Hasil untuk "History of Austria. Liechtenstein. Hungary. Czechoslovakia"

Tibor Glant

The Trianon Treaty of 1920 forced new realities upon Hungarians living in both what was left of Hungary and in the United States, while rising anti-immigrant sentiments in the New World culminating in the passing of the Johnson–Reed Act of 1924 further complicated the situation. With hundreds of thousands of ethnic Hungarians resettling into smaller Hungary from the territories forcefully ceded to the successor states, Budapest was not interested in large-scale remigration from the US. At the same time, American immigration restriction drastically cut off the flow of Hungarian migrants to the New World communities established at the time of the “new immigration.” American popular culture (especially music, movies, and pulp fiction) took Hungary by storm and further strengthened the overtly positive image of the Transatlantic Promised Land. Travel writing continued to play a dominant role in shaping mutual images, and a new subgenre, juvenile male travel literature, emerged. Taking a closer look at the works of Lola Réz Kosáryné, Andor Kun, and Gedeon Mészöly I explain how tourism, romanticized images of the “Other,” and government propaganda mingled in these texts in what seems to be a concerted attempt to help young Hungarians come to terms with interwar political realities.

Fausto Cercignani

Studia austriaca XXXII (2024) - Call for Papers

Irem Islek, Sule Gunduz Oguducu

Recommendation systems can provide accurate recommendations by analyzing user shopping history. A richer user history results in more accurate recommendations. However, in real applications, users prefer e-commerce platforms where the item they seek is at the lowest price. In other words, most users shop from multiple e-commerce platforms simultaneously; different parts of the user's shopping history are shared between different e-commerce platforms. Consequently, we assume in this study that any e-commerce platform has a complete record of the user's history but can only access some parts of it. If a recommendation system is able to predict the missing parts first and enrich the user's shopping history properly, it will be possible to recommend the next item more accurately. Our recommendation system leverages user shopping history to improve prediction accuracy. The proposed approach shows significant improvements in both NDCG@10 and HR@10.

Joern Ploennigs, Markus Berger

Recent generative AI platforms are able to create texts or impressive images from simple text prompts. This makes them powerful tools for summarizing knowledge about architectural history or deriving new creative work in early design tasks like ideation, sketching and modelling. But, how good is the understanding of the generative AI models of the history of architecture? Has it learned to properly distinguish styles, or is it hallucinating information? In this chapter, we investigate this question for generative AI platforms for text and image generation for different architectural styles, to understand the capabilities and boundaries of knowledge of those tools. We also analyze how they are already being used by analyzing a data set of 101 million Midjourney queries to see if and how practitioners are already querying for specific architectural concepts.

Balázs Ablonczy

Rosa Coppola

The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of Austrian Sprachskepsis on the poetics of the contemporary writer Kathrin Röggla, focusing especially on the use of the subjunctive as a legacy of the poet Ernst Jandl. The comparison between his poem Aus der Fremde – Sprechoper in 7 Szenen (1980) and die alarmbereiten (2010), one of Röggla’s most recent works, emphasizes how Röggla consciously continues the Austrian tradition that sees in Sprachkritik a fundamental tool of social criticism.

Zhuo Xu, Masayoshi Tomizuka

In this extended abstract, we investigate the design of learning representation for human intention inference. In our designed human intention prediction task, we propose a history encoding representation that is both interpretable and effective for prediction. Through extensive experiments, we show our prediction framework with a history encoding representation design is successful on the human intention prediction problem.

Ilana Rosen

How long and how strong is Diasporic memory? How many generations can it encompass? How deeply can generations that never lived in the old country relate to its landscape, language, colors and tastes? In the case of Israelis of Hungarian origin, these questions inevitably have to do with the history of Hungarian Jews in the late nineteenth- and early-to-mid twentieth-century, with a focus placed more acutely upon World War II and the Holocaust. Written by a female Israeli researcher of folk and documentary culture who belongs to the second-generation of Hungarian-Jewish Holocaust survivors, the present article strives to deal with the foregoing and other relevant questions through a comparative literary-cultural analysis of the only two presently existing Hebrew-language Hungarian cookbooks. These two cookbooks were published in Israel in 1987 and 2009, respectively, by two male cultural celebrities, the first by a Hungarian-born journalist, author and politician and the second by an Israeli-born gastronomer and grandson of Hungarian-Israelis.

Géza Jeszenszky

The purpose of this Note is to clarify the interpretation of the volume, July 1944: Deportation of the Jews of Budapest Foiled (Reno, NV: Helena History Press, 2018), put forth by Peter Pastor in his book review, “A New Historical Myth from Hungary: The Legend of Colonel Ferenc Koszorús as the Wartime Saviour of the Jews of Budapest,” that was published in the 2019 issue of Hungarian Cultural Studies. Rather than making any attempt to remove or lessen blame for the acts committed following the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, this collection of studies aims to shed light on whether Regent Horthy’s order to Colonel Ferenc Koszorús prevented the deportation of the remaining, nearly 300,000 Hungarian Jews who lived (or were just hiding) in Budapest.

Fausto Cercignani

Studia austriaca, Cover for Vol 27 (2019)

James P. Niessen

Hungary’s National Library and National Archives seek to collect, as exhaustively as possible, information sources defined as Hungarica: created by, or about, Hungary or Hungarians. Modern archival practice privileges the principle of provenance (the identity of the author or records creator) in determining what an archive should acquire. The Hungarian government’s Mikes Kelemen Program, founded in 2013, builds on earlier efforts for the acquisition of foreign Hungarica publications and manuscripts, defined by the Hungarian identity of the author. But because Hungarians living in the diaspora are not only Hungarian, sensitivity to the heritage and collecting interests of the diaspora host country is recommended.

Mariateresa Crosta

This essay demonstrates the key role of Astronomy in Botticelli's "Venus and Mars-NG915" painting, to date only very partially understood. Worthwhile coincidences among the principles of the Ficinian philosophy, the historical characters involved and the compositional elements of the painting, show how the astronomical knowledge of that time strongly influenced this masterpiece. First, Astronomy provides its precise dating since the artist used the astronomical ephemerides of his time, albeit preserving a mythological meaning, and a clue for Botticelli's signature. Second, it allows the correlation among Botticelli's creative intention, the historical facts and the astronomical phenomena such as the heliacal rising of the planet Venus in conjunction with the Aquarius constellation dating back to the earliest representations of Venus in Mesopotamian culture. This work not only bears a significant value for the history of science and art, but, in the current era of three-dimensional mapping of billion stars about to be delivered by Gaia, states the role of astronomical heritage in Western culture. Finally, following the same method, a precise astronomical dating for the famous Primavera painting is suggested.

Wei-Ming Dai, Yin-Zhe Ma, Zong-Kuan Guo et al.

We investigate the constraints on the reionization history of the Universe from a joint analysis of the cosmic microwave background and neutral hydrogen fraction data. The $\tanh$ parametrization and principal component analysis methods are applied to the reionization history respectively. The commonly used $\tanh$ parametrization is oversimplistic when the neutral hydrogen fraction data are taken into account. Using the principal component analysis method, the reconstructed reionization history is consistent with the neutral hydrogen fraction data. With the principal component analysis method, we reconstruct the neutral hydrogen fraction at $z=9.75$ as $x_{\text{HI}}=0.69^{+0.30}_{-0.32}$ for $6<z<20$ range reconstruction, and $x_{\text{HI}}=0.76^{+0.22}_{-0.27}$ for $6<z<30$ range reconstruction. These results suggest that the Universe began to reionize at redshift no later than $z=10$ at a $95\%$ confidence level.

Stefan Dohr, Michal Merta, Günther Of et al.

We describe a parallel solver for the discretized weakly singular space-time boundary integral equation of the spatially two-dimensional heat equation. The global space-time nature of the system matrices leads to improved parallel scalability in distributed memory systems in contrast to time-stepping methods where the parallelization is usually limited to spatial dimensions. We present a parallelization technique which is based on a decomposition of the input mesh into submeshes and a distribution of the corresponding blocks of the system matrices among processors. To ensure load balancing, the distribution is based on a cylic decomposition of complete graphs. In addition, the solution of the global linear system requires the use of an efficient preconditioner. We present a robust preconditioning strategy which is based on boundary integral operators of opposite order, and extend the introduced parallel solver to the preconditioned system.

Ferenc Jankó, Steven Jobbitt

This study explores the role that geographical knowledge production played in the post-World War I “discovery” of Austrian Burgenland, focusing in particular on the relationship between geographical discourse and the politics of identity formation in the 1920s and 1930s. The primary task is to offer insight into this knowledge-making process by highlighting the discursive strategies employed in a variety of scholarly and popular texts, and by shedding critical light on the various actors and epistemic communities responsible for the imagining of Burgenland from its annexation to Austria in 1921 to the dissolution of the region and its subsequent re-invention as a Greater German border zone after the Nazi Anschluss of 1938. As Jankó and Jobbitt argue, Burgenland’s discovery between the wars was both figurative and literal. Whether the “discoverers” were Austrian or German, national or local, Burgenland was as much a discursive concept as it was a physical reality. Its emergent identity as a region, therefore, much like its actual borders, was fluid and often contested.

Ferenc Laczó

Szűcs, Teri, ed. 2015. Bevésett nevek. Konferenciakötet. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, ELTE. 418 pp.

Dávid Szolláth

In this paper I will provide a brief overview of early twentieth-century, Hungarian history in order to examine how anti-Semitism and anti-modernism influenced modernism’s reception in fin- de- siècle Hungary. In 1908 the most significant Hungarian literary review of the twentieth century was founded by Hugo Ignotus, Miksa Fenyő and Ernő Osvát, all of whom were assimilated Jews. The journal’s title, Nyugat, [‘West’] unambiguously marked the editors’ orientation and program of accelerating cultural modernization by reviewing and translating Western European works. For conservatives this aim of transferring aestheticism, late Symbolism and decadence was regarded as an attack against the nation’s patriotic traditions. Anxiety surrounding the Jewry’s purported “failed assimilation” was compounded by the fear that a foreign culture would have an undue impact on Hungarian literature. It is my aim to analyze both the first and second wave of modernism in Hungary so as to reveal the analogous relationship between the argument that Western European modernism is alien to the Hungarian literary style and language and the anti-Semitic argument stating that assimilation of the Jews is superficial.

Jürgen C. Thöming

Numerous readers of Celan, among them Giuseppe Bevilacqua and John Felstiner, have pointed out diverse references to death by drowning. This biographical paper picks up evidence systematically and chronologically, thereby rejecting any «special attraction» to the element of water. By focussing Celan’s poem Kenotaph, we can see a clear connection to the «Goll affair». Only in 1967, when the poem Brunnengräber was written, plans for death by drowning became apparent. Such plans further developed in renditions of Dupin and Rokeah. Gisèle Celan-Lestrange’s graphic Les flots se fermant also deals with this issue. Ce­lan’s personal statements before his death reveal a strong interest in Hölderlin.

Ilana Rosen

Friedmann, Robbie. 2014. 28 Letters – the Short Life of Renée (Baba) Friedmann on Not So Calm Waters. San Francisco, London: Blurb.com. An English, Hungarian and Hebrew Edition. 440 pp.

Klára Sándor

Szöllősy, Éva. 2015. A férfiak és a nők képe modern értelmező szótárainkban ('The Image of Men and Women in Modern Hungarian Dictionaries'). Budapest: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem (ELTE) Kiadó. 201 pp.