El objetivo del presente trabajo es poner de relieve una de las preocupaciones centrales del pensamiento de Theodor W. Adorno: la imbricación entre las relaciones sociales atravesadas por la lógica de acumulación capitalista y el modo en que estas constituyen la subjetividad de los individuos vivos insertos en dicha sociedad hasta en sus fibras más íntimas. Se tratará de acometer esta tarea exponiendo su diagnóstico de la aniquilación del individuo en el capitalismo posliberal, procurando señalar a lo largo de la exposición la importante herencia marxiana del mismo. El trabajo se desarrollará de la siguiente manera: en primer lugar, expondremos de forma sucinta los elementos del pensamiento de Marx que a nuestro entender están a la base de las reflexiones de Adorno, intentando trazar para ello algunos puntos de conexión entre el Marx de los Manuscritos y el de la Crítica de la Economía Política. A continuación, presentaremos la cuestión de la aniquilación o disolución del individuo, situando brevemente esta aportación en su contexto histórico para indicar el sentido preciso en el que, según Adorno, la categoría del individuo se ha vaciado de contenido en las sociedades del capitalismo posliberal. Seguidamente, señalaremos cómo para Adorno esta descomposición del tradicional papel social del individuo no está en modo alguno reñida con la producción social de atomización e individualismo, sino que estos rasgos proliferan y se recrudecen amparados por una apariencia de individualidad que, borrando su génesis histórica y social, sigue operando plenamente aunque no tenga un correlato en el estado real de los sujetos vivos, cada vez más dañados e impotentes. A modo de conclusión, apuntaremos algunas breves notas sobre la vigencia de ciertas reflexiones de Adorno, así como de la necesaria distancia que nos separa de ellas en el presente.
History (General), Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
This essay employs a broad historical approach to complexify common narratives around the treatment of queer people within the early Soviet Union. By examining how structures of control surrounding, and competing conceptions of, factors such as modernity, sexuality, race, location and gender intersect, it challenges notions of a decline from liberatory post-revolutionary policy into oppressive Stalinist policy. It also reveals a more nuanced picture of the treatment of queer people in the Soviet Union, one which highlights the variety of ways in which queer expression was legalised, medicalised, and criminalised, and the resulting plurality of queer experience during this period. As an essay centred on the experiences of queer people, it also serves to prevent the all too common erasure of queer people from historical narratives, which is essential to creating a nuanced historical tradition that itself challenges misconceptions of the nature and existence of queer people.
Las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y Pakistán alcanzaron su punto más bajo durante los años de la administración Carter (1977-1981). Decidido a poner los derechos humanos y la lucha contra la proliferación nuclear en el centro de su política exterior, Carter colisionó de inmediato con la determinación de las autoridades pakistaníes a no ceder a las nuevas exigencias de Washington. El idealismo de Carter pretendía enterrar el realismo de Nixon y Kissinger y abrir un nuevo capítulo en la relación de Estados Unidos con el mundo. La invasión soviética de Afganistán, sin embargo, propició un giro abrupto en la agenda de Carter y reforzó la posición de Islamabad en su relación con Washington.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
The author ascertains the death toll among Yermak Cossacks during their acquisition of Siberia. The Synodik to Yermak Cossacks and the early Tobolsk chronicles make it possible to determine that out of 540 associates of the famous ataman, about 200–225 returned to Russia. Apart from Ivan Koltso’s detachment that perished completely, the heaviest losses were inflicted to Yermak’s troops in the battles near Basaban and Chuvashev Cape, during the expedition to the Ob-Irtysh area and from the famine in Isker in the winter of 1584/85.
<p><span>This article addresses the issue of shipping trade between the American ports of the Philadelphia district and those of New England with Spain, during the turbulent years of the late eighteenth century. First, the US consular network in Spain is analyzed, which seems to depend on the perception that merchants and captains had about its usefulness. Subsequently, the analysis of the movement of ships to and from Spanish ports, the usual routes used by this traffic and the merchandise object of this trade are addressed. An exhaustive examination of the investigated sources is also made, especially the documentation of the American customs, along with commercial correspondence and the press.</span></p>
Memory making in schools evidences complex elaborations produced by their agents, as well as an equally heavy link with the contexts in which it is developed. Grasping this complexity is a challenge for those who study this subject. Through the analysis ofcompositionswritten by two groups of students in a public and a private high school from the city center of La Plata, I propose a survey on the mediations between youth people and recent past, and on their social representations. The definition of categories and the qualitative as well as quantitative study of their links in the interpretative and justifying dimensions show us,on the one hand, the persistence of school culture and a nationalistic and formally liberal frame of reference. On the other hand, identifications, appropriations, certain political attitudes and inventiveties with social memories are witnessed. Finally, a contrast between public and private schools is also attested.Thus, I explore memory making on the grounds in which it is elaborated and not only in relation to the values researchers have for the sake of democratization, which in turn constitute a necessary but not a sufficient condition.
Theory and practice of education, History (General)
The aim of the article is an attempt to present a dichotomic image of the Roman ruler. It is concentrated on traditional features, understood as postulated in relation to person in power, such as justice, honesty, modesty and self-control. All of them belong to the canon of virtutes Romanae, and obedience toward them was characteristic of Roman society until the fall of Carthage. Along with its fall, the disappearance of true morality can be observed. The important turning point there is the reign of Augustus who, by undertaking the revival of old values, introduces a new order to the state. The article describes the rulers of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, and the emphasis is placed on a dualistic image of their behaviour (positive versus negative) presented in ancient texts by Tacitus, Suetonius, Velleius Paterculus and Florus.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Sara Tortorella, Alberto Zanelli, Valentina Domenici
Several scientific channels on TV, crowded scientific fairs, and many serious scientific board games on the market demonstrate that people is curious about science. However, when asked about the perception of scientific subjects, chemistry in the first place, general public still shows rejection toward “too complicated”, “abstract”, and “far from everyday life” topics. Unarguably, every chemist would not recognize chemistry as neither “abstract” nor “far from everyday life”: actually chemistry, the so-called central science, is all around us. Where is the gap to fill, then? Why are not we able to convert that innate curiosity, which makes people stepping out from their houses to join public engagement activities, into genuine, time-persistent, passion about chemistry? Such questions will be addressed herein, giving practical examples of possible approaches to address the problem. Special emphasis will be given to new learning means, generically referred as “Open Learning” ones, and interactive teaching approaches typical of non-formal environments, such as Science Festivals. Real examples of activities beyond the formal curricula of chemical study, some carried out by us in the framework of the “Diffusione della Cultura Chimica –
Società Chimica Italiana ” mission and vision, will be discussed underlining their role in enhancing learning and inspiring confidence and passion toward chemistry.
History (General) and history of Europe, Chemistry
The article traces the main regularities of relations between representatives of the Russian society and the police overall, as well as the forms of professional influence of police officers, gendarmes and security departments on the different segments of population. The increase of society commitment under the conditions of the revolution of 1905–07 and World War I largely changed the focus of attention on part of the police. However, this did not always help its representatives to realize the causes for changes in the nature of crimes and to find effective measures to curb the criminality. The police could not and should not have brought to bear the active influence on the improvement of the socio-political situation in the country. It was the prerogative of the emperor and his government, where the nascent civil society had not gained effective leverage yet.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
In Norse mythology Fenrir, a wolf God born of the God of fire, possessed so much power that he horrified the other gods. Restrained by a chain forged from elements of the earth – such as the breath of fish and the roots of mountains – his power was held in check so that it could not be unleashed across the realms of gods and men. The chains of his captivity appeared to be fragile but were in fact supernaturally robust, though his eventual catastrophic escape was foretold by oracles of the age.
This article identifi es and gives an outline of views of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, one of the leaders of the Czechoslovak national movement, on the Russian revolution and bolshevism. The article also touches upon problems of the Czechoslovak national movement as Russia played the main role in their solution. In the course of his trips to Russia, Štefánik took a positive attitude to our country. During his fi rst journey to Russia in 1906–1907, he had an opportunity to become comprehensively familiar with the country, explore and get to love its vast expanse because from St Petersburg he set out for Tashkent. In the future he came to be a witness of events taking place in Russia in the period of revolution and civil war. Revolutionary events of 1917 have convinced Štefánik that Russia is losing its positions of a strong and infl uential country and cannot support the national movemenets of Czechs and Slovaks. The scholar considered bolshevism to be a reason for the decline of Russia. He regarded bolshevism as a threat that might like a bonfi re spread onto other nations. Because of this he regarded his activity for the strengthening of the military readiness of Czechoslovac legions in Siberia as his contribution to the resistance to bolshevists’ ideas.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions