the bacterium, which we quantify for the given dataset. Importantly, our sensitivity analyses show that the estimates are robust to different prior distributions on the resistance acquisition rate, but are affected by the size of the dataset – i.e. we estimate a higher fitness cost when using fewer sequences for analysis. Overall, we propose that MTBD can be used to quantify the transmission fitness cost for a wide range of pathogens where the strains can be appropriately divided into two or more categories with distinct properties.

C. A. Bergemann, C. A. Bergemann, C. A. Bergemann et al.

<p>Zoned hydrothermal monazite-(Ce) from Alpine-type fissures and clefts is used to gain new insights into the tectonic history of the Lepontine Dome in the Central Alps and the timing of deformation along the Rhone-Simplon Fault zone on the dome's western end. Hydrothermal monazites-(Ce) (re)crystallization ages directly date deformation that induces changes in physicochemical conditions of the fissure or cleft fluid. A total of 480 secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) spot analyses from 20 individual crystals, including co-type material of the monazite-(Nd) type locality, record ages for the time of <span class="inline-formula">∼19</span> to 2.7&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">Ma</span>, with individual grains recording age ranges of 2 to 7.5&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">Myr</span>. The combination of these age data with geometric considerations and spatial distribution across the Lepontine region gives a more precise young exhumation history for the area. At the northeastern and southwestern edges of the Lepontine Dome, units underwent hydrothermal monazite-(Ce) growth at 19–12.5 and 16.5–10.5&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">Ma</span>, respectively, while crystallization of monazite-(Ce) in the eastern Lepontine Dome started later, at 15–10&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">Ma</span>. Fissure monazite-(Ce) along the western limit of the dome reports younger ages of 13–7&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">Ma</span>. A younger age group around 8–5&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">Ma</span> is limited to fissures and clefts associated with the Simplon normal fault and related strike-slip faults such as the Rhone Fault. The data set shows that the monazite-(Ce) age record directly links the fluid-induced interaction between fissure mineral and host rock to the Lepontine Dome's evolution in space and time. A comparison between hydrothermal monazite-(Ce) and thermochronometric data suggest that hydrothermal monazite-(Ce) dating may allow us to identify areas of slow exhumation or cooling rates during ongoing tectonic activity.</p>

Jean Bernard Chatelain, Kirsten Ralf

This paper is a study of the history of the transplant of mathematical tools using negative feedback for macroeconomic stabilization policy from 1948 to 1975 and the subsequent break of the use of control for stabilization policy which occurred from 1975 to 1993. New-classical macroeconomists selected a subset of the tools of control that favored their support of rules against discretionary stabilization policy. The Lucas critique and Kydland and Prescott's time-inconsistency were over-statements that led to the "dark ages" of the prevalence of the stabilization-policy-ineffectiveness idea. These over-statements were later revised following the success of the Taylor rule.

You Wu

As a candidate of dark matter, primordial black holes (PBHs) have attracted more and more attentions as they could be possible progenitors of the heavy binary black holes (BBHs) observed by LIGO/Virgo. Accurately estimating the merger rate of PBH binaries will be crucial to reconstruct the mass distribution of PBHs. It was pointed out the merger history of PBHs may shift the merger rate distribution depending on the mass function of PBHs. In this paper, we use 10 BBH events from LIGO/Virgo O1 and O2 observing runs to constrain the merger rate distribution of PBHs by accounting the effect of merger history. It is found that the second merger process makes subdominant contribution to the total merger rate, and hence the merger history effect can be safely neglected.