Hasil untuk "Hazardous substances and their disposal"

Uwe Lahl, Barbara Zeschmar-Lahl

The complexity of plastic polymers and even more so of additives has increased enormously in recent years. This makes the high-quality recycling of mixed plastic waste considerably more difficult. Some additives have now been strictly regulated or even completely banned for good reasons ('legacy additives'). Material or mechanical recycling generally utilises old plastics that still contain these substances. Consequently, products that are manufactured using such recyclates are contaminated with these harmful substances. We therefore recommend avoiding the use of these recyclates for products with intensive contact with consumers until further notice. We also show that the climate policy challenges for the plastics (and chemical) industry necessitate a defossilisation ('feedstock change'). This turnaround can only succeed if solely high-quality recycling takes place in future; recyclates should primarily replace virgin plastics. This can only work if used plastics with a high degree of homogeneity and known formulation are collected separately, as is already the case today with PET bottles. In this context, we would like to point out inconsistencies in the current legislation on the European emissions trading system.

S.L. Stafford

X NIU, Y LI

Kostas Modis, Kostas Komnitsas

WILLIAM J. GRENNEY, CRAIG L. CAUPP, RONALD C. SIMS et al.

Gregor Malich, Martin Braun, Panayiotis Loullis et al.

Katy Wolf

E.E. Finnecy

Kenneth A. Solomon, Mark Triplett

K. Riegner

D Assmann, B-G Brodda

The residues from special waste incineration (slag, filter dust, and the reaction products from off-gas purification—the salts) must be stored at special dumps since they are highly polluted with heavy metals. The extraction rate of heavy metals out of unfixed filter dusts and salts is very high. Therefore, salts can only be stored underground. On the other hand, getting licenses to build such special dumps is very difficult. A fixation of boiler ash (a special filter dust) or salts with water glass and aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) hardener reduces the leachability of heavy metal so well that these fixed residues can be dumped together with municipal or commercial and industrial refuse rather than in an underground repository.

N.C. Trehan

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Paul N. Cheremisinoff

RA Conway, DR Lorenzen

H. J. Dunster

DJ Warner, JH Frick, WC Lovejoy et al.

In response to the need for improved information concerning hazardous materials/wastes in a storage environment, the Hazardous Materials Technical Center (HMTC) reviewed the definition of hazardous materials and applicable regulations and developed a storage classification scheme for packaged commodities. Seventy-seven final storage compatibility groups were developed from 12 major areas defined by regulation. To arrive at this scheme, HMTC combines Department of Defense (DOD) hazardous material storage/disposal methods, industry-based storage/disposal guidelines, and survey/analysis of regulations affecting the public and military sectors (for example, Department of Transportation, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Environmental Protection Agency, Nuclear Regulatory Commission). Tables provide major definitions, a priority list of materials for multiple hazard, and major groupings of hazardous materials. Figures illustrate the development of the 77 final compatibility groups.