Responding to the latest developments in rock physics research, this popular reference book has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results. It brings together the vast literature from the field to address the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of Earth materials - including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates. This third edition includes expanded coverage of topics such as effective medium models, viscoelasticity, attenuation, anisotropy, electrical-elastic cross relations, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs. Appendices have been enhanced with new materials and properties, while worked examples (supplemented by online datasets and MATLAB® codes) enable readers to implement the workflows and models in practice. This significantly revised edition will continue to be the go-to reference for students and researchers interested in rock physics, near-surface geophysics, seismology, and professionals in the oil and gas industries.
This article reviews some recent developments in Astroparticle Physics. Due to the extension of the field only part of the results and developments can be covered. The status of the search for Dark Matter, some recent results on Cosmic Rays and Gamma Ray Astronomy and the status of Neutrino Astronomy are presented.
micrOMEGAs is a numerical code to compute dark matter (DM) observables in generic extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. We present a new version of micrOMEGAs that includes a generalization of the Boltzmann equations governing the DM cosmic abundance evolution which can be solved to compute the relic density of N-component DM. The direct and indirect detection rates in such scenarios take into account the relative contribution of each component such that constraints on the combined signal of all DM components can be imposed. The co-scattering mechanism for DM production is also included, whereas the routines used to compute the relic density of feebly interacting particles have been improved in order to take into account the effect of thermal masses of t-channel particles. Finally, the tables for the DM self-annihilation - induced photon spectra have been extended down to DM masses of 110 MeV, and they now include annihilation channels into light mesons.
The common New England sight of a cranberry bog presents a rich tapestry of fluid dynamics and soft matter phenomena. Here, we present four connected problems exploring the behavior of cranberries in their stages of harvest: the buoyant rise of a cranberry in a flooded bog, the stable floating configuration of a cranberry on the surface, the aggregation and interaction between many floating cranberries collected with a boom, and the piling of cranberries onto a truck for transportation. We model these phenomena from first principles and develop simple computational simulations of their collective behaviors. Additionally, we describe tabletop experiments to accompany these problems, either as in-class demonstrations or lab activities. Throughout, we draw connections to broader physical principles in soft condensed matter and fluids, allowing the real-world example of the cranberry bog to serve as a bridge between the undergraduate curriculum and topics in soft matter research.
Author(s): Linder, Eric V. | Abstract: The cosmic expansion history tests the dynamics of the global evolution of the universe and its energy density contents, while the cosmic growth history tests the evolution of the inhomogeneous part of the energy density. Precision comparison of the two histories can distinguish the nature of the physics responsible for the accelerating cosmic expansion: an additional smooth component - dark energy - or a modification of the gravitational field equations. With the aid of a new fitting formula for linear perturbation growth accurate to 0.05-0.2percent, we separate out the growth dependence on the expansion history and introduce a new growth index parameter \gamma that quantifies the gravitational modification.
Some geophysical observations commonly collect only one component (1C) of a three component (3C) vector field. For example, Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) records seismograms derived from displacement differences along the axis of segments of a fiber optic cable. In practice, multiple observations from such 3C vector fields are available, but commonly along non-orthogonal directions -- i.e.\ desirable sets of observations along orthogonal basis vectors are not available. For DAS, the theory of (finite) frames allows the recovery of 3C vector observations as long as the set of measurements occur on axis-vectors that mathematically span 3D space. A reconstruction algorithm from finite frame theory is described and then applied to geometry data from a borehole at the Utah FORGE geothermal project. The results demonstrate recovery of high precision 3C vectors along the fiber optic cable from 1C input vector-projections.
We explore the production of thermal dark matter (DM) candidates (WIMPs, SIMPs, ELDERs and Cannibals) during cosmic reheating. Assuming a general parametrization for the scaling of the inflaton energy density and the standard model (SM) temperature, we study the requirements for kinetic and chemical DM freeze-out in a model-independent way. For each of the mechanisms, up to two solutions that fit the entire observed DM relic density exist, for a given reheating scenario and DM mass. As an example, we assume a simple particle physics model in which DM interacts with itself and with SM through contact interactions. We find that low-temperature reheating can accommodate a wider range of couplings and larger masses than those permitted in the usual instantaneous high-temperature reheating. This results in DM solutions for WIMPs reaching masses as high as 1014 GeV, whereas for SIMPs and ELDERs, we can reach masses of 1013 GeV. Interestingly, current experimental data already constrain the enlarged parameter space of these models with low-reheating temperatures. Next-generation experiments could further probe these scenarios.
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) provide precise measurements of the cosmic expansion history through the comoving acoustic scale. The CMB angular scale measurement θ * is particularly robust, constraining the ratio of the sound horizon to the angular diameter distance to last scattering independently of the late-time cosmological model. For models with standard early-universe physics, this measurement strongly constrains possible deviations from ΛCDM at late times. We show that the null energy condition imposes strict inequalities on the BAO observables DH(z), DM(z), DV(z) and F AP (z) relative to ΛCDM predictions. These inequalities demonstrate that certain deviations from ΛCDM are impossible for any physical non-interacting dark energy model that respects the null energy condition within the context of FRW cosmological models. We also identify the regions of parameter space in the CPL parameterization w(a) = w 0 + w a (1 - a) that can give predictions consistent with both the null energy condition and the observed CMB scale. While current DESI DR2 BAO measurements exhibit some joint-constraint parameter tensions with ΛCDM, this tension arises primarily in directions that are inconsistent with the null-energy condition, so ΛCDM is favoured by current acoustic scale measurements unless the null-energy condition is violated.
In this paper, the nonlinear fractional Kairat-X equation is investigated on the basis of computational simulation. The nonlinear fractional Kairat-X equation is an integrable equation and is used to explain the differential geometry of curves and equivalence aspects. Several kinds of solitary wave structures of the nonlinear fractional Kairat-X equation are established successfully via the implantation of the extended simple equation method. Here, we explore the interesting, novel and general solutions in trigonometric, exponential, and rational types, which represent periodic wave solitons, mixed solitons in the shape of bright–dark solutions, kink wave solitons, peakon bright and dark solitons, anti-kink wave solutions, bright solitons, dark solitons, and solitary wave structure. The physical structures of secured results, aided by numerical simulation, have numerous applications in applied sciences such as optical fiber, geophysics, laser optics, mathematical physics, nonlinear optics, nonlinear dynamics, communication system, and engineering. This study explores the physical behavior of models through the visualization of solutions in contour, 2D and 3D plots by revealing that these solutions yield profitable results in the field of mathematical physics. The study demonstrates that the proposed technique is more reliable, efficient, and powerful in analyzing nonlinear evolution equations in various domains of science.
In this paper, we present compelling evidence for the parity asymmetry (a discrete symmetry separate from isotropy) in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) map, measured through two-point temperature correlations. Any asymmetry associated with discrete symmetries, such as parity, challenges our understanding of quantum physics associated with primordial physics rather than LCDM (Λ Cold-Dark-Matter) itself. We commence by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the Planck CMB, focusing on the distribution of power in low-multipoles and temperature anticorrelations at parity conjugate points in position space. We find tension with the near scale-invariant power-law power spectrum of Standard Inflation (SI), with p-values of the order 𝒪(10-4 - 10-3). Alternatively, we explore the framework of direct-sum inflation (DSI), where a quantum fluctuation arises as a direct sum of two components evolving forward and backward in time at parity conjugate points in physical space. This mechanism results in a parity-asymmetric scale-dependent power spectrum, particularly prominent at low-multipoles, without any additional free model parameters. Our findings indicate that DSI is consistent with data on parity asymmetry, the absence of power at θ > 60°, and power suppression at low-even-multipoles which are major data anomalies in the SI model. Furthermore, we discover that the parameters characterizing the hemispherical power asymmetry anomaly become statistically insignificant when the large SI quadrupole amplitude is reduced to align with the data. DSI explains this low quadrupole with a p-value of 3.5%, 39 times higher than SI. Combining statistics from parameters measuring parity and low-ℓ angular power spectrum, we find that DSI is 50-650 times more probable than SI. In summary, our investigation suggests that while CMB temperature fluctuations exhibit homogeneity and isotropy, they also display parity-asymmetric behavior consistent with predictions of DSI. This observation provides a tantalizing evidence for the quantum mechanical nature of gravity.
A crucial aspect of wormhole (WH) physics is the inclusion of exotic matter, which requires violating the null energy condition. Here, we explore the potential for WHs to be sustained by quark matter under conditions of extreme density along with the phantom-like generalized cosmic Chaplygin gas (GCCG) in symmetric teleparallel gravity. Theoretical and experimental studies on baryon structures indicate that strange quark matter, composed of u (up), d (down), and s (strange) quarks, represents the most energy-efficient form of baryonic matter. Drawing from these theoretical insights, we use the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) bag model equation of state to characterize ordinary quark matter. By formulating specific configurations for the bag parameter, we develop several WH models corresponding to different shape functions for the isotropic and anisotropic cases. Our analysis strongly suggests that an isotropic WH is not theoretically possible. Furthermore, we investigate traversable WH solutions utilizing a phantom-like GCCG, examining their feasibility. This equation of state, capable of violating the null energy condition, can elucidate late-time cosmic acceleration through various beneficial parameters. In this framework, we derive WH solutions for both constant and variable redshift functions. We have employed the volume integral quantifier (VIQ) method for both studies to assess the quantity of exotic matter. Furthermore, we have done the equilibrium analysis through the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation, which supports the viability of our constructed WH model.
Muons play a crucial role in both fundamental and applied physics. Traditionally, they have been generated from cosmic rays or with proton accelerators. With the advent of ultrashort high-intensity lasers capable of accelerating electrons to gigaelectronvolt energies, muons can also be produced in laser laboratories. Here we report a proof-of-principle experiment of muon production. We accelerated an electron beam to gigaelectronvolt energies with an ultrashort, high-intensity laser pulse and passed the beam through a lead converter target in which muons were generated. We confirmed the muon signal by measuring its lifetime. We investigated the photo-production, electro-production and Bethe–Heitler processes underlying muon generation and their subsequent detection with Geant4 simulations. The results show that the dominant contribution stems from photo-production and electro-production. We estimate that a muon yield of up to 0.01 muon per incoming electron could be achieved in the converter target. This laser-driven muon source features compact, ultrashort pulses and high flux. Moreover, its implementation in a small laser laboratory is relatively straightforward, which dramatically reduces barriers for research in areas such as muonic X-ray elemental analysis or muon spin spectroscopy. Muons are conventionally produced from cosmic rays or with a proton accelerator. Now a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrates the feasibility of muon production with a laser-driven electron beam with gigaelectronvolt energy in a lead converter target.
Abstract Glacial movements shaped vast northern parts, offering critical insights into glacial dynamics in a changing climate. Located on the island of Rügen in NE Germany, the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex (JGC) is a key area to study the dynamics of past glaciations. Previous reconstructions focused primarily on the onshore realm, resulting in some areas remaining unexplored. Here we use more than 140 high‐resolution marine multi‐channel seismic profiles to map the erosional unconformity surrounding the JGC for the first time. Submarine glacial features match features observed onshore, allowing a consistent land‐to‐sea reconstruction of the evolution of the JGC. Our results indicate a single SW‐directed Weichselian glacier advance, suggesting that the JGC formed through three distinct glacier lobes exerting pressure from multiple directions. The ice advance encircled the Jasmund peninsula and overthrusted Cretaceous sediments on the JGC perpendicularly and laterally.
Abstract Particulate nitrate is a major component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Its formation may be varyingly sensitive to emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), depending on local conditions. Diagnosing these sensitivities is critical for successful air quality management. Here, we show that satellite measurements of tropospheric NH3 and NO2 columns can be used as a quick indicator of the dominant sensitivity regime through the NH3/NO2 column ratio together with the NO2 column. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this indicator with the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model and define thresholds to separate the different sensitivity regimes. Applying the method to wintertime IASI and OMI observations in East Asia reveals that surface nitrate is dominantly VOC‐sensitive in the southern North China Plain (NCP), NOx‐sensitive in most of the East China Plain, and NH3‐sensitive in the northern NCP, southern China, and Korea.
Abstract Constraining the lithospheric rheology of Tibetan Plateau is important for the physical understanding of its tectonics. Siling Co, the largest high‐altitude lake in the world, has experienced a rapid water level increase in the 2000s. The resulting loading changes stimulate the viscoelastic response of the lower crust, giving access to study the lithospheric rheology in central Tibet. Here, we derive a clear subsidence signal around the lake with peak velocity of 4 mm/yr from two tracks of Sentinel‐1 InSAR images acquired from 2017 to 2022. Our viscoelastic modeling suggests a ductile layer 15 km beneath the surface with a decadal‐scale, steady‐state viscosity of 1–4 × 1019 Pa s. This value is consistent with the viscosity inferred from millennium‐scale shoreline changes, but is about 10 times higher than the viscosities derived from the deformation surrounding Siling Co before 2011, highlighting the role of transient viscosity in controlling the surface deformation.